Ukhonkolo uyinto yokwakha okulula ukusebenza ngayo, ngoba uthobekile kakhulu futhi uyasebenziseka emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yasekhaya nasemisebenzini yasengadini. Ngokhonkolo kungakhiwa uthango, ibhentshi engadini, indlela engadini, ithala njll., futhi ungaphinde upendwe.
Izisekelo zokuthela ukhonkolo
Ukhonkolo uyinto yokwakha eyenziwe umuntu, yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: izinto ezengeziwe, usimende namanzi. Ezintweni zemvelo ezengeziwe ezisetshenziswayo kukhona igravel yomfula noma yasezimayini, noma igravel enesihlabathi, kanti kuyaqabukela kusetshenziswe itshe elichotshoziwe noma into eqinile efana netshe.
Izinto zokugcwalisa ezenziwe ngokwenziwa yilezi: i-bosela ye-boiler, i-bosela yeziko elikhulu, i-perlite kanye ne-keramzite. Okubalulekile ukuthi izinto zokugcwalisa zibe nezicucu zobukhulu obusondelene, okutholakala ngokuzihlunga.
Impahla ebopha ukhonkolo yisamente. Ngokohlelo lokuhlukanisa amandla (izinombolo ezinkulu zisho ikhwalithi engcono) kusetshenziswa isamente elinomaki 300, 400 no 500. Ekuxubeni kungasetshenziswa kokubili amanzi kamasipala, kanye namanzi omfula noma echibini, kodwa angenawo amakhemikhali ayingozi kusamente (i-calcium, i-magnesium, ushukela, ama-sulfate amanzi amaminerali) nge-pH engeyona ngaphansi kwe-6 futhi engeyona ngaphezu kwe-8,5). Ngokwesidingo, kukhonkrithi kungangezwa nezinto zokuvikela ekubandeni, zokusheshisa ukuqina, zokufaka umbala njll. Izinto zokuvikela ekubandeni yikhalishwa ye-calcium kanye nento ebizwa nge-Tricosal S III. Lezi nazo ziyizinto zokusheshisa ukuqina. Zombili lezi zinto zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngokwemiyalo enikeziwe, ngoba zithinta amandla okugcina kakhonkolo futhi zihlasela insimbi yokhonkolo. Inani elikhulu lalezi zinto lingaholela ekuwohlokeni kwamakhemikhali kukakhonkolo. (Inani le-calcium chloride lingaba phezulu kakhulu ku-3% yenani lesamente kukhonkolo ongenalo ukuqiniswa, kanti kukhonkolo oqinisiwe kube ku-1,5%). Ukuqina kukhuphulwa ngesithako i-Tricosal Normal.
Ukuze kufakwe umbala kukakhonkolo, kungasetshenziswa odayi be-oxide noma be-manganese, abamelana nemithelela yamakhemikhali kasimende. Akudingekile neze ukufaka umbala kukakhonkolo kuyo yonke ingqimba. Kufakwa umbala kuphela ungqimba olungaphandle, oluyisivikelo.
Inani lezinto zokwenza ukhonkolo lincike kwikhwalithi yokhonkolo. Ukhonkolo osebenza njengesisekelo noma njengokugcwalisa uhambelana nekhwalithi B 70. Ngo 1 m3 yakhonkolo kudingeka 1,1-1,3 m3 zezinto ezengeziwe, 150 kg sikasimende 400 kanye cishe 130 amalitha amanzi. Ikhwalithi yokhonkolo yezakhiwo zakhonkolo eziqinisisiwe kufanele okungenani ibe B 140. Kule khwalithi yokhonkolo kudingeka futhi 1,1-1,3 m3 kwetshe elichotshoziwe, 210 kg sikasimende kanye 120 amalitha amanzi.
Ngaphambi kokuxuba ukhonkolo, impahla eyengeziwe kufanele ihlungwe ukuze esisodwa isiqoqo kufakwe impahla enobukhulu obufanayo bezinhlayiya kuphela. Kule mpahla, isesimeni esomile, kufanele kwengezwe usimende ohlungiwe ongenamaqhuqhuva, bese ngaphambi kokufaka amanzi ingxube kufanele ixutshwe okungenani kathathu ngefosholo (okuhle kakhulu ukuxubela kukho epulangweni lensimbi noma emabhodini): Ngesikhathi sokudlulisa kabili ngokuphindaphindiwe ingxube yegrabile nosimende ngefosholo, kusukela ekuphakameni okuncane kufanele kwengezwe inani elidingekayo lamanzi kusetshenziswa ibhakede elinesifafazi (ukuze amanzi angawugezi usimende). Ngemva kokuqedwa kokuxuba, umswakama wokhonkolo kufanele ufane nomswakama womhlabathi. (Qaphela! Ukhonkolo obonakala womile nawo uzimanzi ngokuzenzakalelayo!).
