Isaziso esibalulekile sezobuchwepheshe nezokuphepha: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa ogciniwe, hhayi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukubala okumile, izinga elisebenzayo, imininingwane ehlanganyelwe noma imiyalelo yokwakha, ukushisela, ukuhlanganisa, ukushunqa, ukucindezela noma ukuvuselela. Wonke amafomula okuqala, izimpawu, ubukhulu, izinto zokwakha, izinqubo nezimangalo kudluliselwa ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngokwemithethonqubo yanamuhla. Ukuklanywa nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi-ukhonkolo ezihlanganisiwe kungokwakhe kuphela onjiniyela bomphakathi abagunyaziwe, abaklami bezakhiwo, osonkontileka kanye nokuqondisa okusekelwe entweni ethile, umthwalo, inhlabathi, impahla kanye namazinga asebenzayo.
Izakhiwo ezixhunyiwe aziyona isevisi ekhethekile ekunikezweni kwamanje komphakathi kwe-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso. Ngewindi noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
Isingeniso
Kwezinye izakhiwo, ama-slabs kakhonkolo aqinisiwe ezisekelweni zensimbi asetshenziswa, njengama-slabs ahamba ngezinyawo amabhuloho kumagida e-I-longitudinal kanye nama-transverse noma ophahleni ezakhiweni ezikuma-I-girders. Ngaphambilini, lezi zinhlelo zazilinganiswa ngaphansi kokucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zakhi ezimbili zingahamba kanye nokuthi izikhathi ezibheke endaweni eyinhloko zatholwa kuphela ngezisekelo zensimbi. I-slab kakhonkolo idlulisele umthwalo kumagida ensimbi, kodwa ayizange ibambe iqhaza ekutholeni amanani ahambisanayo amile (isib.1).
Isithombe 1 — Inkampani yenethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe, isistimu
Kule ndlela yokwakha, amajoyinti avundlanayo abonwa kusengaphambili ku-slab kakhonkolo ngezikhathi ezivamile, ukuze kunikwe amandla ukushwabana kukakhonkolo oqinisiwe futhi kugwenywe ukuqhekeka okungafuneki, okungukuthi ukucindezeleka okungeziwe. Nokho, ulwazi lubonise ukuthi amandla angempela ohlelweni olunjalo ahluke kakhulu kulawo abaliwe. Lapho kuxhunywana phakathi kwe-slab kakhonkolo eqinisiwe kanye nosekelo lwensimbi, ukungqubuzana okukhulu (ingcindezi yokunamathela) kwenzeka, ukuze izici zombili zihlale zibambisana.
Ukungalungi komphumela wokuhlanganisa ongalindelekile ukubukeka komphumela we-notch emalungeni e-slab yekhonkrithi. Ukucindezelwa kwe-shear eduze kwendawo yokugudluzwa kukhuphuka kakhulu eduze kwelunga, kufana nezingcindezi zokugunda ekugcineni kwemithungo eseceleni. Njengoba indawo yomugqa onguziro ekuhlanganyeleni ingashintshi, izingcindezi ezijwayelekile ekusekelweni kwensimbi zingaba phezulu kakhulu kunalezo ezibalelwe ukuhlanganisa okufanayo. Kusukela kule notshi, i-adhesion mastering ingenzeka esakazeka ngokuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, amalunga e-slab yomgwaqo awafezi indima yawo futhi awasebenzi.
Abathwali abahlanganisiwe
Endabeni yezisekelo ezihlanganisiwe, kucatshangwa ukuthi amandla okugunda endaweni yokuxhumana phakathi kokusekelwa kwensimbi kanye ne-slab kakhonkolo angadluliselwa ngokuphephile (amandla emishayweni). Umthetho wukuthi i-slab yekhonkrithi ihlezi ngokuqondile ebhandeni eliphezulu lensimbi yokusekela futhi akukho ukunyakaza okuhlobene. Kulokhu okubizwa nge-rigid coupling, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezikhethekile zokuxhuma (izinduku, ama-stirrps, amahange), ezishumekwe kukhonkolo.
