Ikhonkrithi yinto yokwakha ekulula ukusebenza ngayo, kuba ithobela kakhulu kwaye ifanelekile kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yasekhaya nakwimisebenzi yegadi. Ngayo kunokwenziwa ucingo, ibhentshi egadini, indlela egadini, ithegi/iterrace njl. yaye inokufakwa nombala.
Iziseko zokugalela ikhonkrithi
Ikhonkrithi yinto yokwakha eyenziweyo, yahlulwe yaziinxalenye ezintathu eziphambili: into eyongeziweyo, isamente namanzi. Kwezongezo zendalo ezisetyenziswa ziquka igrabile yomlambo okanye yommango, okanye igrabile enesanti, kwaye kunqabile ilitye elityumkileyo okanye into eqinileyo efana nelitye.
Izinto ezongezelelweyo ezenziweyo zezi: igriza yeziko lokubasa, igriza yeefurnesi eziphakamileyo, i-perlite kunye ne-keramzite. Kubalulekile ukuba izinto ezongezelelweyo zibe nobukhulu beenkozo obufanayo ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo eqinisekiswa ngokuzihluza.
Isixhobo esibophelelayo sekhonkrithi yisamente. Ngokokuhlelwa kwamandla (amanani amakhulu abonisa umgangatho ongcono) kusetyenziswa isamente enophawu 300, 400 kunye 500. Xa kuxutywa, kunokusetyenziswa amanzi kamasipala, kwakhona amanzi emilanjeni namachibini, kodwa engenazo iikhemikhali eziyingozi kwisamente (icalcium, imagnesium, iswekile, ii-sulfate zamanzi ezimbiwa) enexabiso le-pH elingekho ngaphantsi ko 6 kwaye lingekho ngaphezulu ko 8,5). Kwikhonkrithi kunokongezwa, xa kuyimfuneko, izongezo zokuthintela ukubanda, zokukhawulezisa ukubopha, zokufaka umbala njl. Izongezo zokuthintela ukubanda yikhalasiyam chloride kunye nesongezo esibizwa ngokuba yi Tricosal S III. Ezi zikwangamayeza okukhawulezisa ukubopha. Zombini ezi zinto zingasetyenziswa kuphela ngokwemiyalelo enikiweyo, kuba zichaphazela amandla okugqibela ekhonkrithi kwaye zihlasele intsimbi yekhonkrithi. Ubuninzi obukhulu bezi zinto bunokukhokelela ekuboleni kwekhonkrithi ngokwemichiza. (Ubuninzi bekhalasiyam chloride bunokubakho ubuninzi be 3% besixa sesamente kwikhonkrithi engena-arma, kanti kwikhonkrithi enearma 1,5%). Ukubopha kunyuswa ngesongezo i Tricosal Normal.
Ekufakeni umbala kwikhonkrithi kunokusetyenziswa iidayi ze-oxide okanye ze-manganese, ezimelana neempembelelo zeekhemikhali zesamente. Akukho mfuneko kwaphela yokufaka umbala kwikhonkrithi kubo bonke ubukhulu bomaleko. Kufakwa umbala kuphela kumaleko wangaphandle, ogubungelayo.
Ubungakanani bezinto zokwenza ikhonkrithi buxhomekeke kumgangatho wekhonkrithi. Kwikhonkrithi esetyenziswa njengesiseko okanye njengokuzalisa, ifaneleka umgangatho B 70. Ku 1 m3 yekhonkrithi kufuneka 1,1-1,3 m3 yezinto ezongezelelweyo, 150 kg zesamente 400 kunye neelitha ezimalunga ne 130 zamanzi. Umgangatho wekhonkrithi wezixhobo zekhonkrithi ezomeleziweyo kufuneka ubuncinane ube yi-B 140. Kulo mgangatho wekhonkrithi kwakhona kufuneka 1,1-1,3 m3 yegrabile, 210 kg yesamente kunye neelitha 120 zamanzi.
