Ukufaka iziseko zeendonga ezimanzi kunzima, kodwa kubalulekile yaye kuluncedo njengolungiso. Phambi kokuba sithethe ngokufakwa kweso sikhuselo, masizazise ngezixhobo ezisisiseko zomakhi. Icephe okanye ifangla lisetyenziselwa ukufaka izinto (umz. 1, 1. inxalenye). Ukuba kunokwenzeka masikhethe ifangla elincinane kangangoko, kuba ukuhlala uhambisa ifangla elizeleyo kulimaza kakhulu isihlahla sesandla. Ukusasaza nokulinganisa udaka kusetyenziswa istriya (umz. 1, 2. inxalenye).
Kwitimela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umgca ophakathi wesiphatho udlule encamleni yetimela. Xa kukhethwa itimela, kukhethwa ezo zincinane ngobukhulu nezine encam ejikelezileyo. Izixhobo zokulinganisa ngomthi (perdaške) zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa udaka (umz.1, 5. inxalenye). Kufuneka sibe nezixhobo zokulinganisa ngobukhulu obuninzi kangangoko, okt. ngobungakanani obahlukeneyo. Xa kukhethwa isando lomakhi (umz.1, 4. inxalenye) kulungile ukukhetha esinencam enye ebukhali, kuba isando esinencam ezimbini (isando-esika) sisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo, yaye ukongezelela 1,5 lixesha elinzima ngakumbi kunesando esinencam enye, esinobunzima 0,7 kg. Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo kwakhona ziquka i-Iibela (umz.1, 6. inxalenye) ekufuneka ibe nkulu kangangoko, intambo yokulinganisa ethe nkqo (umz.1, 3. inxalenye) esinokuyenza nathi ngokwethu, amaplanga okulinganisa, okulinganisa nokuHlola, kunye nentambo. Amaplanga amade anokusetyenziswa nasekulungiseni izitena ngokulungelelanisa, ngale ndlela sibeka iplangana ecaleni komqolo wezitena ezibekiweyo size, ngokuwabetha kuyo, silungelelanise izitena ezithile zibe kumgca othe tye. Intambo iyafuneka njengesiqondiso sokubeka umqolo wezitena, oko kukuthi siyibophe emacaleni odonga kwiiplangana ezimbini, kunye nokuhlola umgangatho weendonga ezigqityiweyo (umz.2). Apho intambo isuka kude nodonga, apho udonga lungenile ngaphakathi; apho iyayicinezela khona, apho ludumbile ngaphandle.
Ukufakwa okongezelelweyo kokwahlukanisa iindonga ezimanzi apho udaka sele luqhekeka, yaye ipeyinti iyawa, njengoko besesitshilo, yenye yemisebenzi ebangela inkxalabo enkulu kwaye kunzima ukuyisombulula. Ukusombulula ngokupheleleyo le ngxaki kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu yaye kunokufezekiswa kuphela ngezimali ezinkulu.
Phambi kokuba siqale ukongeza ukugquma kwakhona kwezi ndonga zimanzi, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba ingaba ikhona na indlela yokufaka ukugquma phantsi komgangatho wesakhiwo. Ukuba akukho ndlela, ukuba isakhiwo sinomgangatho wekhonkrithi, ngaphandle kwe-basement - kulilize ukuqala umsebenzi, kuba ukufuma kuya kudlula ecaleni kokugquma okutsha.
Ukuze kufakwe ukhuseleko kamva, kuyafuneka umsebenzi omkhulu nowenziwe ngononophelo wamacandelo olwakhiwo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umsebenzi onjalo ufuna ubuchule obuthile (sl.3, 1. deo). Kuqala kufuneka kuvulwe udonga kumgca ofunekayo. Lo mgca kufuneka ube ngaphezu komgangatho womhlaba, kodwa ungaphantsi komgangatho womgangatho wokuqala. Xa sele simisele umgca ofanelekileyo, kufuneka kuqhekezwe udaka lodonga kokubini ngaphakathi nangaphandle kufunyanwe umgca onjalo apho imiqolo yezitena iphantse ibe tye. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukufunyanwa kweendawo ezichanekileyo zeentambo zombane nezinye ezidlula ezindongeni ukuze singazonakalisi ngengozi. Iindonga ezizimeleyo - eziphambili kunye nezandiso zazo kufuneka zifakwe ukhuseleko. Iindonga ezisecaleni, ezakhiwe kwiisilingi azidingi kufakwa ukhuseleko nokuba zibonakala zifumile, kuba zinokufumana ukufuma kuphela zisuka ecaleni kwiindonga eziphambili. Ngokukhusela iindonga eziphambili ukufuma kuya kunyamalala ngokomisa kwendalo nakwezi ndonga zecala.
Ukuvula iindonga
Ukuvula iindonga siqala ngokususa izitena ezingaphezu komgca okhethiweyo (umz. 3, 2. inxenye). Kufutshane nesitena sokuqala, phezulu, ezantsi nakwicala, sikrwempa umdaka, emva koko ngokubetha isitena ngasekhohlo-nasekunene nasezantsi-phezulu, silikhulule size silikhuphe. Emva kokususa isitena sokuqala, ezinye zisuswa lula kakhulu. Ukuze singaphazamisi amandla okuthwala eendonga, sinokulivula udonga kubude besitena esinye ukuya kwesibini. Ukuvula udonga kubude obukhulu kunoko kuyingozi!
