Ukuvalela izindonga ezimanzi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kubalulekile futhi kuyasiza njengokulungisa. Ngaphambi kokuba sibhekisise ukuvalela, masijwayelane namathuluzi ayisisekelo ezinsika. Isipuni noma ifangla lisetshenziselwa ukufaka izinto (sl.1, 1.ingxenye). Uma kungenzeka, masikhethe ifangla elincane kakhulu, ngoba ukuhambisa ifangla eligcwele njalo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu esihlakaleni sesandla. Ukuze kusakazwe futhi kulinganiswe udaka kusetshenziswa imistrija(sl.1, 2. ingxenye).
Ethelini kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umugqa ophakathi wesibambo udlule esiqongweni sethelini. Ekukhetheni itheli kukhethwa lawo amancane ngosayizi futhi anesiphetho esiyindilinga. Amafayela okhuni (perdaške) asetshenziswa ukulinganisa udaka (sl.1, 5. ingxenye). Kufanele sibe namafayela ngobukhulu obuningi ngangokunokwenzeka, okungukuthi, ngosayizi abahlukene. Ekukhetheni isando somakhi(sl.1, 4. ingxenye) kungcono ukukhetha esinencela eyodwa, ngoba isando esinencela ezimbili (isando-umsiki) sisetshenziselwa imisebenzi ekhethekile, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho 1,5 siphindwe izikhathi kune-sando esinencela eyodwa, isisindo saso esingu-0,7 kg. Amathuluzi abalulekile futhi yi-Iibela (sl.1, 6. ingxenye) okufanele libe likhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, isiboshi (sl.1, 3. ingxenye) esingakwazi ngisho nokuzisenzela sona, ama-lathe okulinganisa, okuqondisa nokuhlola kanye nentambo. Ama-lathe amade angasetshenziswa futhi ukulinganisa izitini, ngendlela yokuthi sibeke i-lathe eduze komugqa wezitini ezibekiwe bese ngokuyishaya silinganisa izitini ngazinye zibe umugqa oqondile. Intambo iyadingeka njengomhlahlandlela wokubeka umugqa wezitini, ngokuthi siyibophe emikhawulweni yodonga emalathini amabili, kanye nokuhlola ukuvundla kwezindonga eziqediwe (sl.2). Lapho intambo isuka kude nodonga, lapho udonga luyagobeka ngaphakathi, kanti lapho ilucindezela, lapho luyaphakama luqhumile.
Ukwengezwa kokufakwa kwezindonga ezimanzi lapho udaka seluqala ukuwohloka, kanti upende uyawa, njengoba sishilo, kuwomunye wemisebenzi edala ukukhathazeka okukhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyixazulula. Ukuxazululwa okuphelele kwale nkinga kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngezimali ezinkulu.
Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukufaka ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe kulawa madonga anomswakama, kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi ingabe ikhona yini indlela yokuthi ukuvikela kufakwe ngaphansi kwezinga lephansi lesakhiwo. Uma lingenzeki lelo thuba, uma isakhiwo sinophansi lukakhonkolo, ngaphandle kwegumbi elingaphansi - kungaba wukumosha ukuqala umsebenzi, ngoba umswakama uzodlula eceleni kokuvikela okusha.
Ukuze kuqedwe umswakama kamuva kudingeka imisebenzi emikhulu yokwakha izindonga eyenziwe ngokucophelela, okusho ukuthi umsebenzi onjalo udinga ubuchwepheshe obuthile (sl.3, 1. sehemu). Okokuqala kudingeka kuvulwe udonga kulayini oyifunayo. Lo mugqa kufanele ube ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlaba, kodwa ngaphansi kwezinga lephansi lesitezi esingaphansi. Uma sesinqume umugqa ofanele, kufanele kushaywe ukhonkolo wodonga ngaphakathi nangaphandle futhi kutholakale umugqa onjalo, lapho imigqa yezitini icishe ibe evundlile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kutholakale izindawo eziqondile zezintambo zikagesi nezinye izintambo ezindongeni ukuze zingalimazi ngenhloso engafanele. Izindonga ezizimele - ezinkulu kanye nokunwetshwa kwazo kufanele zifakwe ukwahlukanisa. Izindonga eziseceleni, ezakhiwe ezitaladini, akudingekile ukuba zifakwe ukwahlukanisa noma ngabe zibonakala zimanzi, ngoba zingathola umswakama kuphela ohlangothini oluseceleni oluvela ezindongeni ezinkulu. Ngokufakwa kokwahlukanisa ezindongeni ezinkulu, umswakama uzonyamalala ngokoma kwemvelo nakulezi zindonga eziseceleni.
Ukuvula izindonga
Ukuvula izindonga siqala ngokukhipha izitina ezingenhla komugqa okhethiwe (sl.3, 2. ingxenye). Ngasezitini zokuqala, phezulu, phansi nasemaceleni sikhuhla udaka, bese ngokushaya isitini kwesokunxele-nakwesokudla nangaphezulu-phansi, siliqaqa bese siliyikhipha. Ngemuva kokususa isitina sokuqala, ezinye zisuswa kalula kakhulu. Ukuze singaphazamisi amandla okuthwala odonga, singavula udonga ngobude besitina elilodwa kuya kwamabili. Ukuvula udonga ngobude obukhulu kuyingozi!
