He rauemi hanga ngāwari te raima hei mahi, nā te mea he tino »ngohengohe« me te whaihua mō ngā momo mahi whare me ngā mahi māra. Ka taea te hanga taiapa, tūru māra, ara māra, tūāpapa, aha atu, ā, ka taea hoki te peita.
Ngā tūāpapa o te raima riringi
Ko te raima he rauemi hanga hangaāi, ā, e toru ōna wāhanga matua: te rauemi tāpiri, te sima me te wai. O ngā rauemi tāpiri māori e whakamahia ana ko te kirikiri awa, kirikiri maina rānei, arā, te kirikiri onepu, ā, he iti ake te whakamahinga o te kōhatu kua kuru, o tētahi rauemi mārō rite ki te kōhatu rānei.
Ko ngā rauemi tāpiri waihanga ko: te para kōhua, te para nō ngā oumu rino, te perelite me te keramzite. He mea nui kia tata ōrite te rahi o ngā kākano o ngā rauemi tāpiri, ā, ka whakatutukihia tēnei mā te tatari.
Ko te rauemi here o te raima ko te sima. E ai ki te whakarōpūtanga o te kaha (ko ngā tau nui ake e tohu ana i te kounga pai ake) ka whakamahia te sima o te tohu 300, 400 me 500. Hei whakaranu ka taea te whakamahi i te wai ā-rohe, wai awa me te wai roto hoki, engari me kore ngā matū e kino ana ki te sima (te konupūmā, te konupora, te huka, ngā pūwhā o ngā wai kohuke) me te uara pH kāore e iti iho i te 6 ā, kāore e nui ake i te 8,5). Ka taea hoki te tāpiri ki te raima, mēnā e hiahiatia ana, i ngā pūkenga ārai huka, hei whakatere i te whakapiringa, hei whakarākei tae hoki, me ērā atu. Ko ngā pūkenga ārai huka ko te konupūmā pūhaumāota me te rongoā e kīia nei ko Tricosal S III. Ko ēnei anō hoki ngā pūkenga hei whakatere i te whakapiringa. Me whakamahi ēnei pūkenga e rua anake kia rite ki ngā tohutohu kua hoatu, nā te mea ka pā ki te kaha whakamutunga o te raima, ā, ka whakangaro i te rino raima. Ko te nui rawa o ēnei pūkenga ka taea te arahi ki te pirau matū o te raima. (Ko te nui o te konupūmā pūhaumāota ka taea te mōrahi o 3% o te nui o te sima i te raima kāore he whakakaha, ā, i te raima whakakaha 1,5%). Ka whakanikoniko te whakapiringa mā te pūkenga Tricosal Normal.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā peita waikura, manganī hoki hei peita i te raima, nā te mea he ātete ēnei ki ngā pānga matū o te sima. Kāore rawa he take kia peitatia te raima puta noa i te matotoru katoa o te paparanga. Ka peitatia anake te paparanga o waho, arā te paparanga taupoki.
Ko te nui o te rauemi hei hanga i te raima e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te raima. Mō te raima e whakamahia ana hei tūāpapa, hei whakakī rānei, e hāngai ana te kounga B 70. Mō te 1 m3 o te raima e hiahiatia ana ko 1,1-1,3 m3 o te rauemi tāpiri, 150 kg o te sima 400 me te āhua 130 rita o te wai. Me kaua te kounga o te raima mō ngā hanganga raima-whakakaha e iti iho i te B 140. Mō tēnei kounga raima ka hiahiatia anō hoki 1,1-1,3 m3 o te kirikiri, 210 kg o te sima me ngā 120 rita o te wai.
I mua i te whakaranu i te raima, me tatari te rauemi tāpiri kia kotahi anake te rahi o te kōhatu e tāpirihia ki tētahi puranga. Ki tēnei rauemi, i te āhua maroke tonu, me tāpiri te sima kua tataria, kāore he pupuhi, ā, i mua i te ringi wai me whakakorikori te ranunga kia toru neke atu rānei ngā wā mā te koko (ko te mea pai, me whakaranu ki runga i tētahi papa rino, papa rānei): I te wā e rua ngā whakawhitinga anō o te ranunga kirikiri me te sima mā te koko, me tāpiri mai i te teitei iti te rahinga wai e hiahiatia ana mā te peere me te rehu (kia kore ai te wai e horo i te sima). Kia oti te whakaranu, me ōrite te haumākū o te raima ki te haumākū o te oneone. (Kia tupato! Ka mākūkū anō te raima e āhua maroke ana nōna anō!).