Ukuvula iindonga ezinobubanzi be 1,5-2 yezitena, umzekelo, indlu yeholide, kulula ngokwentelekiso. Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu kukuvula iindonga eziphambili zezakhiwo zosapho, ezinobubanzi obungaphezulu kwezitena ezininzi. Xa, ngexesha lokuvula iindonga, sisusa izitena, kuyacetyiswa ukuba endaweni yazo kufakwe izixhaso ezenziwe ngesiqingatha nesine sesitena ukuze kungabikho kudilika ngexesha lomsebenzi nokwenzakala kwesandla (umz. 3, 4. inxenye). Ukuba siphumelele ukuvula udonga ngokupheleleyo, masilinganise kwakhona imiphezulu ekhululiweyo yeendonga eziphambili size siyigalele umaleko ongqindilili wezinto zokufaka ubumelwane okanye nge UB-B-55 okanye UB-B-65 yebhitumeni. Kwesi siseko silungiselelwe ngale ndlela, emva koko masibeke imicu yebhitumeni yokugquma enobubanzi be 15-40 cm esele siyigalele ibhitumeni ngaphambili. Imicu kufuneka ibekwe ukuze igubungele umphezulu wodonga. Ukuba kunokwenzeka kufuneka kusetyenziswe imicu yokugquma enophawu (umz. 3, 3. inxenye). Ngaphezulu koku, ngomsebenzi onzima kakhulu, kufuneka sibeke izitena ezintsha, ezisemgangathweni ngokupheleleyo nezingaqandi, kumdaka wesamente owomeleleyo size ngaloo ndlela sivale isivulo ngodonga. Ngaphezu komqolo omtsha wezitena naphantsi kwezitena zodonga oludala kufuneka, ngoncedo lwentsimbi yentsimbi, kufakwe umdaka apho sinokuxuba kuyo amaqhekeza amancinane ezitena. Ngale ndlela, sihamba ngodonga oluphambili isiqwenga ngesiqwenga, siya kukwazi ukwenza ukugquma okongezelelekileyo kodonga.
Endaweni yokukhupha, oko kukuthi ukuvula, udonga ngale ndlela, sinokusebenza nangesaha ukuba udonga lwenziwe ngelitye elithambileyo okanye ukuba ubukhulu bodaka phakathi kweendonga bukhulu kwaye bukwinqwelo-moya ethe tye. Kule meko, sigqobhoza udonga kwindawo enye size, ngomngxuma owandisiweyo, sidlulise isaha yodonga. Ngesaha sinokususa iileya zezitena ngokukhawuleza, kambe kunjalo, kwakhona zibe ngamancinci amaqhekeza. Ukuba sandisa kancinci umngxuma esiwenzileyo ngesaha, siya kukwazi nokufaka ngqo umtya wokugquma oqatywe ibhitumeni macala omabini. Emva kokuba sele ibophe ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka kuxinwe udaka lwesamente ngaphezu kwebhitumeni. Enye yeendlela zokugquma yinkqubo ye-electroosmotic.
Kuyaziwa ukuba ukufuma kungena kwiindonga ukusuka kwisiseko kuye phezulu ngeekapilari. Oku kungena kuncediswa ngumahluko wepotenshali phakathi komhlaba wesiseko kunye neenxalenye ezisezantsi zeendonga. Ngokufakela ii-electrode ezikhuselayo, ukungena kokufuma kuya kuma ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ii-electrode zifakwa eludongeni ngaphezu kwenqanaba lomhlaba nangezantsi kwenqanaba elisezantsi lomgangatho nge 15 cm. Zenziwa ngeentsimbi zentsimbi - intsimbi yekhonkrithi, enobubanzi be 12-15 mm. Sizifaka emingxunyeni egrunjwe ngombhobho onobubanzi be 2 cm, kumgama omnye komnye we 40 cm. Ii-electrode zibekwa kwicala langaphakathi nakwicala langaphandle, ukuze iziphelo ze-electrode zibe kumgama omnye komnye we 2-3 cm kumgca osembindini wodonga. Emva kokufaka ii-electrode, imingxunya kufuneka izaliswe ngodaka lwesamente. Iziphelo zee-electrode eziphuma eludongeni kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe ngocingo lwentsimbi olungqindilili 6-8 mm, kunye nocingo lwentsimbi kwintsimbi ethe tyaba enobukhulu obuncinane be 60x60x8mm ebekwe ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba. Ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle, kulungile ukuba ucingo lwentsimbi oludibanisa ii-electrode lufakwe ngaphakathi eludongeni. Izinto zale nkqubo zidibaniswa ngokuthengisa ngesolder okanye ngowelding. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo ye-electrode kunye nocingo ingadibani nenethiwekhi yombane okanye neentambo zomhlaba. Inkqubo ye-electrode kwezinye iimeko, ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yendawo, kufuneka ixhaswe ngokudityaniswa nombane othe ngqo onamandla aphantsi.
Emva kokuvalwa ngentlaka kodonga olufumileyo, kulandela ukutyabeka udonga, yaye indlela yokwenza oko unokuyifunda kwinqaku Ukulungiswa nokutshintshwa kodaka