Sizocubungula icala le-beam ehlanganisiwe ene-slab yekhonkrithi ngaphandle kwamalunga aguquguqukayo. Uma umthwalo othile (isb. umzuzu wokugoba) usebenza isikhathi esifushane kuphela, ukucindezelwa okuhambisanayo nokuguqulwa Δσ, kuyaphendula. Δε ngokuya ngesayensi yamandla esisekelo, efana nokhonkolo oqinisiwe. Izingcindezi zensimbi nokhonkolo, ekunwetshweni okuthile, zima ngokuhlobene nemodulus yazo yokunwebeka: σst/σb = Est/Eb = n. Uma umthwalo uthatha isikhathi eside, ukuguqulwa kokhonkolo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuncipha nokugeleza. Uma nge ε0= σ/E0 maka ukuguqulwa ngenxa yomthwalo wesikhashana okwamanje t =0, ukwakheka kuyanda ngaphansi komthwalo unomphela ngenxa yokungqubuzana kuze kube isikhathi t senani εt = ε0(t + φt). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, ukuguqulwa kwesivuno kubalwa njengokungathi kuhambisana nezingcindezi. Yingakho kuthiwa umthetho ka Hooke usebenza ekukhubazekeni ngenxa yokugeleza. I-coefficient of flow φt incike esikhathini, isigaba sikakhonkolo, izinga lokushisa langaphandle, umswakama womoya, isikhathi sokulayisha isici, njll.
Esikhundleni sokugoba ngokusho kuka-Bernoulli\ kanye no-Navier, ubudlelwano obuhlukile buvela, okungukuthi, ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi kufanele kunqunywe kusukela kuzibalo ezihlukene zokugeleza. Njengomphumela wokugeleza, ukucindezeleka kokhonkolo kuncipha, kuyilapho ukucindezeleka kwensimbi kwanda. Lezi zinguquko zengcindezi zincike, ngaphezu kobukhulu besigaba esiphambanayo, kubukhulu obunwebekayo kanye nesikhathi somthwalo. Imiphumela efanayo efana nokugeleza ivela ekushwabaneni kukakhonkolo. Inani lezilinganiso zokuncipha εs lincike kukhonkolo, indlela yokukhiqizwa kwayo, kanye nezimo zezulu. Ukuncipha kukakhonkolo akuncikile emthwalweni ofakwe esakhiweni.
Ukuhlanganisa izindlela
Izindlela zokuhlanganisa kufanele zidlulise ngokuphephile wonke amandla okugunda endaweni ekhonkolo nasezindaweni zensimbi ezixhumene, ngenxa yemithwalo eyenzekayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukushelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele bathole amandla amakhulu okucindezela ama-oblique, uma ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, ingxenye yekhonkrithi ngokwayo ayikwazi ukuyithola. Ubukhulu bamandla bunqunywa ngokuya ngethiyori yokugoba eyisisekelo. Ama-ejenti alandelayo wokuhlanganisa ayacatshangelwa:
- Amahange ahlanganisayo: Lawa amapuleti ensimbi ayindilinga noma ayisicaba, ashiselwe ebhandeni elingaphezulu lesisekelo sensimbi, asebenza ngendlela efanayo ekuqiniseni okugobile kwemishayo kakhonkolo eqinisiwe. Zenziwe njengezingwegwe noma ama-stirrps, ngokudayagonali noma ziqondile. Lawa mahange asebenza ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela futhi awasebenzi uma amandla okugunda eshintsha uphawu.
- Abakaki: Banamathiselwe endaweni engaphezulu yesisekelo sensimbi, bangathola amandla okugunda kuzo zombili izinkomba. Kufanele kwenziwe umehluko phakathi kobuchopho obuthambile nobuqinile lapho kugundwa khona amandla. Amaseli obuchopho athambile ahlukumezeka kakhulu futhi asabalalise ngokulinganayo amandla okugunda phezu kwawo. Ubuchopho obuqinile bunikeza ukusatshalaliswa okungcono kwamandla ekwakhiweni okuncane.
Isithombe 2 — Ibhuloho phezu komfula i-Ruhr eduze kwase-Herdecke
- I-Spiral reinforcement: Incike ekusekelweni kwensimbi futhi ishiselwe lapho kuxhunywana khona. Ama-spiral awafanele amandla abalulekile wokuhlanganisa. Kungokufanayo nangensimbi eyindilinga enguthayela. Njengesibonelo sezindlela zokuhlanganisa amabhuloho, emkhiwaneni. 2 kuboniswa amabhande ebhuloho phezu kwe-Ruhr eduze kwase-Herdecka (amabhande 60x40 anama-stirrps aqondile ϕ12, ama-welds ngokwawo agwema amashidi ngokwawo); emkhiwaneni. 3 kusho ukuxhuma amagida aguquguqukayo ebhuloho elilodwa, kuye ngobukhulu bamandla aguquguqukayo, ama-stirrps ashiselwe eceleni amagida, kanye nama-stirrps ashiselwe ngokuqondile ebhande elingaphezulu elinamagida akhethekile, asetshenziswa. Endabeni yama-stirrps amade, ama-stirrps angaphinde ashiselwe ezinhlangothini eziphambene, umkhiwane. 4a. Emkhiwaneni. 4b yisixazululo esibonisiwe esinama-stirrps atshekile.