Me tango atu te whenua kua wetewete, kua māku hoki, me ngā poke i te wāhi e hiahia ana mātou ki te whakamahi i te raima, ā, me whakamakuku ngā mata ka pā atu ki te raima. Kaua te raima e tukuna iho i te teitei, e whiua rānei. Mēnā ka whakanohoia ki roto i te mātā, me tino kōpeke. Mō ngā mahi kāinga ko te tikanga kōpeke ā-ringa te mea pai rawa. Ka taea te hanga i tētahi kōpeke raima mai i tētahi rākau tapawhā, porohita rānei te whitinga, he taumaha 10-17 kg, me tētahi kakau roa 1,2 m. Me haere tonu te kōpeketanga, ā, me aro kei toe ētahi wāhanga kāore anō kia kōpeketia. Me kōpeke ngā hanganga raima matotoru ia tata ki te 20 cm. Ka taea hoki te kōpeke i ngā raima kirihou ake, otirā mō ngā hanganga raima whakakaha, mā te werohia o tētahi rākau rino koi me te whānui 20–30 mm ki roto i te raima kia tae rā anō ki te hanga o tētahi paparanga māngi, pēnei i te raima pani, ki te mata.
Me noho mākū tonu te raima kua whakaurua mō ngā rā e rua neke atu, ā, nā reira me pānia i ētahi wā ki te wai, me uhi rānei ki tētahi uhi mākū. Me tiaki te raima i ngā kino o te huarere, ngā rū, te rā kaha, te hau, me ngā awe matū huhua. He kino katoa ēnei awe ki te tukanga here o te raima, ā, e pā ana hoki ki te kaha o te raima.
Te hanga i te raima kara
I te wā e hangaia ana te raima tae, ka tāpirihia ki te raima ngā pigment me ngā rawa peita e tika ana.
Nō te aha - e hia?
Mā te tāpiri tae, i ngā wā katoa, ka heke te kaha o te raima, nā reira me tūpato, ā, me tāpiri noa te tae i roto i te nui āhua. Kaua rawa te tae kua tāpiritia e nui ake i te 10% o te wāhanga taumaha o te sima. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakawhirinaki te māwhai hua ki te nui o te tae kua tāpirihia (hei tauira, mā te tāpiri i te 6% o te kōwhai rino-oxides ka whiwhi i te kōwhai kaha, ā, mā te tāpiri i te nui o te 2% ka whiwhi i te tae kirīmi). Mā te whakaranu i ngā māwhai maha ka puta hoki he momo hou. Hei tauira, mā te tāpiri i te 4% o te whero rino-oxide me te 4% o te kōwhai rino-oxide ka puta he whero kaha, he tae pereki. Mā te whakaranu i ngā māwhai o te kōwhai rino-oxide me te kākāriki chromium-oxide ka puta he ātaahua rawa te atarangi kākāriki. Ki te whakaranua te ultramarine hei utu mō te kākāriki chromium-oxide, ka kikorangi kōura-kākāriki te raima. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi iti noa o te pango, ka whakamāmāhia ngā māwhai katoa ki tētahi taumata.
Me whai i te peita ka tāpirihia ki te raima he pai te kaha taupoki me te kaha whakamānawa tae (kia puta he oro ōrite mā te tāpiri i tētahi rahinga iti o te peita). Ko ngā pai rawa ko ngā pigment kaiao me ētahi pigment waihanga. He ētahi raraunga rahinga: mō tētahi pēke sima kotahi ka hiahiatia 1,5-4,5 kg o te peita. Mā te tāpiri i te 1 kg o te peita ki te sima mō te paparanga taupoki te matotoru 1 pango (hei tauira, mō te arawhata) ka whiwhi raima tae mō te taupoki tata ki te 1m2 o te mata.
Ngā peita e tino whakamahia ana
Ko te whero bauxite he ranunga kōripi e mau ana pea i te 20% o te waikura rino. He ōrite te ātete o tēnei tae ki te hau, te mārama me te pāmahana ki tō te minium rino, engari he iti ake tōna kaha whakatūtae.
Ko te kikorangi kōpura he tae waro-kore hangaia kei roto ko te kōtari kōpura me te waikura konumohe. Ko te atarangi mārama ake o tēnei tae ko te kikorangi celine e mau ana i te waikura tine. Nā te iti o tōna kaha taupoki me tōna pānga whakarākei, me tāpiri i ngā rahinga nui ake ki te raima, ā, tērā pea ka hua ake he kapiti. Ka taea te whakaranu ki ngā peita e ātete ana ki ngā āhuarangi, ki te māramatanga me te pāmahana, ā, e herea ana ki te sima.
