I te nuinga o ngā take ka herea te kaha kawe o te kaikawe e te kōpiko o te whītau kōpeke. Ka puta tēnei anake ina kua tae ki te rohe rere i muri i te taurite o ngā taumahatanga puta noa i te waewae kōpeke. Mā te kaha o ngā tautoko taha anake ka taea te hiki ake i te taumahatanga tapa ka taea te kawe ki te rohe whakapakari o te maitai hangahanga. I te aromatawai i te kaha kawe me whai whakaaro ki te tohatoha tūturu o ngā taumahatanga. Mēnā ka whakaarohia he tohatoha ahu-rua ngā taumahatanga, ka whakaititia iho te kaha kawe i tua atu i te tika. Me tino tirotiro ngā āhuatanga koretake.
Te tango i ngā kohao i ngā tautoko e utaina ana ki te piko
I te taha tōtika o te kaikawe ka mahi te whakangāwari o te wāhanga pēnei i ngā rākau tōtika (te wāwāhi o te whitiki tōtika i te wāhanga kua ngoikore). Mō te whakahē i ngā kohao i taua tikanga ka mana ngā ture ōrite ki tā te rākau tōtika.
Nā te mea he iti rawa te pānga o ngā rua kua whakakīa ki ngā rivet i te taha kōpeke o te kaikawe ki te tohanga o ngā taumahatanga me ngā whakarerekētanga, ā, ko te kaha kawe e herea nuinga ana e te piu kōtaha taha o te āwhina kōpeke, kāore te rahi o te ngoikoretanga o te wāhanga i ngā kaikawe whai wāhanga hangarite e tino pā ki te kawenga kawe. Nō reira kua roa kē F. Hartmann e pātai ana mēnā e tika ana kia whakaarohia rawa te ngoikoretanga nā ngā rua i ngā kaikawe hangarite. Ki ngā wāhanga koretōpū (he kaha ake te taha kōpeke) ka taea e te tangohanga o ngā rua i te taha tōtika o te kaikawe te noho hei mea whakatau mō te kaha kawe. I raro i ngā kawenga e tukurua nuitia ana, he nui te pānga o ngā rua, ahakoa kei tawhiti ake i ngā muka tapa.
I ēnei rā, i te tātai i te kaha kawe o te whitinga i raro i te piko, ka whakamahia te whitinga kerekere me te whitinga kupenga (i tua atu i ērā atu momo whati e hāngai ana). Ka puta te whati mā te whitinga kerekere i te wāhanga o te whitinga kāore i ngoikorehia e ngā rua. Ka puta te whati mā te whitinga kupenga i te whitinga kua ngoikorehia e ngā rua, ā, ko te mata e whakaarohia ana ko te mata kerekere kua whakahekea e te mata o ngā tuwhera katoa.
Ngā here i te kakī me te māhunga
I te piko, hei tua atu i ngā taumahatanga noa, ka puta anō ngā taumahatanga kutikuti, ā, i ngā kaikawenga whai whitiki whakarara e taurite ana ēnei ki te kaha whakawhiti Q. I ngā wāhanga matatini ka whiwhi ngā rivet e hono ana i ngā kōtaha rorohiko takitahi i ngā taumahatanga kutikuti i ngā mata whakapā i waenganui i a rātou. He āwhāwhā te tohanga o ngā kaha kutikuti T i te rīpē, ā, he tata-rārangi te āhua i ngā whitiki. I ngā kaikawenga whai whitiki taumaha, he iti noa te rerekētanga o te T i te rīpē i tōna uara toharite Tm, ā, he maha ngā wā ka ranea mō te aromatawai tuatahi.
Wh. 1
Ko ngā rivet i te upoko (wh. 1b) me kawe ngātahi te kaha o te taura TK < TH. Ko te kaha taura i waenga i ngā rauemi whitiki takitahi he iti ake tonu, ā, ka tohaina mō te take i wh. 1c ki te maha ake o ngā rivet.
Te toronga o te kaikawe
Ko te toronga roa o te papa poutū e hiahiatia ana ina nui ake te teitei o te papa i ngā whānui papa e wātea ana. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia anō mō te hanga me te kawe. Me kawe e ngā here me ngā tīwiri rivet i te toronga roa o tētahi kaikawe taua kaha TL anō e whai ai te papa kāore i toro atu i te tuitui roa. Nā te mea he ōrite ngā ngoikoretanga nā ngā kohao i te here ki ērā o te papa poutū, me nui ake, me ōrite rānei te matotoru o te here i tō te rara.