Umfanekiso 3 — Usekelo oluphambanayo lwebhuloho elilodwa
Isithombe 4 — Ubuchopho obunama-stirrps
Ekwakhiweni kwebhilidi, ama-stirrps aqinile anama-stirrps noma ama-stirrps nje nawo ayasetshenziswa, kodwa izixazululo ezinama-stirrps athambile nazo ziyatholakala, njengesib. amakhona aphikisiwe. Ngenxa yezizathu zomnotho, amahange ahlanganisayo asetshenziswa kakhulu, ashikelwe ngezinqe kusekelo lwensimbi (fig. 5a), noma aphumule ekusekelweni okunomkhawulo owodwa ogobile (fig. 5b). Emkhiwaneni. 5c ibonisa isixazululo esihambisanayo namahhuku asusiwe. Emkhiwaneni. 6 ikhombisa isixazululo esijwayelekile sezisekelo zophahla ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, okungukuthi a) ukusekelwa okuhambisanayo okwenziwe ngama-I-beams, b) okwenziwe ngama-T-beams, adalwe ngokusika i-I-beams. Emaphethelweni osekelo, izisekelo eziqinile ikakhulukazi kufanele zihlale zihlinzekwa (fig. 7). Amahange ahlotshisiwe asetshenziselwa ukwethula izingcindezi kusukela ekuncipheni nezinga lokushisa ku-slab.
Isithombe5- Ukuhlanganisa amahange
*Isithombe6- Ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo se-mezzanine *
Ukulinganisa izindlela zokuhlanganisa kwenziwa ngokwezimiso eziyisisekelo. Izindlela zomuntu ngamunye kufanele zithole amandla okugunda ahambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwawo. Lapho ulinganisa uxhumano oluhlanganisiwe lobuchopho, isikhathi sokugumbuqela kufanele sinakwe.
Isithombe7- a) Qeda ubuchopho ngokubambelela; b) ukuhlanganisa
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-elastic
Izethulo zangaphambilini zibhekisele ekuhlanganiseni okuqinile, lapho ukugudluka okuhlobene phakathi kosekelo lwensimbi nepuleti lilingana noziro, futhi ukuhlanganisa kusho ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuguqulwa kwezindlela zokuhlanganisa, ukuguqulwa kwendawo kokhonkolo kanye nokusekelwa kwensimbi kwakunganakwa.
Isithombe8- Ibakaki eline-elastic coupling
Ngaphansi kokucatshangelwa kokuhlangana okuqinile, amandla adluliswa ngezindlela zomuntu ngamunye zokuhlanganisa alingana namandla aguquguqukayo kanye nesikhala sobuchopho. Uma ukunyakaza okuhlobene okubalulekile phakathi kokusekelwa kwensimbi kanye ne-slab kakhonkolo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezithile, lokhu kubangela ukuhlangana kabusha okuphawulekayo kwamandla. Ukhonkolo ungayeka kancane ukusebenza njengepuleti lokucindezela lenduku ehlanganisiwe, lapho amanani aphezulu wamandla e-shear encishiswa kakhulu. Emkhiwaneni.8isibonelo sokwakhiwa nge-coupling elastic inikezwa, efana nebhuloho phezu kwe-Rhine, i-Koln-Rodenkirchen. Emkhiwaneni.9umphumela wokuhlanganisa okunwebekayo ekusekeleni okuqhubekayo kuboniswa, kumandla agxilile kanye nomthwalo osakazwe ngokugcwele. Ukususwa ψ, okuyisilinganiso sokuqina kokuhlangana kokwamukela ukugunda, kuchazwe kufig.8. Ngakho-ke ithonya lokuhlanganiswa kwe-elastic likhulu kakhulu, uma izici zokuhlanganisa zikhethwa ngenhloso ukuthola i-shear.