Ko te waikura kromium kākāriki he tae horihori, he tae kāore i takea mai i te waro. He ātete ki te mārama, ki ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi, ki te pāmahana, ki ngā waikawa me ngā pāhare. Ka taea te whakamahi me te here sima, ā, ka taea te whakaranu ki ngā pīgimete katoa. He tino pai tōna kaha taupoki me te whakakī i te tae.
Ko te Mangarona parauri he peita koretake hangaia kei roto ko 20% o te waikura manganīhi. He ātete ki te māramatanga me ngā awe o te kōhauhau, ā, ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā momo here katoa, engari mā te whakaranu ki ngā pīhongo kei roto te whanariki ka puta he āhua pango.
Ko te pango manganese he pāpanga pai o tētahi matū māori kāore he waro (tae oneone) e mau ana te rino me te waikura manganese. He ātete ki te kotakota me te sima, ki ngā waikawa ngoikore, ki te mārama me ngā pānga āhuarangi. He tino pai tōna kaha hipoki, ā, he pai hoki tōna kawe i ngā pānga pāmahana.
He tae tāwhai kōwhai okeri he tae koretake māori. Ka huri te āhua o tēnei tae mai i te kōwhai māmā ki te parauri, ā, he maha ngā atārangi ka mahia ai. Kei roto te hydrate o te waikura rino (Fe203 - Н2О) me te konupora. Mā te waikura rino e tuku te reo whero, mā te konupora e tuku te reo parauri. He ātete ki te mārama me ngā pānga o te āhuarangi, engari he iti te ātete ki ngā waikawa me te pāmahana.
Emerald green (Guignet green) is a hydrate of chromium oxide. It is somewhat more fiery in tone than chromium oxide and has greater resistance to temperature.
Ko te whero Pāniora he tae pararopi māori e whiwhi ana i te pirau o te hematite (te ore rino whero). Kei roto te 80-90% o te waikura rino. He pai rawa tōna kaha kapi me te tae, he ātete ki te marama, ki ngā āhuatanga kōhauhau, ki te pāmahana, ā, ka taea te whakaranu ki ngā pūhono here katoa.
Ko te kikorangi ultramarine he tae horihori, he tae kore-ora anō hoki, e mau ana i te silicate o te konutai me te konumohe me te whanariki. He ātete ki te māramatanga me te pāmahana, engari kāore e ātete ki ngā awe o te āhuarangi, nā te mea ka whakaekehia e ngā hau auahi o te rangi. Kāore e taea te whakaranu ki ngā pigment e mau ana i te mata, i te parahi, i te kōpata me te rino. Ka taea te whakaranu ki ngā rawa e herea ana ki te karāhe wai, te kōura, te sima rānei. I ngā mata, i ētahi wā ka puta he piro. Mō te peita i te pākaru sima, ko te ultramarine mā anake ka taea te whakamahi.
Kākāriki ultramarine. I te wā tuatahi o te tukanga hanganga o te ultramarine kikorangi he tōnā kākāriki tōna, ā, ka hokona hoki i tēnei āhua. He āhua ōrite ngā āhuatanga o te ultramarine kākāriki ki ērā o te kikorangi, engari he iti ake tōna kaha whakapūmau tae me tōna ātete ki te mārama.
He tae kākāriki-parauri māori a Umbra me te ihirangi o te waikura rino me te waikura konupora. Koia anake te tae oneone parauri. He ātete ki ngā pānga ā-te rangi, ki te mārama hoki, ā, he āhua ōrite tōna ātete ki te pāmahana. Ka taea te ranu ki ngā rauemi here me ngā pigmeni katoa.
Ko te minium rino (waikura rino whero, piriti rino) he tae pararopi māori kei roto ko 75% o te waikura rino (Fe203). He tae oneone, engari ka taea hoki te whiwhi mā te tunu i te kōhuke rino me te uku. He ātete ki ngā pānga āhuarangi, ki te mārama, ki te pāmahana, me ngā waikawa ngoikore. Ka whakamahia nuitia, ā, he tino pai tōna kaha hipoki.
Ko te waikura rino pango he rauemi hangahanga horihori, korehiko hoki e mau ana i te fero - (waikura ferri) (Fe304). Ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā peita me ngā here sima, ā, he ātete ki ngā pānga o te āhuarangi, ki te mārama, ki te pāmahana me ngā pānga o ngā waikawa ngoikore. He kikorangi-pango tōna tae, ā, he pai tōna kaha hipoki.
Ko te waikura rino kōwhai (mars yellow, waikura oker me ērā atu) he hanga horihori o ngā peita whenua oker. He ōrite rawa ō rātou āhuatanga.
