Betoni ndi zinthu zomangira zomwe n’zosavuta kugwira nazo ntchito, chifukwa ndi »omvera« kwambiri ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo ndi ntchito za m’munda. Kuchokera ku betoni tingapange mpanda, mpando wam’munda, njira ya m’munda, bwalo ndi zina zotero, ndipo tingaipepentse.
Basics of concreting
Konkire ndi zinthu yopangidwa ndi munthu pa zomangamanga, imakhala ndi magawo atatu akuluakulu: zinthu zowonjezera, simenti ndi madzi. Mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pali miyala ya mtsinje kapena ya mgodi, kapena miyala ya mchenga, ndipo nthawi zina mwala wophwanyidwa kapena zinthu zolimba zofanana ndi mwala.
Zinthu zina zopangira zomwe zimawonjezedwa ndi izi: zinyalala za ng’anjo, zinyalala za m’ng’anjo zazikulu, perlite ndi keramzite. Chofunika n’chakuti zinthu zowonjezerazi zikhale ndi kukula kwa njere kofanana pafupifupi, ndipo izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kusefa.
Chinthu chogwirizanitsa konkire ndi simenti. Malinga ndi kugawa kwa mphamvu (manambala akulu amasonyeza khalidwe labwino), amagwiritsidwa ntchito simenti ya mtundu 300, 400 ndi 500. Posakaniza, mungagwiritse ntchito madzi a komini, komanso madzi a mtsinje ndi a nyanja, koma osakhala ndi mankhwala owononga simenti (calcium, magnesium, shuga, ma sulphate a madzi a mineral) okhala ndi pH yosachepera 6 ndipo yosapitirira 8,5). Malingana ndi kufunika, ku konkire kungawonjezedwenso zinthu zoletsa kuzizira, zokulitsa liwiro la kulimba, zodaya ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zoletsa kuzizira ndi calcium chloride ndi chinthu chotchedwa Tricosal S III. Izi ndizonso zinthu zokulitsa liwiro la kulimba. Zinthu zonsezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha malinga ndi malangizo operekedwa, chifukwa zimakhudza mphamvu yomaliza ya konkire ndipo zimawononga chitsulo cha konkire. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zimenezi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa konkire mwa njira ya mankhwala. (Kuchuluka kwa calcium chloride kungakhale kopitirira kwambiri 3% ya kuchuluka kwa simenti pa konkire yopanda kulimbitsidwa, ndipo pa konkire yolimbitsidwa 1,5%). Kulimba kumawonjezedwa ndi chinthu Tricosal Normal.
Pakupenta konkire, mitundu ya oxide kapena manganese ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, chifukwa imalimbana ndi zotsatira za mankhwala a simenti. Sikofunikira konse kupenta konkire pa makulidwe onse a wosanjikiza. Amangopentedwa wosanjikiza wakunja, wophimba.
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangira konkire kumadalira khalidwe la konkire. Kwa konkire yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko kapena ngati chodzaza, khalidwe B 70 limakwanira. Kwa 1 m3 ya konkire pakufunika 1,1-1,3 m3 ya zinthu zowonjezera, 150 kg simenti 400 ndi pafupifupi 130 malita a madzi. Khalidwe la konkire la zomangamanga za konkire yolimbitsidwa liyenera kukhala osachepera B 140. Pa khalidwe ili la konkire, pakufunikanso 1,1-1,3 m3 ya miyala yaing’ono, 210 kg simenti ndi 120 malita a madzi.
Musanasakanize konkire, zinthu zowonjezera ziyenera kusefedwa kuti mu gulu limodzi muikidwe zinthu za kukula kwa tirigu kofanana kokha. Pa zinthu zimenezi, zili zouwuma, ayenera kuwonjezedwa simenti yosefedwa yopanda mipira ndipo musanalowetse madzi chisakanizo chiyenera kusakanizidwa ndi fosholo katatu osachepera (bwino kusakaniza pa mbale yachitsulo kapena matabwa): Pamene kusamutsa kawiri kobwerezabwereza kwa chisakanizo cha miyala ndi simenti ndi fosholo, madzi ofunikira ayenera kuwonjezedwa kuchokera pa kutalika kochepa pogwiritsa ntchito ndowa yokhala ndi sprayer (kuti madzi asalutse simenti). Pambuyo pa kutha kwa kusakaniza, chinyezi cha konkire chiyenera kufanana ndi chinyezi cha nthaka. (Chenjerani! Konkire yowoneka ngati youma imanyowanso yokha!).