Phambi kokuxuba ikhonkrithi, izinto ezongezelelweyo kufuneka zihluzwe ukuze kwibhetshi enye kufakwe kuphela izinto ezinesayizi efanayo yeenkozo. Kule nto, ngelixa isomile, kufuneka kongezwe isamente ehluziweyo engenamaqhuma, kwaye phambi kokugalela amanzi umxube kufuneka uxutywe ubuncinane kathathu ngefosholo (kungebhetele ukuwuxuba phezu kwentsimbi ethile okanye iibhodi): Ngexesha lokuguqula kabini ngokuphindaphindiweyo umxube wegrabile nesamente ngefosholo, kufuneka kongezwe ukusuka kwindawo ephantsi isixa samanzi esifunekayo kusetyenziswa ibhakethi enesitshizi (ukuze amanzi angayihlambululi isamente). Emva kokugqitywa kokuxuba, ukufuma kwekhonkrithi kufuneka kufane nokufuma komhlaba. (Qaphela! Ikhonkrithi ebonakala ngathi yomile iya manzi ngokwayo!).
Umhlaba othe wakhululeka nowumanzi kunye nokungcola kwindawo apho sifuna ukusebenzisa ikhonkrithi kufuneka kususwe, yaye imiphezulu eya kudibana nekhonkrithi kufuneka imanziswe. Ikhonkrithi ayifanele ihliswe ukusuka phezulu okanye iphoswe. Ukuba ifakwa kumhlobiso, kufuneka icinezelwe kakuhle. Kwimisebenzi yasekhaya eyona ndlela ilungileyo yindlela yokucinezela ngesandla. Isicinezeli sekhonkrithi sinokwenziwa ngentonga enqamlezwe isikwere okanye isangqa, enobunzima be 10-17 kg, enesiphatho sobude be 1,2 m. Ukucinezela kufuneka kuqhubeke ngokungaphazamisekiyo yaye kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kungashiyeki iindawo ezingacinezelwanga. Iindidi ezityebileyo zekhonkrithi kufuneka zicinezelwe malunga rhoqo kwi 20 cm. Iikhonkrithi ezithambileyo ngakumbi, ingakumbi ezolwakhiwo lwekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, nazo zingacinezelwa ngendlela yokuba intonga yentsimbi eitsolileyo enobubanzi be 20–30 mm ifakwa kwikhonkrithi de kumphezulu kuvele umaleko onjengeplasta.
Ikhonkrithi efakiweyo kufuneka ubuncinane iintsuku ezimbini ihlale imanzi rhoqo yaye ngenxa yoko kufuneka ngamaxesha athile ifefeshelwe ngamanzi okanye igqunywe ngesigqubuthelo esimanzi. Ikhonkrithi kufuneka ikhuselwe kwimozulu embi, ukungcangcazela, ilanga eliqatha, umoya kunye neempembelelo ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Zonke ezi mpembelelo ziyingozi kwinkqubo yokuqina kwekhonkrithi, yaye ngokunxulumene naloo nto, nakumandla ekhonkrithi.
Ukwenziwa kwekhonkrithi enemibala
Xa kusenziwa ikhonkrithi enemibala, kongezwa kwikhonkrithi ii-pigment ezifanelekileyo nezinto zokuyipeyinta.
Yintoni - zingaphi?
Ngokongezwa kwemibala, nangayiphi na imeko, amandla ekhonkrithi ayehla yaye ngenxa yoko kufuneka kuqatshelwe, kwaye umbala wongezwe ngokulinganayo kuphela. Umbala ongeziweyo akufuneki ugqithe 10% yecandelo lobunzima besamente. Ithoni efunyanwa rhoqo ixhomekeke kwisixa sombala ongeziweyo (umzekelo, ngokudibanisa 6% gwegwele-oksayidi etyheli kufunyanwa umthubi oqaqambileyo, kanti ngokongeza isixa se-2% kufunyanwa umbala wekhrimu). Ngokuxuba iithoni ezininzi kunokufumaneka neenguqulelo ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, ngokongeza 4% gwegwele-oksayidi obomvu kunye 4% gwegwele-oksayidi etyheli kufunyanwa obomvu oqaqambileyo, umbala wesitena. Ngokuxuba iithoni zegwegwele-oksayidi etyheli kunye ne-chrome-oksayidi eluhlaza kufunyanwa umthunzi oluhlaza omhle kakhulu. Ukuba endaweni yombala we-chrome-oksayidi oluhlaza kuxutywa i-ultramarine, ikhonkrithi iya kuba luhlaza-olu-bhlowu lwase-turquoise. Ngokongezwa komlinganiselo omncinane omnyama, zonke iithoni ziyathotywa ngandlel’ ithile.