I te whakarite raima he mea tino nui kia pai rawa te ranu o te tae, ā, ahakoa ka pania anake i te paparanga whakamutunga, me pania tonutia ki te paparanga taketake, kātahi ka kōpekehia. He mea nui hoki kia pani te hanga papa ki te hinu paraffin kia māmā ake ai te tango. Hei hanga i ngā tārai mō te papa hīkoi, ka taea te hanga i tētahi tauira tino pai mā te whakamahi i ētahi takai konumohe, kua kōpiko, ā, he āhua L, he whānui 10 cm, he mātotoru 1-2 mm, ā, he roa kua whakaritea, ka taea te whakamau ki tētahi papa rākau taketake mā ngā whao.
Me aro atu ki te meka he mārama ake te āhua o te tae i muri i te whakamaroketanga, nō reira e tika ana kia hanga tuatahi he tauira o taua āhua.
Taiapa raima
Ka hangaia te taiapa whakapaipai i ngā wāhanga raima ka whakanohoia ki runga i tētahi tūāpapa o ngā rārangi pereki e rua, ā, i waenganui i ngā pou pereki. Ka hangaia ngā wāhanga ki ngā mātiti. Ko te tūāpapa me te anga o te mātiti ka hangaia ki te papa kua whakaparahitia. Ka herea ngā tapa e rua e tū whakawhiti ana o te mātiti ki a rāua anō mā te whakanoho ā-kope, ā, mā ngā kōhatu nuku rānei, mā ngā tīwiri rānei; ka whakapirihia te taha tuatoru mā ngā pūkete honohono, ā, ki te taha tuawhā me whakanoho e rua ngā tīwiri upoko-mowhiti, tētahi i raro iho i tētahi (wh. 1, 1 wāhanga). Ki te poro rākau waenga me te wāhanga raro o ngā whakaurunga rākau (4 ngā wāhanga āhua-L) me whakanoho ngā tīwiri rākau, ā, ki te papa rākau raro me werohia ngā kohao tika mō te whakakotahi i ngā tīwiri: Ina hangaia ngā wāhanga raima, me tuatahi whakanoho ngā whakaurunga rākau ki ō rātou wāhi, kati te mātiti, ā, herea ki te pine (tīwiri rākau) kua whakanohoia ki te upoko mowhiti o ngā tīwiri. Muri iho me whakakī te mātiti ki te raima kua ranu mai i te kirikiri paku me te sima tohu 300. Mēnā kua haurua te here o te raima me wetewete te mātiti, tango ngā whakaurunga, ā, ka haere tonu ki te hanga i te wāhanga e whai ake nei.
Ki te mea kua oti kē i a tātou te nui rawaka o ngā wāhanga raima, ka taea te tīmata ki te hanga i te taiapa. Tūria, mēnā ka taea, ki runga i te tūāpapa raima, i te tūāpapa kōhatu rānei, e rua ngā rarangi pereki, ā, >>hikitia<< ngā pou.
ATA 1
Me whakatakoto ngā huānga raima ki roto i te raima sima kia pai ake ai te piringa, kia kaha ake hoki. Hei whakanui i te kaha o te taiapa, me “here” ngā huānga raima ki ngā pou pereki. I runga ake i te rārangi huānga me tarai ki roto i ngā pou he wāhanga o te waea kaha kua piko ki te āhua o te reta U, kātahi ka herea ēnei ki te waea i runga ake i te rārangi huānga. Mā konei ka whakaritea te kaha rawaka (wh. 1, 2. wāhanga).
I te wā e hanga ana i te kōhatu, mai i te rārangi tuarua tonu me whakamahi te pūtaumata me te aho rūrū, nā te mea he tino kino te āhua ātaahua o tētahi taiapa i hanga koretia, he tūraru pea mō ngā aituā, ā, he poto ake tōna oranga.
Me whakakī ngā tui i waenga i ngā huānga ki te raima he rerekē te tae, ā, me whakarite kia ōrite pai. Ina tae ki te teitei e tika ana, me uhi te tihi o ngā huānga me ngā pou ki ngā papa raima. I te tāutanga o ngā papa raima, kaua e whakaiti i te rahinga o te raima sima, kei taka ngā papa i tērā atu āhua.
He roa te ora, he ātaahua hoki te taiapa whakapaipai raima. Ae rā, ka taea hoki te hanga huānga o tētahi atu āhua mēnā ka hangaia he tauira e tika ana. Ka taea te whakanui i te pānga whakapaipai o te taiapa mā ngā tipu ngokingoki.