Umhlabathi oxegile nowomile kanye nokungcola endaweni lapho sifuna ukusebenzisa khona ukhonkolo kufanele kususwe, kanti izindawo ezizothinta ukhonkolo kufanele zimanziswe. Ukhonkolo akumelwe wehliswe usuka phezulu noma uphonswe. Uma ufakwa kusikhunta, kufanele ucompactwe kahle. Emisebenzini yasendlini indlela engcono kakhulu indlela yokuwucindezela ngesandla. I-rammer yokhonkolo ingenziwa ngenduku enesigaba sesikwele noma esiyindilinga, enesisindo se-10-17 kg, enesibambo esingu-1,2 m ubude. Ukucindezela kufanele kube okuqhubekayo futhi kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi azihlali izingxenye ezingacindezelwanga. Izakhiwo ezijiyile zekhonkolo kufanele zicindezelwe cishe njalo ngo-20 cm. Ukhonkolo onamandla okukha phezulu, ikakhulukazi owamakhonstrakshini e-reinforced concrete, ungacindezelwa nangokufaka induku yensimbi enesiphetho esicijile enobubanzi buka-20–30 mm kukhonkolo kuze kube yilapho ebusweni kuvela ungqimba oluthambile olufana nodaka.
Ukhonkolo ofakiwe kufanele ugcinwe unomswakama ngokuqhubekayo okungenani izinsuku ezimbili, ngakho-ke kufanele uniselwe ngamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile noma umbozwe ngesembozo esimanzi. Ukhonkolo kufanele uvikelwe ezimeni zezulu ezimbi, ukuzamazama, ilanga elishisayo, umoya kanye nemithelela ehlukahlukene yamakhemikhali. Yonke le mithelela iyingozi enqubweni yokubopha kukakhonkolo, futhi ngakho-ke nasekuqiniweni kukakhonkolo.
Ukwenziwa kukakhonkolo onombala
Lapho kwenziwa ukhonkolo onombala, kufakwa kukhonkolo ama-pigment afanele nezinto zokudaya.
Kusuka kokungaki - kungakanani?
Ngokungeza imibala, kunoma yikuphi, amandla kakhonkolo ayancipha futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele kuqikelelwe futhi kufakwe umbala ngokulingene kuphela. Umbala ongeziwe akumele nakancane udlule 10% wengxenye yesisindo sikasimende. Umbala otholakele uvame ukuncika enanini lombala ongeziwe (isib., ngokungezwa kuka 6% we-iron-oxide-yellow kutholakala ophuzi oqinile, kanti ngokungezwa kwenani lika 2% kutholakala umbala kakhilimu). Ngokuxuba amathoni amaningi kungatholakala nezinhlobo ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, ngokungezwa kuka 4% we-iron-oxide-red kanye no 4% we-iron-oxide-yellow kutholakala obomvu oqinile, umbala wesitini. Ngokuxuba amathoni e-iron-oxide-yellow kanye ne-chromium-oxide-green kuzotholakala ithunzi elihle kakhulu eliluhlaza. Uma esikhundleni sombala we-chromium-oxide-green kuxutshwa i-ultramarine, ukhonkolo uzoba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-turquoise. Ngokungeza inani elincane elimnyama, wonke amathoni athuliseka ngezinga elithile.
Umbala, esiwufaka kukhonkolo kufanele ube namandla amahle okuvala nokudaya (ukuze ngenani elincane lombala kutholakale ithoni efanayo). Okuhle kakhulu yizingulube eziphilayo nezinye ezokwenziwa. Eminye imininingwane yenani: esikhwameni esisodwa sikasamente kudingeka 1,5-4,5 kg wembala. Ngokufaka 1 kg wombala kusamente wengqimba evalayo ngobukhulu 1 emnyama (isb. ophawini), kutholakala ukhonkolo onombala wokumboza cishe 1m2 wobuso.
Odayi asetshenziswa kakhulu
I-Boksitnо ebomvu ingumkhiqizo ogayiwe oqukethe cishe 20% ye-oxide yensimbi. Ukumelana kwayo nesimo sezulu, ekukhanyeni nasezingeni lokushisa kuyefana nokumelana kwe-gvozdeni minijum, kodwa inamandla amancane okudaya.
I-Cobalt blue iyidayi yokwenziwa engaphili equkethe ama-oxide e-cobalt ne-aluminium. Umthunzi okhanyayo wale mibala yi-celina blue equkethe i-tin oxide. Ngenxa yamandla ayo amancane okuvala nokufaka umbala kufanele yengezwe ngamanani amakhulu kukhonkolo, okungabangela ukuqhekeka. Ingahlanganiswa nemibala emelana nezimo zomoya, ukukhanya nezinga lokushisa futhi ebophezela ngosimende.