Isithombe9- Isibonelo sebhuloho eline-elastic coupling
Ukubalwa kwezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe
Ngokomthetho, kunomnotho ukuthi ubukhulu be-slab yekhonkrithi kufanele bube buncane ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyilapho ubukhulu obuncane obunqunywe yimithethonqubo kufanele bulandelwe.
Izakhiwo ezinqunywe ngokuqinile
Endabeni yezakhiwo ezinqunywe ngokwezibalo (isb. imishayo elula), amathonya amile esigabeni esivamile womthwalo othile ahlala njalo, noma awaxhomeki esikhathini. Izikhathi zokugoba kuphela namandla avamile ezingxenyeni ezithile zesigaba ziyahlukahluka ngenxa yemiphumela yokugeleza nokuncipha.
Umthelela wokuncipha ungamelwa njengomehluko ohambisanayo wokushisa phakathi kwebhande lensimbi ne-slab kakhonkolo. Njengomphumela wokunciphisa ukhonkolo, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kubonakala esigabeni esihlanganisiwe, okungukuthi ukucindezeleka okuqinile okuvela ekuncipheni kukhonkolo, ukuncipha kwayo kuvinjelwa ithonya lokusekelwa kwensimbi (kanye nokuqinisa ngokwayo), kuyilapho ukucindezeleka okuhambisanayo okuhambisanayo kwenzeka esigabeni sensimbi (Fig.10). Ukuncipha kukhuphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kunani lokugcina ngokuya ngomsebenzi owodwa womchazi. Njengoba izingcindezi zokushwabana zikhula ngokuwohloka kokuncipha, lokhu kubangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kokuncipha.
Isithombe10- a) Ukuncipha kwepuleti lamahhala ngaphandle kokuhlangana; b) ingcindezi ngenxa yokuncipha kwezisekelo ezihambisanayo
Ngokuya ngohlelo olumile oluthatha isisindo somzimba we-slab kakhonkolo, kuyahluka: ukuhlanganisa kuphela umthwalo onyakazayo (ukusekelwa kwensimbi kuphela kuthatha isisindo sako, futhi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luthola kuphela imithwalo esebenza esakhiweni esiqediwe), ukuhlanganisa isisindo sakho kanye nomthwalo onyakazayo (sonke isisindo somuntu siqu kanye nomthwalo ohambayo usebenza ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe).
Icala lokuqala livela lapho amagida ensimbi esebenza njengamabhande e-formwork, ngaphandle kokusekelwa, futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, angagoba ensimini (isib.11a). Kulesi simo, ukusekelwa kwensimbi ngokwayo kuthatha isisindo sokhonkolo kanye nefomu. Ukubopha kwenzeka kuphela lapho ukhonkolo uqinile ngokwanele (Fig.11b), futhi ukusekelwa akufanele kulayishwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlanganisa, ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo noma ukugeleza ngokweqile kukakhonkolo.
Esimeni sesibili, lapho isisindo somuntu siqu se-slab sikakhonkolo siphinde samukelwe isistimu ehlanganisiwe (fig. 11c), kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusekelwa kwensimbi kusekelwa ngesikhathi sokukhonkolo ezindaweni ezanele, ukuze singatholi izikhathi zokugoba ezibalulekile. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-voltage ngemuva kokukhipha i-scaffolding kuboniswe kumfanekiso. 11d.
Umfanekiso 11 — Ukuhlanganisa umthwalo ohambayo nofile, nokusabalalisa kwamandla kagesi ngaphambi nangemuva kokukhipha isikafula
Layisha kuqala
Esimeni semishayo elula, ukucindezelwa okuncane okuqinile kwenzeka kukhonkolo kuphela ngenxa yokuncipha kanye nokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa. Izingcindezi ezinkulu eziqinile zenzeka emisebeni ewele phezulu, amabhande aqhubekayo nezinye izakhiwo, futhi lokhu kungabangela imifantu kukhonkolo. Uma kuvela imifantu endaweni yezikhathi ezingezinhle, umphumela wokuhlanganisa uyalahleka. Ngakho-ke, kuyasiza ukufaka izingcindezi ezincane ezicindezelayo ku-slab kakhonkolo kusengaphambili ukuze ugweme ngokuphepha ukwakheka kwemifantu ngenxa yokuncipha kokhonkolo. Ukucindezelwa kwe-tensile ku-slab kakhonkolo yemishayo ehlanganisiwe kungancishiswa:
1. Ngokulayishwa kwangaphambili okungalungile kwe-steel girder (pre-tensioning of the upper edge). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulandelana kokuhlanganisa kufanele kufundwe ngokucophelela.