Ukuvula izindonga ezinobubanzi obungu 1,5-2 besitina, isb. ikhaya lempelasonto, kulula ngokwanele. Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu ukuvula izindonga eziyinhloko zezakhiwo zomndeni, ezinobubanzi obudlula izitina eziningi. Lapho, ngesikhathi sokuvula izindonga, sisusa izitina, kuyanconywa ukubeka endaweni yazo izisekelo zesigamu nesekota yesitina ukuze kungabi khona ukudilika ngesikhathi somsebenzi nokulimala esandleni (sl.3, 4. ingxenye). Uma sesikwazile ukuvula ngokuphelele udonga, sithambise izindawo ezikhululiwe zezindonga eziyinhloko bese sizigcoba ngongqimba oluwugqinsi lwento yokufaka umlilo noma nge UB-B-55 noma UB-B-65 bitumen. Kulesi sisekelo esilungiselelwe ngaleyo ndlela sibeke bese amabhande e-bitumen okuvala ububanzi obungu 15-40 cm esake sawagcoba nge-bitumen. Amabhande kufanele abekwe ngendlela yokuthi amboze ubuso bodonga. Uma kungenzeka, kufanele kusetshenziswe amabhande okuvala anophawu (sl.3, 3. ingxenye). Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngomsebenzi omningi onzima, kufanele sibeke izitina ezintsha, eziphelele ngokuphelele futhi ezingabandayo, odakeni oluqinile lukasimende, ngaleyo ndlela sivale imbobo. Ngaphezu kochungechunge olusha lwezitina nangaphansi kwezitina zodonga oludala kufanele, kusetshenziswa induku yensimbi, kushaywe udaka lapho singaxuba khona imfucumfucu emincane yezitina. Ngale ndlela, sihamba eduze kodonga oluyinhloko ucezu ngemuva kocucu, sizokwazi ukwenza ukuvalwa okwengeziwe kodonga.
Esikhundleni sokukhipha, noma ukuvula, udonga ngale ndlela, singasebenza nangosaha uma udonga lwenziwe ngodwala oluthambile noma uma ukujiya kodaka phakathi kwezindonga kukhulu futhi kusemugqeni ovundlile. Kulesi simo, sibhoboza udonga endaweni eyodwa bese sidlulisa isaha lodonga ngembobo enwetshiwe. Ngosaha singakwazi ukususa imigqa yezitini ngokushesha, ngokwemvelo futhi ngalezo zicucu ezincane. Uma siwunweba kancane umgodi esiwenzile ngosaha, sizokwazi nokufaka ngqo iteyiphu yokuhlukanisa egcotshwe i-bitumen nhlangothi zombili. Ngemva kokubopha ngokuphelele kufanele kugxishwe udaka lukasimende ngaphezu kwe-bitumen. Enye yezinqubo zokuhlukanisa yindlela ye-electro-osmotic.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umswakama ungena ezindongeni usuka ezisekelweni uye phezulu ngemigudu yama-capillary. Lokhu kungena kusekelwa umehluko wamandla aphakathi kwesisekelo somhlabathi nezingxenye ezingezansi zezindonga. Ngokufakwa kwama-electrode okuvikela, ukungena komswakama kuzoma ngokuzenzakalela.
Ama-electrode afakwa odongeni ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlabathi nangaphansi kwezinga elingezansi phansi ngo 15 cm. Zenziwa ngezinduku zensimbi - insimbi eqinisiwe, ububanzi buka 12-15 mm. Sizibeka emigodini ebhobozwe nge-drill ye 2 cm, ebangeni, omunye komunye, lika 40 cm. Ama-electrode siwabeka kokubili ohlangothini lwangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuze imikhawulo yama-electrode ihlukaniswe omunye nomunye ngo 2-3 cm emgqeni omaphakathi wodonga. Ngemva kokufakwa kwama-electrode, izimbobo kufanele zigcwaliswe ngosimende. Imikhawulo yama-electrode ephuma odongeni kufanele ixhunywe ngocingo lwensimbi obukhulu buka 6-8 mm, kanti ucingo lwensimbi olulodwa lwensimbi eyisicaba ubukhulu obungenani 60x60x8mm olubekwe ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi. Ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle, kuhle ukuthi ucingo lwensimbi oluxhumanisa ama-electrode lufihlwe odongeni. Izakhi zalesi sifakelo sixhuma ngokuhlanganisa ngensimbi ehlanganisa noma ngokushisela. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlelo lwama-electrode nocingo lungangeni ekuthintaneni nenethiwekhi kagesi noma nemigqa yokubeka umhlaba. Uhlelo lwama-electrode kwezinye izimo, ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zendawo, kufanele lusekelwe ngokuxhunywa ku-DC yamandla aphansi.
Ngemva kokufakwa kwe-insulation odongeni olumanzi, kulandela ukufakwa kukakhonkolo odongeni, futhi indlela yokwenza lokho ningayifunda esihlokweni Ukulungisa nokushintsha udaka