Nthaka yomasuka ndi yonyowa komanso zonyansa zochokera pamalo omwe tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito konkire ziyenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo malo amene adzakhudze konkire ayenera kunyowetsedwa. Konkire sayenera kutsitsidwa kuchokera kutalika kapena kuponyedwa. Ikayikidwa m’fomu, iyenera kukhomeredwa bwino. Pa ntchito zapakhomo, njira yabwino kwambiri ndi yokhomera pamanja. Chida chokhomera konkire chingapangidwe kuchokera pa ndodo ya gawo lalikulu kapena lozungulira, ya kulemera kwa 10-17 kg, yokhala ndi chogwirira cha utali wa 1,2 m. Kukhomera kuyenera kukhala kosalekeza ndipo ayenera kusamala kuti asakhale ndi mbali zosakhomeredwa. Zigawo zokhuthala za konkire ziyenera kukhomeredwa pafupifupi pa mtunda wa 20 cm. Konkire yomwe ndi yapulasitiki kwambiri, makamaka ya zomangamanga za konkire yolimbitsidwa, ingakhomeredwenso mwa kulowetsa ndodo yachitsulo yoloza ya m’mimba mwake 20–30 mm m’kati mwa konkire mpaka pamwamba pakhazikike wosanjikiza wofewa wofanana ndi pulasita.
Konkire yomwe yayikidwa iyenera kukhala yonyowa mosalekeza kwa masiku osachepera awiri ndipo chifukwa chake nthawi ndi nthawi iyenera kuthiridwa madzi kapena kuphimbidwa ndi chophimba chonyowa. Konkire iyenera kutetezedwa ku nyengo yoipa, kugwedezeka kwa nthaka, dzuwa lamphamvu, mphepo ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala. Zinthu zonsezi ndi zovulaza pa njira yomalizika ya konkire, ndipo mogwirizana ndi zimenezi, komanso pa mphamvu ya konkire.
Kupanga konkire ya mitundu
Popanga konkire yamitundu, amawonjezera pigmenti ndi zinthu zodziwikiratu zoyamwitsa mtundu ku konkireyo.
Chiyani - zingati?
Poonjezera ma pigment, mulimonsemo, mphamvu ya konkire imachepa ndipo chifukwa chake muyenera kusamala ndikungowonjezera pang’ono. Pigment yowonjezedwa sayenera kupitirira 10% ya kulemera kwa simenti. Kaonekedwe ka mtundu komwe kamapezeka nthawi zambiri kamadalira kuchuluka kwa pigment yomwe yawonjezedwa (mwachitsanzo, poyika 6% ya iron-oxide yellow kumapezeka chikasu cholimba, ndipo poyika kuchuluka kwa 2% kumapezeka mtundu wa kirimu). Posakaniza mitundu ingapo, mitundu yatsopano ingapezekenso. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, poyika 4% ya iron-oxide red ndi 4% ya iron-oxide yellow kumapezeka wofiira wolimba, wa njerwa. Kusakaniza mitundu ya iron-oxide yellow ndi chromium-oxide green kudzapereka mthunzi wokongola kwambiri wa mtundu wobiriwira. Ngati m’malo mwa chromium-oxide green musakaniza ultramarine, konkire idzakhala ya buluu ya turquoise. Poonjezera kachulukidwe kakang’ono ka wakuda, ma tone onse amachepetsedwa mpaka pang’ono.
Utoto, umene timawonjezera ku konkire uyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yophimba ndi ya kupaka mtundu (kuti powonjezera kuchuluka kochepa kwa utoto tipeze mtundu wofanana). Zabwino kwambiri ndi ma pigment a organic ndi ena opangidwa mwachipangidwe. Zina mwa ziwerengero za kuchuluka: pa thumba limodzi la simenti pamafunika 1,5-4,5 kg ya utoto. Powonjezera 1 kg ya utoto ku simenti ya gawo lophimba lokulirapo 1 wakuda (mwachitsanzo, pa pansi la njira) timapeza konkire ya mtundu yomwe ingaphimbe pafupifupi 1m2 ya pamwamba.
Mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
Boksitno crvena ndi ufa wophwanyidwa womwe uli ndi pafupifupi 20% ya oxidi ya chitsulo. Kukanira kwake ku nyengo, kuwala ndi kutentha kwa utotowu n’kofanana ndi kwa red lead ya chitsulo, koma ali ndi mphamvu yochepetsera utoto yocheperapo.
Buluu wa kobalti ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wopangidwa wa inorganiki wokhala ndi okusayidi ya kobalti ndi ya aluminiyamu. Mthunzi wowala wa mtundu uwu ndi buluu wa celine womwe uli ndi okusayidi ya tini. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yochepa yophimba ndi mphamvu yodaya, uyenera kuwonjezedwa mu konkire mochuluka, zomwe zingayambitse ming’alu. Ungasakanizidwe mu utoto wokana zotsatira za mpweya, kuwala ndi kutentha ndipo womangidwa ndi simenti.