2. Ngokuphakamisa nokwehlisa izisekelo ezimaphakathi zezisekelo eziqhubekayo. lapho, ngenqubo efanele, ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo kungabangelwa ku-slab kakhonkolo yosekelo oluhlanganisiwe.
3. Ngokucindezela. Icala elilula kulapho i-slab samahhala sikakhonkolo sicindezelwa ngaphambili, futhi kamuva sixhunywa ekusekelweni kwensimbi. Inzuzo yale nqubo ingamandla amancane okucindezela, njengoba ibhande elicindezelwe lokusekelwa kwensimbi alicindezelwe. Leli bhande lithola izikhathi zokugoba kuphela ngenxa yokugeleza nokuncipha kwe-slab kakhonkolo, ngakho-ke lihlala liqondile ngenxa yamandla okucindezela. Emkhiwaneni.12kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi yaleli cala lokucindezela kuyaboniswa (t=0), futhi emkhiwaneni.12b isimo sokugcina ekupheleni kokugeleza (t=tE) nakufig.12c izingcindezi zokugoba ngenxa yokulayisha kwesikhashana (t=a). Emkhiwaneni.12d ikhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi ku-t=0 esimweni sokucindezela i-slab kakhonkolo eboshiwe.
Isithombe12- Ukucindezelwa kwe-slab sikakhonkolo esimile ngokuhlanganisa okulandelayo
Izakhiwo ezinganqunyelwe ngokuqinile
Amabhande aqhubekayo nezakhiwo ezifanayo zithola izikhathi zokugoba ezingezinhle, okuvamise ukubangela ukucindezeleka okuphezulu ku-slab kakhonkolo eqinisiwe. Imifantu ayithandeki ikakhulukazi kumabhuloho, kucatshangelwa impilo yesevisi yemishayo ehlanganisiwe kanye nomphumela wezinotshi emifantwini. Amasistimu angenakulinganiswa abalwa imithwalo yesikhathi esifushane (moving loads) ngokuvumelana nezindlela ezivamile ze-statics zesistimu engashintshiwe. Amanani ahambisanayo amile kanye nokuguqulwa kuyafana nakumasistimu anwebekayo. Ngaphansi komphumela wokulayisha njalo, ikakhulukazi ukucindezela okuphezulu, ukugeleza okukhulu kwenzeka njalo. Lapho kunqunywa amandla okucindezela, ukungqubuzana kwezakhi zokucindezela ezigobile kufanele kucatshangelwe. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, i-overhang yamabhuloho ahlanganisiwe kufanele ikhethwe ngokucophelela. Izisekelo ezihlanganisiwe ezenziwe ngomumo ziqinile kakhulu, ngakho-ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza ukulungiswa okulandelayo kwendawo yokuphakama. Izinga lokugcina lifinyelelwa kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eminingana, kucatshangelwa ukugeleza. Lokho kulinganisa akuqinisekile ngokwezinga elithile, njengoba imiphumela yokuncipha nokugeleza iyahlukahluka, kuye ngezimo zezulu ezingenakubikezelwa.
Isiphetho
Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlanganisa akukhawulelwe kumashidi emishayo yensimbi, kodwa kungafaka nezisekelo zokuqinisa imishayo yeLanger, amabhuloho alengayo, njll. kanye namagida e-lattice anendlela yekalishi eya phezulu noma phansi. Amabhuloho e-Lattice - ukucindezeleka okuphezulu okuqinile kwenzeka kuma-slabs omgwaqo eduze komgwaqo ongezansi, njengoba lawa ma-slabs kufanele alandele ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane ukunwetshwa kwebhande eliqinile lebhande eliyinhloko. I-longitudinal prestressing eyanele iyadingeka ukugwema imifantu. Emkhiwaneni.13kukhona icala lomngcele lapho igridi yensimbi ingasenalo nhlobo ibhande eliphansi, futhi indima yalo ithathwa ngokuphelele nge-slab yekhonkrithi eqinisiwe egxilwe kuzo zombili izinkomba. Emkhiwaneni.13b imisele yesigaba iyabonakala60x180mm ekusekeleni uqobo.
Isithombe13- Ibhuloho laseGahle: a) isigaba; b) indawo yebhande eliphansi, kwesokunxele esiteshini esikhulu, kwesokudla eVešaljka