Fig. 2 - Longitudinal extension of the vertical sheet metal
Ka taea te uhi i te toronga whakawhiti i raro i te kawenga piko mā ngā ara rerekē mā ngā here. E whakaatu ana a Sl. 3 i ētahi kōwhiringa maha o te toronga awheawhe, i reira ko te paraharaha poutū anake kua toroa. Mēnā kei waenga noa ngā here i ngā koki whitiki (sl. 3a), ka noho ngū ngā tīwāhi o te paraharaha poutū i raro i ngā koki whitiki. I reira ka nui ake te utaina ki ngā koki me ngā rivet i te rohe o te toronga o te paraharaha poutū, nō reira me herea tēnei momo toronga ki ngā hononga iti ake te hira me ngā kaha iti. Me tuku tonu te manako ki te toronga kua tino uhia. Ko ngā here motuhake i runga i ngā waewae poutū o ngā koki e kawe ana i ngā pēhanga āroa o tēnei rīpene, engari he iti noa tā rātou whai wāhi ki te tango i te kaha whakawhiti. Ka āwhina tētahi whakapai i tēnei e sl. 3c. Mō ngā kaha nui me whai kia ngā here puta noa i te teitei katoa o te paraharaha poutū (sl. 3d), e whakapae ana me whakamutu ngā koki whitiki. Ka whiwhi ngā here i te matotoru o te waewae o te koki; ina nui rawa ngā matotoru o ngā koki, ka whakamahia ngā papa whakamāmā kia penapena ai i te matotoru koretake o te here.
Sl. 3 - Te pito whakawhiti (awheawhe) o te pepa poutū
Te pito hono o te pepa poutū i raro i te kawenga nā te kaha whakawhiti: Kei te wāhi o te pito hono e mau ana te kaikawe e te Q anake (M = 0). Mō te pito hono me ngā wāhi whakarite o ngā rivet (sl. 4), me whakaaro ko ngā kaha i roto i ngā rivet NiQ e ōrite tata ana ki te wāhanga mata e hāngai ana e*t o te hononga pito, arā, ko ngā kaha i roto i ngā rivet kua tohaina pēnei i ngā taumahatanga kutikuti i te teitei o te kaikawe, NiQ = e*t*τi = e*Ti. Heoi anō, i te rahinga ka tātaihia mā te tohatoha ōrite ki runga i ngā n rivet katoa NiQ = Q/n.
Wh. 4 - Te toronga o te pepa poutū me te tohatoha o te kaha kutikuti whiti
Wh. 5 e whakaatu ana i te hononga o te pepa poutū i te awheawhe (kua whakawhānuitia ngā kokonga rino me ngā papa angiangi ki tētahi atu wāhi).
Wh. 5
Piko me te kaha noa: Ko ngā kaikawe e utaina tahitia ana e ngā taipana piko me ngā kaha noa ka whakaritea i runga anō i ngā mātāpono ōrite me raro i te whakapae o te tohatoha rārangi-tika o ngā ahotea. Ina tangohia katoatia ngā riveti i ngā whitiki e rua, kāore te wāhanga whaihua me te tūranga o te rārangi kore e whakawhirinaki ki te āhuatanga utanga, nō reira ka taea te tāpiri māmā noa i ngā ahotea nō M me N. Ka whiwhi te utanga o ngā riveti i te haere tonu mā te whakakotahi i ngā kaha nō ngā take utanga wāhanga M, arā N.
Te tautoko me te hononga o te kaikawe
I konei ka tirohia anake te otinga tino noa i roto i ngā otinga maha. I te wā e aromatawai ana me whakaaro tonu ki ngā kaha tāpiri e puta mai ana i ngā rerekētanga mai i ngā tātai ātete tino pai ake, tino whakangāwari hoki.
Ko te tautoko māmā o tētahi kaikawe ki te riu o runga o tētahi atu huānga hanganga ka whakamahia ina wātea he teitei hanganga nui. Ko te āhuatanga noa ko te hononga pūmau mā ngā nāhiti, mā ngā tīwiri rānei. I te whaka. 6 e whakaaturia ana te tautoko noa o ngā I-pūaho tonu i roto i te hanga whare, ā, ka karo hoki tēnei i te keri i ngā waewae I whāiti. Me whakakaha ngā kaikawe i te take nei kia kore e huripoki, kia kore hoki e pāngia e ngā kaha whakawhiti (whaka. 7 me 8). I te hanga piriti he maha ngā wā ka whakaparitengia ngā kaikawe (whaka. 9); te tautoko pūmau o tētahi kaikawe roa ki tētahi kaikawe whakawhiti (whaka. 10). Me whakapakari ngā kaikawe i raro i ngā kaha tautoko nui ake mā ngā koki kua uru tika, mā ngā kōtaha kua werohia rānei (whaka. 8 ki 10). I ngā kaikawe matatini me kawe te utanga ki te rara.