Green chromium oxide ndi utoto wopangidwa wa inorganic. Umakhala wolimba ku kuwala, ku zovuta za mlengalenga, ku kutentha, ku asidi ndi ma base. Ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi chomangira cha simenti ndipo ungasakanizidwe ndi ma pigment onse. Uli ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yophimba ndi yopaka mtundu.
Manganova mrka ndi utoto wopangidwa wosakhala wachilengedwe womwe uli ndi 20% wa manganese oxide. Ulimbana ndi kuwala ndi zinthu za mumlengalenga ndipo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zomangira zonse, koma posakaniza ndi ma pigment okhala ndi sulfure mudzapezeka tone yakuda.
Manganese black ndi ufa wa zinthu zachilengedwe zosakhala za organic (utoto wa nthaka) wokhala ndi oxides wa chitsulo ndi manganese. Imalimbana ndi laimu ndi simenti, ma asidi ofooka, kuwala ndi zotsatira za mlengalenga. Ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yophimba ndipo imapiranso bwino zotsatira za kutentha.
Okeri wachikasu ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wosakhala wa organiki. Mthunzi wa mtundu uwu umasiyanasiyana kuyambira wachikasu wopepuka mpaka wabulauni wakuda, ndipo umapangidwa m’mithunzi yambiri. Umakhala ndi hydrate ya iron oxide (Fe203 - Н2О) ndi manganese. Iron oxide imaupatsa mthunzi wofiira, ndipo manganese mthunzi wabulauni. Ulimva bwino ku kuwala ndi zotsatira za nyengo, koma sukhala wolimba kwambiri ku asidi ndi kutentha.
Emerald green (Guignet –– green) ndi hydrate ya chromium oxide. Ili ndi mtundu wotentha pang’ono kuposa wa chromium oxide ndipo imalimbana bwino kwambiri ndi kutentha.
Spanska rdeča ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wa inorganiki womwe umapezeka kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kwa hematite (ore yofiira ya chitsulo). Lili ndi 80-90% ya oxidi ya chitsulo. Lili ndi mphamvu yabwino yophimba ndi yopaka utoto, sililira kuwala, ku nyengo, ku kutentha ndipo lingasakanizidwe ndi zomangira zonse.
Ultramarine buluu ndi mtundu wopangidwa wa inorganic womwe uli ndi silicate ya sodium ndi aluminium yokhala ndi sulfure. Imalimbana ndi kuwala ndi kutentha koma siyilimbana ndi zinthu za nyengo, chifukwa mpweya wa utsi mumlengalenga umaiukira. Sitingausakanize ndi ma pigment okhala ndi lead, copper, cobalt ndi iron. Ukhoza kusakanizidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimamangiriza ndi galasi lamadzi, laimu kapena simenti. Pa malo ena nthawi zina umayambitsa madontho. Pakupaka utoto wa matope a simenti, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ultramarine woyera wokha.
Ultramarine wobiriwira. Ultramarine wabuluu pa gawo loyamba la njira yopangira uli ndi mthunzi wobiriwira ndipo m’njira imeneyi umagulitsidwanso. Katundu wa ultramarine wobiriwira ali pafupifupi wofanana ndi wa wabuluu, koma mphamvu yake yopaka ndi kukana kwake ku kuwala n’kochepa.
Umbra (wotuwa-bulauni wandiweyani) ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wosalowa madzi wokhala ndi okisayidi ya chitsulo ndi ya manganese. Ndiwo mtundu wokha wa bulauni wa dothi. Umakana nyengo, kuwala ndipo uli ndi kukana pakati pa kutentha. Utha kusakanizidwa ndi zinthu zonse zomangirira ndi ma pigmenti.
Gvozdeni minijum (red iron oxide, gvozdeni pirit) ndi utoto wachilengedwe wosakhala wa organic womwe uli ndi 75% ya iron oxide (Fe203). Ndi utoto wa nthaka koma ungapezekenso mwa kuwotcha mchere wachitsulo ndi dongo. Umakana nyengo, kuwala, kutentha ndi ma asidi ofooka. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndipo uli ndi mphamvu yabwino yobisa.
Black iron oxide ndi chinthu chopangidwa cha inorganiki chokhala ndi ferrous - (ferric oxide) (Fe304). Ndi choyenera pa utoto wokhala ndi zomangira za simenti, chimagonjetsedwa ndi nyengo, kuwala, kutentha ndi zotsatira za ma asidi ofooka. Chimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wokhala ndi buluu pang’ono ndipo chimabisa bwino.
