Kuchotsera madzi pa makoma onyowa n’kovuta, koma n’kofunika ndipo ndi kothandiza monga kukonza. Tisanayambe kuganizira za kuchotsera madzi, tiyeni tidziwe zida zoyambira za amasoni. Kachiko kapena fangala amagwiritsidwa ntchito poika zinthu (fig. 1, gawo la 1). Ngati zingatheke sankhani fangala yaing’ono kwambiri, chifukwa kuyendetsa nthawi zonse fangala yodzaza kumalemetsa kwambiri mfundo ya dzanja. Mistrija imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa ndi kusanja mortar (fig. 1, gawo la 2).
Pa mistrija nkofunika kwambiri kuti mzere wapakati wa chogwirira udutse pa nsonga ya mistrija. Posankha mistrija, zimakondedwa zomwe zili zazing’ono komanso zokhala ndi nsonga yozungulira. Zida zamatabwa zophera ndi zosalala (perdaške) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusalaza matope (sl.1, 5. gawo). Tiyenera kukhala ndi zophera m’miyeso yambiri momwe zingathere, kapena masikelo osiyanasiyana. Posankha nyundo ya womanga (sl.1, 4. gawo) bwino kwambiri kusankha yomwe ili ndi tsamba limodzi, chifukwa nyundo yokhala ndi masamba awiri (nyundo-odulira) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zapadera, ndipo kuwonjezera apo ndi 1,5 kuwirikiza kulemera kuposa nyundo yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi, yomwe kulemera kwake ndi 0,7 kg. Zida zofunika zina ndi Iibela (sl.1, 6. gawo) lomwe liyenera kukhala lalikulu momwe zingathere, visakha (sl.1, 3. gawo) yomwe tingathe kuipanganso tokha, ndodo zoyezera, zosalaza ndi zowunikira, komanso chingwe. Ndodo zazitali zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pa kusalaza njerwa, motere: timayika ndodoyo pafupi ndi mzere wa njerwa zomwe zaikidwa ndipo tikuzigunda pa ndodoyo timasanja njerwa payekha kuti zikhale pa mzere wowongoka. Chingwe chimafunika ngati chitsogozo pa kuyika mzere wa njerwa, moti timamanga chingwe kumalekezero a khoma pa ndodo ziwiri, komanso pa kuwunika ngati khoma latha lili pa ndege yolunjika (sl.2). Kumene chingwe chimachoka pa khoma, pamenepo khomalo ndi lobowoka, ndipo kumene chimakankhidwa ndi khoma, pamenepo ndi lotuwa kunja.
Kutsekereza pambuyo pake kwa makoma onyowa omwe pulasitala yake ikugwa kale ndipo utoto ukukhalanso, monga tanenera, ndi limodzi mwa ntchito zomwe zimabweretsa nkhawa zambiri ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuthetsa. Kuthetsa kwathunthu kwa vutoli kumatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndipo kungatheke kokha ndi ndalama zambiri.
Tisanayambe kukonza kutchinga kwina kwa makhoma onyowa amenewa, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti pali mwayi wolowetsa kutchinga pansi pa mlingo wa pansi pa nyumba. Ngati palibe mwayi, ngati nyumbayo ili ndi pansi la konkire, popanda chipinda chapansi - sizingakhale bwino kuyamba ntchito, chifukwa chinyezi chidzasokoneza kutchinga kwatsopano.
Kuti pakhale kutsekereza pambuyo pake, pamafunika ntchito zazikulu ndi zosamala za zomanga, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yotereyi imafuna luso lina (chith. 3, 1. gawo). Choyamba pakufunika kutsegula khoma m’njira yomwe ikufunika. Mzere uwu uyenera kukhala pamwamba pa msinkhu wa nthaka, koma pansi pa msinkhu wa pansi pa gawo loyamba. Tikadziwa mzere woyenera, malata a khoma ayenera kusweka kuchokera mkati ndi kunja ndipo kupezeka mzere wotere, kumene mizere ya njerwa ili pafupifupi yopingasa. Tiyenera kusamala kuti tipeze malo enieni a mawaya amagetsi ndi ena m’makhoma kuti tisawaononge mwangozi. Makhoma odziyimira okha - akuluakulu ndi zowonjezera zawo ziyenera kutsekedwa. Makhoma a mbali, omangidwa pa matabwa a pansi, sikofunika kuwatsekera ngakhale akuwoneka onyowa, chifukwa angapeze chinyezi kuchokera kumbali yokha kuchokera ku makhoma akuluakulu. Potsekera makhoma akuluakulu, chinyezi chidzatha mwa kuyanika kwachilengedwe kuchokera m’makhoma a mbali amenewa.
Openings in walls
Kutsegula makoma timayamba ndi kuchotsa njerwa pamwamba pa mzere womwe wasankhidwa (chith.3, 2. gawo). Mozungulira njerwa yoyambirira, pamwamba, pansi ndi m’mbali timakanda matope, kenako pomenya njerwa kumanzere ndi kumanja komanso mmwamba ndi pansi, timaifooketsa ndipo timaitulutsa. Tikachotsa njerwa yoyamba, zina timazichotsa mosavuta kwambiri. Kuti tisawononge mphamvu yonyamula ya makoma, tingaloledwe kutsegula khoma kutalika kwa njerwa imodzi mpaka ziwiri. Kutsegula khoma pa kutalika kwakukulu n’koopsa!