Whaka. 6 - Whakamau i ngā rōnaki
Sl. 7 me 8
Fig. 9 me 10
Hononga rārangi: I te wh. 11 me 12 e whakaaturia ana ngā hononga o ngā I-kurupae, e whakamahia ana i te hanga whare hei hononga noa. Ka whiwhi te tapahitanga i tētahi porotaketanga nui, kia karo ai i te pakarutanga o te rārangi o te kaikawe. Ko te whakamau rapa o te hononga rārangi ka piki ake anō te kaha kawe. Heoi anō, kāore ēnei rerekētanga i te mōrearea ina tino mārie te uta, pērā i ngā piriti tawhito.
Wh. 11. - Ngā hononga tōtika o te I-kurupae me te wāhanga pito poutū
Whakaahua. 12 - Ngā tūhono noa me ngā pito kua tapahia o te kurupae-I
Ngā hononga mārō ki te piko ka mahia ina hiahiatia he hononga kāore e panoni koki (ngā tautoko tonutanga, ngā kokonga mārō o te anga) rānei ina puta he mōrearea o te pakaru nā te rohirohi i raro i te kawenga rerekē, inā koa i ngā piriti rerewē. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā lamella mō te haere tonutanga, ngā hononga mārō ki te piko. ngā kokonga mārō ki te piko, ngā kokonga o te anga.
- Ngā papa mō te tonutanga – Mēnā me hono ngā tautoko e takoto ana i te rārangi kotahi, ka honoa ngā tāhuhu o runga e rua mā te papa mā te here tonutanga rānei. Nā konei ka wātea ngā rivet o te hononga i ngā kaha kukume, ā, ka karo i ngā huringa nui.
Wh. 13 - Hononga ki te papa angiangi mō te haere tonutanga
Fig. 14 - Te tūhono o ngā tautoko whakaroa a) o te piriti i te huanui; b) o te piriti rerewē
- Ngā hononga mārō ki te piko – Ka kitea tēnei momo hononga i ngā porokā katoa o ngā ara hīkoi i ngā piriti rori. I ngā momeniti iti ake, ka herea tā rātou pepa poutū i waenganui anake, mā ngā koki whakakaha o te kaikawe matua. Ka tohaina te momeniti kua tukuna mā ngā whakakaha ki te teitei katoa o te kaikawe matua, arā ka tukuna ki ōna whitiki hei pūnaha kaha.
Whakaahua 15 me 16
- Ngā kokonga pakari ki te piko – Me hoahoa ngā kokonga pakari ki te piko i waenga i ngā pou me ngā kurupae tautoko i roto i te hanganga whare kia noho huri kore te kokonga, ā, kia kore rawa e puta he whakanekeneke ahotea ā-rohe. Ka puta ngā hononga pono i ngā kokonga, hei tauira e ai ki te sl. 16 ina whakamahia ngā papa taha, e ai ki te sl. 100 rānei ina ka tangohia te momeniti kukume i roto i ngā whitiki o te pou hei huinga kaha.
- Ngā koki o te anga – I ngā anga poligonal ka taea te hanga i te toronga i te wāhi kōpiko mēnā he iti te rerekētanga o te koki; ka uhia ngā tokotoko hono ki ngā here pēnei i ngā tokotoko tōtika me ngā tokotoko kōpeke. Ka arohia ngā kaha huri ki te wāhi kōpiko, ā, me mau e ngā whakapakari. I te sl. 101 me aro ki te rerekētanga o te uhi o te toronga me te whakapakari, e ai ki te aronga o te momeniti piko me ngā kaha huri. Ina nui ngā kaha me te rerekētanga nui o te koki, ka karo kia noho te toronga ki te wāhanga tino kōpikopiko o te anga. Mā ngā toronga i ngā taha o ngā koki o te anga ka pai ake te āhua hangahanga, ā, ka māmā ake te hanga. Ko ngā tauira me ngā toronga ao whānui kua rivetia ki ngā taha e rua o te wāhi kōpiko ka whakaaturia e ngā sl. 102a me sl. 102b, ko reira he wāhanga kua paiherea te koki. I te sl 103 e whakaatu ana i te hononga piko-pūmau o te pou o te anga me te kurupae haere tonu.
Whaka. 17a
Whakaahua 17b
Ngā hononga kōaro: I ngā hononga i whiriwhiria tae noa mai nei i tū hāngai tonu ngā rara ki a rātou anō. Engari mēnā kāore te koki i te koki tika, kātahi ka kōaro ngā kokonga (āhua 18), ā, i ngā koki tino koi ka whakamahia ngā tāpiritanga kōhatu āhua poro. Whakamahia ngā here mō te haere tonutanga me ngā wāhanga tautoko i taua take, pēnei i ngā hononga tika. Ko ngā pepa hononga piko (āhua 19) e herea ana ki tētahi hātepe nui, ā, he kaha hoki ngā kaha tāpiri. Ka māmā ake te hanga i ngā hononga kōaro ina whakamahia ngā pereti hononga kua whakapirihia ki te wera (āhua 20).
Wh. 18
Fig. 19
Āhua 20