Ipeyinti esiyifaka kwikhonkrithi kufuneka ibe namandla amahle okugquma kunye nokudaya (ukuze ngokongezwa isixa esincinci sepeyinti kufunyanwe ithoni efanayo). Ezona zilungileyo ziipigmenti ze-organic nezinye iisintetikhi. Idatha ethile yobungakanani: kwingxowa enye yesamente kufuneka 1,5-4,5 kg yepeyinti. Ngokongezwa 1 kg yepeyinti kwisamente yomaleko wokugquma onobukhulu 1 emnyama (umz. kumgangatho wendlela yokuhamba) kufunyanwa ikhonkrithi enemibala yokugquma emalunga 1m2 yomhlaba.
Imibala esetyenziswa rhoqo kakhulu
IBoksiti ebomvu ngumgubo oqulethe malunga ne 20% yentsimbi oxide. Ukuxhathisa kwalo mbala kwimozulu, ekukhanyeni nasekushiseni kuyafana nokuxhathisa kwe-gvozdeni minijum, kodwa unamandla amancinci okuhombisa umbala.
I-cobalt blue ngumbala ongeyonyani, ongaphiliyo oqulethe i-oxide ye-cobalt ne-aluminium. Umthunzi okhaphukhaphu walo mbala yicelin blue equlethe i-oxide ye-tin. Ngenxa yamandla aso amancinci okugquma kunye nesiphumo sokudaya, kufuneka songezwe kwikhonkrithi ngobuninzi obukhulu, nto leyo enokubangela iintanda. Sinokuxutywa nemibala enganyangekiyo kwimiphumo yemozulu, ekukhanyeni nasekushiseni, kwaye ebopha nesamente.
I-chrome oxide eluhlaza ngumbala wokwenziwa ongenaorganic. Iyamelana nokukhanya, neemeko zemozulu, ubushushu, ii-asidi kunye neebhesi. Inokusetyenziswa kunye nesibophelelo sesamente yaye ingadityaniswa nazo zonke ii-pigment. Inamandla abalaseleyo okugquma nokufaka umbala.
IManganova mrka ngumbala ongeyonyani ongaphiliyo oqulethe 20% ye-manganese oxide. Ixhathisa ukukhanya neempembelelo zemozulu yaye inokusetyenziswa nazo zonke izibopheleli, kodwa xa ixutywe neepigmenti eziqulethe isulfure kuya kufumaneka ithowuni emnyama.
Umbala omnyama wemanganese ngumhlaba osilwe wemathiriyeli yendalo engaphiliyo (umbala womhlaba) oneoksayidi yentsimbi nemanganese. Uyamelana nekalika nasesimentini, neeasidi ezibuthathaka, ukukhanya nokuchaphazeleka yimozulu. Unamandla abalaseleyo okugquma kwaye uyawunyamezela kakuhle nemiphumo yobushushu.
I-oker etyheli ngumbala wendalo ongasiyiyo owodidi lwezinto eziphilayo. Ithoni yalo mbala itshintsha ukusuka kwityheli elikhanyayo ukuya kumnyama, kwaye yenziwa kwiithoni ezininzi. Iqulethe ihidrethi ye-oksayidi yentsimbi (Fe203 - Н2О) kunye nemanganizi. Ioksayidi yentsimbi imnika ithoni ebomvu, kanti imanganizi imnika ithoni emnyama. Iyamelana nokukhanya nasezintweni zemozulu, kodwa ayinyamezeli kakuhle ii-asidi nobushushu.