I-oxide ye-chromium eluhlaza iwumbala wokwenziwa ongewona owemvelo. Iyamelana nokukhanya, izimo zomkhathi, izinga lokushisa, ama-asidi kanye nezisekelo. Iyasebenziseka ne-cement binder futhi ingaxutshwa nawo wonke ama-pigment. Inamandla amahle kakhulu okufihla nokudaya.
UMangan brown uyidayi yokwenziwa engaphili equkethe 20% ye-manganese oxide. Iqine ekukhanyeni nasezintweni zesimo sezulu futhi ingasetshenziswa nazo zonke izinto ezibophayo, kodwa ngokuyixuba nama-pigment aqukethe isulfure kuzotholakala ithoni emnyama.
I-Manganese black iyinto yemvelo engaphili egayiwe kahle (umbala womhlaba) equkethe i-iron ne-manganese oxide. Imelana nelime kanye nosimende, nama-asidi abuthakathaka, ekukhanyeni nasezithonyweni zomkhathi. Inamandla okuvala kahle kakhulu futhi iyabekezelela kahle nezinguquko zokushisa.
I-ochre ephuzi ngumbala wemvelo ongaphili. Ithoni yalombala iyashintsha isuka kokuphuzi okukhanyayo iye kokunsundu futhi ikhiqizwa ngemithunzi eminingi. Iqukethe i-hydrate ye-iron oxide (Fe203 - Н2О) kanye ne-manganese. I-iron oxide iyinikeza ithoni ebomvu, kanti i-manganese ithoni ensundu. Iyamelana nokukhanya kanye nezimo zomkhathi, kodwa ayimelani kahle nama-asidi nasekushiseni.
Oluhlaza okwesimaragidu (Guignet –– oluhlaza) iyi-hydrate ye-oxide ye-chromium. Inethoni evutha kancane kune-oxide ye-chromium futhi inokumelana okukhulu nokushisa.
I-Spanish red ingumbala wemvelo ongaphili otholakala ngokubola kwe-hematite (insimbi ebomvu). Iqukethe 80-90% ye-iron oxide. Inamandla amahle kakhulu okuvala nokufaka umbala, imelana nokukhanya, nezimo zezulu, nezinga lokushisa futhi ingahlanganiswa nazo zonke izinhlobo zezibopho.
I-Ultramarin eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iwumbala wokwenziwa ongeyona ingxenye yemvelo oqukethe i-silicate ye-sodium ne-aluminium enesibabule. Iqinile ekukhanyeni, ezingeni lokushisa kodwa ayimelani namathonya emoyeni, ngoba amagesi entuthu emoyeni ayayihlasela. Ayikwazi ukuxutshwa nama-pigment aqukethe umthofu, ithusi, i-cobalt kanye nensimbi. Ingaxutshwa nezinto ezibopha nge-water glass, i-lime noma usimende. Ezindaweni kwesinye isikhathi idala amabala. Ukuze kupendwe udaka lukasimende kungasetshenziswa kuphela i-ultramarine ehlanzekile.
Ultramarini oluhlaza. I-ultramarine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esigabeni sokuqala senqubo yokukhiqiza inethoni eluhlaza futhi ngale ndlela nayo iyathengiswa. Izici ze-ultramarine eluhlaza zicishe zifane nezoluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kodwa amandla ayo okudaya nokumelana nokukhanya kuncane.
I-Umbra (nsundu omnyama ofana nevelvet) iwumbala wemvelo ongaphili one-oxide yensimbi ne-manganese. Iwukuphela kombala womhlaba onsundu. Iyamelana nomthelela womoya, ukukhanya futhi inokuqina okuphakathi ekushiseni. Ingahlanganiswa nazo zonke izinto zokubopha namaphigimenti.
I-ferric miniumi (i-red iron oxide, i-iron pyrite) iwumbala wemvelo ongeyona eyemvelo oqukethe 75% ye-ferric oxide (Fe203). Ungumbala womhlaba, kodwa ungatholakala nangokushisa i-iron ore nodongwe. Umelana nemithelela yomoya, ukukhanya, ukushisa kanye nama-asidi abuthakathaka. Usetshenziswa kaningi futhi unamandla amahle kakhulu okufihla.
I-oxide yensimbi emnyama iyinto yokwenziwa engaphili enokuqukethwe kwe-fero - (feri-oxide) (Fe304). Iyasebenziseka ngopende onezibophezelo zikakhonkolo, iyamelana nomthelela wesimo sezulu, ekukhanyeni, ekushiseni nasekusebenzeni kwama-acid abuthakathaka. Inombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka omnyama futhi inekhono elihle lokumboza.
I-iron oxide ephuzi (i-Mars yellow, i-oxide ocher njll.) iwukukhiqizwa kokwenziwa kwemibala yomhlabathi ye-ocher. Izici zawo ziyefana ngokuphelele.