Kutsegula makoma omwe m’lifupi mwake ndi 1,5-2 njerwa, mwachitsanzo nyumba ya tchuthi, n’kosavuta. Ntchito yovuta kwambiri ndi kutsegula makoma akuluakulu a nyumba za mabanja, omwe m’lifupi mwake ndi njerwa zambiri. Tikachotsa njerwa potsegula makoma, kuli bwino kuyika zothandizira za theka ndi lachinayi la njerwa m’malo mwake kuti zisagwe panthawi ya ntchito ndi kuwononga dzanja (sl.3, 4. gawo). Tikakhala kuti tatsegula khoma lonse, tiyeni tiwongole malo omasulidwawo a makoma oyambirira ndipo tiwapake ndi wosanjikiza wokhuthala wa mankhwala a kutsekereza kapena ndi UB-B-55 kapena UB-B-65 bitumeni. Pa maziko oterowo okonzedwa bwino tiyikepo matepi a bitumeni otsekereza okhala ndi m’lifupi 15-40 cm omwe tidadzodza kale ndi bitumeni. Matepi ayenera kuyikidwa moti aphimbe pamwamba pa khoma. Ngati n’zotheka tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito matepi otsekereza a chizindikiro (sl.3, 3. gawo). Pamwamba pa izi, ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri, tiyenera kuyika njerwa zatsopano, zonse zili bwino ndiponso zosamanda, mu simenti yamphamvu ndipo potero titseke kabowo kameneka. Pamwamba pa mzere watsopano wa njerwa ndi pansi pa njerwa za khoma lakale tiyenera kukanikiza matope pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo yachitsulo, ndipo m’menemo tingasakanize zinyalala zazing’ono za njerwa. Mwanjira imeneyi, popita chidutswa ndi chidutswa m’mbali mwa khoma lalikulu, tidzatha kuchita kutsekereza khomalo pambuyo pake.
M’malo mowatulutsa, kapena kutsegula, khoma mwanjira imeneyi, tingagwirenso ntchito ndi saw ngati khomalo lapangidwa ndi mwala wofewa kapena ngati makulidwe a malata pakati pa makhoma ndi aakulu ndipo ali mundege yopingasa. M’njira imeneyi, timaboola khomalo pamalo amodzi ndipo kudzera m’bowo lokulitsidwa timadutsa saw ya khoma. Ndi saw titha kuchotsa mizere ya njerwa mwachangu, ndithudi, kachiwiri m’zing’ono-ting’ono. Tikakulitsa pang’ono bowo limene tapanga ndi saw, titha kulowetsanso mwachindunji tepi ya kutsekereza yomwe mbali zonse ziwiri yapakidwa bitumeni. Pambuyo pa kumangirizidwa kwathunthu, malata a simenti ayenera kukankhidwa pamwamba pa bitumeni. Imodzi mwa njira zotsekera ndi njira ya elektroosmotiki.
Zimadziwika kuti chinyezi chimadutsa m’makoma kuchokera pa maziko kupita mmwamba mu ma capillary. Kudutsa kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maziko a nthaka ndi magawo apansi a makoma. Mukayika ma electrode otchinjiriza, kulowera kwa chinyezi kudzasiya zokha.
Ma electrode amaikidwa m’khoma pamwamba pa mlingo wa nthaka ndi pansi pa mlingo wotsika wa pansi pa 15 cm. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ndodo zachitsulo - chitsulo cha konkire, za m’mimba mwake 12-15 mm. Timawayika m’mabowo oboledwa ndi wobowola wa 2 cm, patali wina ndi mnzake wa 40 cm. Ma electrode amaikidwa mbali ya mkati komanso ya kunja, motero malekezero a ma electrode amakhala patali wina ndi mnzake ndi 2-3 cm pa mzere wapakati wa khoma. Pambuyo poika ma electrode, mabowo ayenera kudzazidwa ndi dothi la simenti. Malekezero a ma electrode omwe akutuluka m’khoma ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi waya wachitsulo wokhuthala 6-8 mm, ndipo waya wachitsulo pa chidutswa chimodzi cha flat iron cha miyeso osachepera 60x60x8mm chomwe chayikidwa pansi pa mlingo wa nthaka. Pa chifukwa cha maonekedwe, ndi bwino kuti waya wachitsulo wolumikiza ma electrode ukanamizidwe m’khoma. Zinthu za dongosololi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi soldering kapena kuwotcherera. Tiyenera kusamala kuti dongosolo la ma electrode ndi waya lisakhudze netiweki ya magetsi kapena mawaya oyika pansi. Dongosolo la ma electrode nthawi zina, potengera kuyeza komwe kuchitika m’dziko, liyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kulumikizidwa ku current ya DC ya voltage yochepa.
Pambuyo pa Kutsekereza khoma lonyowa, kumatsatira kupaka pulasitala pa khoma, ndipo momwe zimachitikira mungawerenge mu nkhani Kukonza ndi kusintha kwa pulasitala