Ohlaza lwesmaragdi (Guignet –– oluhlaza) luyihydrate ye-oxide yechromium. Lunethoni etshisa ngakumbi kancinci kune-oxide yechromium kwaye lunokumelana nobushushu okukhulu.
I-Spanish red ngumbala wendalo ongeyiyo eyentsimbi ofumaneka ngokonakala kwe-hematite (ore ebomvu yentsimbi). Iqulethe 80-90% ye-iron oxide. Inamandla abalaseleyo okugquma nokudaya, iyamelana nokukhanya, nemiphumo yemozulu, nobushushu, kwaye inokuxutywa nazo zonke izibopheleli.
I-Ultramarin blue ngumbala wokwenziwa ongaphiliyo oqulethe isilicate yesodium nealuminiyam enesiqulatho sesalfure. Iyamelana nokukhanya, nobushushu kodwa ayimelani neempembelelo zomoya, kuba iigesi zomsi zomoya ziyayihlasela. Ayinakuxutywa nee-pigment ezinelead, ubhedu, ikobhalthi nentsimbi. Inokuxutywa nezinto ezibophelelayo ngeglasi yamanzi, ikalika okanye isamente. Kwezinye iindawo ngamanye amaxesha ibangela amabala. Ukupeyinta udaka lwesamente kunokusetyenziswa kuphela i-ultramarin ecocekileyo.
Ultramarine eluhlaza. I-ultramarine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwisigaba sokuqala senkqubo yemveliso inethoni eluhlaza kwaye nakule fomu nayo iyathengiswa. Iimpawu ze-ultramarine eluhlaza zifana phantse nezebhlowu, kodwa amandla ayo okudaya kunye nokuxhathisa ekukhanyeni mancinane.
Umbra (ombala omdaka onjengesamethana) ngumbala wendalo ongenazimbiwa, oneziqulatho ze-oxide yentsimbi nemanganese. Ngowona mbala umdaka wodongwe. Ukuxhathisa kakuhle kwiimeko zemozulu, ekukhanyeni, kwaye unokumelana nobushushu ngendlela ephakathi. Ungaxutywa nazo zonke izinto ezibophelelayo kunye neepigmenti.
IMinijum yentsimbi (oxid yentsimbi ebomvu, ipyrite yentsimbi) ngumbala wendalo ongenambumbano oqulethe 75% ye-oxid yentsimbi (Fe203). Ngumbala womhlaba kodwa unokufunyanwa nangokuwosa intsimbi ekrwada nodongwe. Uyakwazi ukumelana nefuthe lomoya, nokukhanya, nobushushu kunye neeasidi ezibuthathaka. Usoloko usetyenziswa kwaye unamandla amahle kakhulu okugquma.
I-oxide yentsimbi emnyama yinto eyenziweyo engaphiliyo enomxholo we-ferro - (ferri-oxide) (Fe304). Isebenziseka kwipeyinti ezinezibopheleli zesamente, iyamelana neemeko zemozulu, ukukhanya, ubushushu kunye neempembelelo zeeasidi ezibuthathaka. Inombala omnyama onamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye inamandla amahle okugquma.
I-oksidi yentsimbi etyheli (mars yellow, oxide ocher njl.) yimveliso eyenziweyo yemibala ye-ocher yomhlaba. Iimpawu zazo ziyafana ngokupheleleyo.
Xa kulungiswa ikhonkrithi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umbala uxutywe kakuhle kangangoko, yaye xa usetyenziswa kuphela kumaleko wokugqibela, kufuneka ufakwe kwangoko kumaleko osisiseko uze uxinzelelwe. Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba ifomwork igalelwe ioyile yeparafini ukuze kube lula ukuyisusa. Ukwenza iithayile zendlela yokuhamba, umzekelo ogqwesileyo unokwenziwa usebenzisa imicu embalwa ye-aluminiyam, egotyiweyo, emile okonobumba L, ububanzi be-10 cm, ubukhulu be-1-2 mm kunye nobude obuthile, enokuthi ibotshwe ngezikhonkwane kwibhodi esisiseko yeplanga ngendlela efunekayo.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ithoni yombala emva kokoma iba khaphukhaphu kakhulu, ngoko kuyacetyiswa kuqala ukuba kwenziwe isampulu ethile yethoni.