Lapho kulungiswa ukhonkolo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umbala uxutshaniswe kahle ngangokunokwenzeka futhi, ngisho noma ufakwa kuphela ungqimba lokugcina, ukuba usetshenziswe ngokushesha esigqeni esiyisisekelo bese ucindezelwa. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ifomu ligcotshwe ngamafutha eparafini ukuze likhishwe kalula. Ukuze kwenziwe amapuleti eceleni komgwaqo, isifanekiso esihle kakhulu singakhiwa kusetshenziswa amabhande ambalwa e-aluminium, agotshiwe abe sesimweni sohlamvu L, ububanzi be-10 cm, ukujiya kwe-1-2 mm nobude obuthile, angaboshwa ngosimende ngezikhonkwane ebhodini eliyisisekelo lamapulangwe.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ithoni yombala ngemva kokoma iba mhlophe kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi kuqala kwenziwe isampula ethile yethoni.
Uthango lukakhonkolo
Uthango lokuhlobisa lwenziwa ngezinto zikakhonkolo ezibekwa esisekelweni esinemigqa emibili yezitini naphakathi kwezinsika zezitini. Izinto zenziwa ezibunjini. Isisekelo nohlaka lwezibunji lwenziwa ngebhodi elihlahliwe. Izinhlangothi ezimbili eziphambene ngokwe-diagonal zezibunji zibophelwa ndawonye ngendlela ye-wedge, kungenzeka futhi ngezipikili noma ngezikulufu; uhlangothi lwesithathu lubophelwa ngamahinge, kanti kolwesine kufanele kufakwe izikulufu ezimbili ngekhanda eliyiringi olulodwa phezu kolunye (sl. 1, 1 deo). Ebhulokhini eliphakathi lokhuni nasezingxenyeni eziphansi zezifakelo zokhuni (4 izingcezu ezimile njengo-L) kufanele kufakwe amapulaki okhuni, kanti ebhodini elingezansi kufanele kubhobozwe izimbobo ezifanele zokuhlanganisa amapulaki: Uma kwenziwa izinto zikakhonkolo, kuqala kufanele kufakwe izifakelo zokhuni ezindaweni zazo, kuvalwe isibunji bese kuqiniswe ngophini (ipulaki lokhuni) elifakwe ekhanda eliyiringi lezikulufu. Bese isibunji kufanele sigcwaliswe ngukhonkolo oxutshwe ngamatshe amancane ahlumayo nosimende lwezinga 300. Uma ukhonkolo usubophele uhhafu, kufanele kuhlakazwe isibunji, kukhishwe izifakelo bese kuqhubekiselwa phambili ekwenzeni into elandelayo.
Uma sesivele senze inani elanele lezinto zikakhonkolo, singaqala ukwakha ucingo. Masiwubeke, uma kungenzeka, esisekelweni sikakhonkolo noma esisekelweni setsheni, imigqa emibili yezitini futhi >>masiphakamise<< izinsika.
ISITHOMBE 1
Izinto zikakhonkolo kufanele zifakwe odakeni lukasimende ukuze zibambane kangcono futhi ziqine kakhulu. Ukuze uthole amandla amakhulu ocingweni, izinto zikakhonkolo kufanele “ziboshwe” ezinsikeni zezitini. Ngaphezu komugqa wezingxenye kufanele kufakwe ezingxenyeni zezinsika izingcezu zocingo oluqinile olugotshwe ngesimo sencwadi U bese kuthi zona ezingenhla komugqa wezingxenye zixhunywe ngocingo. Ngale ndlela kuzohlinzekwa amandla anele (sl. 1, 2. deo).
Lapho kwakhiwa, kusukela emgqeni wesibili sekufanele sisebenzise izinga nomthofu olengayo, ngoba uthango olwakhiwe lungalingani lunikeza umbono omubi kakhulu wobuhle, luyingozi engase idale izingozi futhi lunempilo emfushane.
Amafuge phakathi kwezinto kufanele agcwaliswe ngodaka olunombala ophambene futhi alinganiswe kahle. Uma kufinyelelwa ukuphakama okufanele, phezulu kwezinto nezinsika kufanele kumbozwe ngamapulangwe kakhonkolo. Ngesikhathi kufakwa amapulangwe kakhonkolo akumele siphathe udaka lukasimende kancane, ngoba kungenjalo amapulangwe angawa kalula.
Uthango lokuhlobisa olwenziwe ngokhonkolo luhlala isikhathi eside futhi luhle. Yebo, kungabuye kwenziwe nezinto zesinye isimo uma kwenziwa ama-template afanele. Umphumela wokuhlobisa wothango ungakhushulwa ngezitshalo ezikhuphukayo.