Yellow iron oxide (mars yellow, oxide ochre ndi zina zotero) ndi kupanga kochita kupanga kwa mitundu ya nthaka ya ochre. Katundu wake ndi wofanana kwathunthu.
Pokonza konkire n’kofunika kwambiri kuti utoto usakanizidwe bwino kwambiri ndipo ngakhale ukagwiritsidwa ntchito pa wosanjikiza womaliza wokha, uziyikidwa mwachangu pa wosanjikiza woyambira ndi kukhudzidwa. Ndikofunikanso kupaka mafuta a parafini pa formwork kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchotsa. Popanga matailosi a msewu wapansi, template yabwino ingapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito matepi angapo a aluminiyamu, opindidwa mu mawonekedwe a chilembo L, m’lifupi 10 cm, makulidwe 1-2 mm ndi utali wina wake womwe ungamangidwe ndi misomali pa bolodi loyambira.
Tiyenera kupeza kuti mtundu wa utoto ukakhala wouma umakhala wopepuka kwambiri, choncho ndi bwino choyamba kupanga chitsanzo cha mtundu.
Mpanda wa konkire
Mpanda wokongoletsa umapangidwa ndi zinthu za konkire zomwe zimayikidwa pa maziko a mizere iwiri ya njerwa ndi pakati pa mizati ya njerwa. Zinthuzo zimapangidwa mu ma formwork. Maziko ndi chimango cha formwork chimapangidwa ndi bolodi losalala. M’makona awiri a formwork omwe ali mosiyana pa diagonal amalumikizidwa mwamphamvu, mwina ndi misomali kapena ma bolt; lachiwiri limamangirizidwa ndi ma hinge, ndipo pa lachitatu muyenera kuyika ma bolt awiri okhala ndi mutu wa mphete umodzi pansi pa mnzake (chith. 1, 1 gawo). Mu kobo lamatabwa lapakati ndi m’gawo lotsika la ma insert a matabwa (4 zidutswa zooneka ngati chilembo L) muyenera kuyika mapini a matabwa, ndipo pa bolodi lamatabwa la pansi muyenera kuboola mabowo oyenerera olowera mapiniwa: Pamene zinthu za konkire zikupangidwa, choyamba muyenera kuyika ma insert a matabwa pamalo awo, kutseka formwork ndi kulimangira ndi pini (pine ya matabwa) yomwe imayikidwa mu mutu wa mphete wa ma bolt. Kenako formwork iyenera kudzazidwa ndi konkire yomwe imasakanizidwa ndi miyala yaying’ono ndi simenti ya mtundu 300. Ngati konkire yakhazikika theka, formwork iyenera kutsegulidwa, ma insert achotsedwe ndipo kupanga chinthu chotsatira kupitirire.
Ngati tapanga kale chiwerengero chokwanira cha zinthu za konkire, tingayambe kupanga mpanda. Tiyike, ngati n’kotheka, pa maziko a konkire kapena pa maziko a mwala, mizere iwiri ya njerwa ndipo >>tikweze<< zipilala.
CHITHUNZI 1
Zinthu za konkire ziyenera kuikidwa mu mortar ya simenti kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi kukhala zolimba kwambiri. Kuti mpanda ukhale wolimba kwambiri, zinthu za konkire ziyenera “kumangirizidwa” ku mizati ya njerwa. Pamwamba pa mzere wa zinthu, ziyenera kukhomeredwa mu mizati zidutswa za waya wolimba wopindidwa mu mawonekedwe a kalata U kenaka pamwamba pa mzere wa zinthu pamangirizidwe ndi waya. Mwanjira imeneyi kulimba kokwanira kudzapezeka (chith. 1, 2. gawo).
Pa kumanga, kuyambira kale pa mzere wachiwiri tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mulingo ndi chingwe cha plamu, chifukwa mpanda womangidwa mosalingana umapereka chithunzithunzi choipa kwambiri cha kukongola, umakhala chiopsezo chotheka cha ngozi ndipo umakhala ndi moyo waufupi.
Mipata pakati pa zinthu iyenera kudzazidwa ndi matope a mtundu wosiyana ndi kusalala mosamala. Pamene kutalika koyenera kwafika, pamwamba pa zinthu ndi mizati iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mbale za konkire. Poyika mbale za konkire sitiyenera kusunga mtanda wa simenti, chifukwa apo ayi mbale zingagwe mosavuta.
Mpanda wokongoletsera wa konkire ndi wokhalitsa ndipo ndi wokongola. Ndithudi, zingathenso kupangidwa zinthu za mawonekedwe ena ngati atapanga ma template oyenerera. Mphamvu yokongoletsera ya mpandawo ingawonjezeke ndi zomera zokwera.