Ucingo lwekhonkrithi
Ucingo lokuhombisa lwenziwa kwizinto zekhonkrithi ezifakwa kwisiseko semigca emibini yezitena naphakathi kweenqaba zezitena. Izinto zenziwa kwiifom. Isiseko nesakhelo sefom zenziwa ngebhodi ehluthiweyo. Imiphetho emibini yeform echaseneyo ngokwe-diagonal iqiniswa omnye komnye ngendlela ye-wedge, okanye ngamanye amaxesha ngezipikili okanye izikrufu; owesithathu uqiniswa ngeehenjisi, yaye kowesine kufuneka kubekwe izikrufu ezimbini ezinentloko eringi omnye ngaphantsi komnye (umz. 1, 1 inxalenye). Kwibhloko yamaplanga esembindini nasezantsi kwezi zifakelo zomthi (4 amaqhekeza amise okonobumba L) kufuneka kufakwe iiplagi zomthi, yaye kwipleyiti esezantsi yamaplanga kufuneka kugqobhozwe imingxuma efanelekileyo ukuze kuhlanganiswe iiplagi: Xa kusenziwa izinto zekhonkrithi, kuqala kufuneka kufakwe izifakelo zomthi kwiindawo zazo, kuvalwe ifom yaze yaqiniswa ngesikhonkwane somthi esibekwe entlokweni eringi yezikrufu. Emva koko ifom kufuneka izaliswe ngekhonkrithi exutywe ngamagrabile amancinane nesamente yebakala 300. Ukuba ikhonkrithi sele iqale ukubamba kufuneka ifom ikhutshwe, kukhutshwe izifakelo kwaye kuqhubekekwe nokwenza into elandelayo.
Ukuba sele senze inani elaneleyo lezinto zekhonkrithi, sinokuqalisa ukwenza ucingo. Masiwabeke, ukuba kunokwenzeka, kwisiseko sekhonkrithi okanye kwisiseko selitye, imiqolo emibini yezitena kwaye >>masiphakamise<< iintsika.
UMFANEKISO 1
Izinto zekhonkrithi kufuneka zibekwe kudaka lwesamente ukuze zibophe ngcono kwaye zibe namandla ngakumbi. Ukuze kubekho amandla amakhulu omqobo, izinto zekhonkrithi kufuneka “zibotshelwe” kwiintsika zezitena. Ngaphezulu komqolo wezi zinto kufuneka kufakwe kwiintsika iziqwenga zocingo olomeleleyo olugotyiweyo lube ngohlobo loonobumba U, emva koko ezo ziqwenga zingaphezulu komqolo wezinto zidityaniswe ngocingo. Ngale ndlela kuqinisekiswa amandla awaneleyo (umz. 1, 2. isiqendu).
Xa kusakhiwa, sele ukusuka kumqolo wesibini kufuneka sisebenzise inqanaba kunye nomtya wokukala umgama othe nkqo, kuba udonga olwakhiwe ngokungalinganiyo lunika umbono ombi kakhulu wobuhle, luyingozi enokubangela iingozi kwaye lunobomi obufutshane.
Imigca phakathi kwezinto kufuneka izaliswe ngodaka olunombala owahlukileyo kwaye ilungelelaniswe ngononophelo. Xa kufikelelwa kubude obufanelekileyo, umphezulu wezi zinto nezentsika kufuneka ugqunywe ngeepleyiti zekhonkrithi. Xa kufakwa iipleyiti zekhonkrithi akufuneki songeze ekusebenziseni udaka lwesamente, kuba kungenjalo iipleyiti zingawa lula.
Ucingo lokuhombisa lwekonkco luhlala ixesha elide yaye luhle. Ewe kunjalo, kunokwenziwa nezinye izinto ezinemilo eyahlukileyo ukuba kuveliswe iipateni ezifanelekileyo. Isiphumo sokuhombisa socingo singandiswa ngezityalo ezirhubuluzayo.