Chiziviso chakakosha chehunyanzvi uye chekuchengetedza: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chemudura, kwete dhizaini, kuverengera kwakamira, mwero unoshanda, ruzivo rwekubatana kana dzidziso yekuvaka, welding, concreting, shoring, prestressing kana rehabilitation. Ese mafomula ekutanga, mamakisi, hukuru, zvinhu, maitiro uye zvirevo zvinotamiswa pasina kusimbiswa zvinoenderana nemirairo yanhasi. Dhizaini uye kuuraya kweakasanganiswa simbi-kongiri zvimiro ndezvevakatenderwa mainjiniya, vagadziri vezvimiro, makondirakiti uye manejimendi zvichienderana nechinhu chaicho, mutoro, ivhu, zvinhu uye zviyero zvinoshanda.
Zvivakwa zvakabatana haisi basa rakakosha mune yazvino inopihwa neruzhinji yeSavo Kusić. Chazvino chiri kutariswa ndeichi mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo uye custom doors. Kune hwindo kana chirongwa chemusuwo, unogona kutumira chikumbiro chekotesheni.
Nhanganyaya
Mune zvimwe zvivakwa, yakasimbiswa kongiri slabs pazvitsigiro zvesimbi inoshandiswa, senge pavement slabs yemabhiriji paI-longitudinal uye transverse girders kana sirin’i muzvivako paI-girders. Kare, masisitimu akadaro aive akayerwa pasi pekufungidzira kuti zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinogona kufamba pamwe chete uye kuti nguva dziri munzira yepakati huru dzaigamuchirwa chete nezvitsigiro zvesimbi. Iyo kongiri slab yakaendesa mutoro kumagidhi esimbi, asi haina kutora chikamu mukugamuchira inoenderana static kukosha (fig.1)
Mufananidzo 1 - Yakabatana mutakuri, system
Neiyi nzira yekuvaka, majoini akachinjika anofanooneswa mune kongiri slab nguva nenguva, kuitira kugonesa shrinkage yekongiri yakasimbiswa uye kudzivirira kutsemuka kusingadiwi, i.e. kuwedzera kushushikana. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwakaratidza kuti masimba chaiwo ari muhurongwa hwakadaro akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune akaverengwa. Pakusangana pakati pesimbi yakasimbiswa kongiri nerutsigiro rwesimbi, kukwesha kukuru (kunamira kushushikana) kunoitika, kuitira kuti zvinhu zvese zviri zviviri zvishande nguva dzose.
Izvo zvisingabatsiri zvekubatanidzwa kusingatarisirwi ndiko kuonekwa kwechinyorwa chekugadzirisa pazvibatanidza zvekrete slab. Shear inosimbisa padivi peabutment surface inowedzera zvakanyanya padyo nejoinhi, yakafanana neshear stress kumagumo epadivi seams. Sezvo nzvimbo ye zero mutsara pajoinhi isingashanduke, zvakajairwa mutsigiro wesimbi zvinogona kukwira zvakanyanya pane izvo zvakaverengerwa yunifomu yekubatanidza. Kutanga kubva pane ino notch, adhesion mastering inogona kuitika inopararira mberi. Nokudaro, majoini ari mumapuranga epavement haazadzisi basa ravo uye haabatsiri.
Vakabatanidzwa vatakuri
Panyaya yezvitsigiro zvakabatanidzwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mauto ekuveura pane yekubatana kwepamusoro pakati pesimbi inotsigirwa nekrete slab inogona kuparadzirwa zvakachengeteka (masimba mumatanda). Mutemo ndewokuti sirasi yekrete inomira zvakananga pabhanhire repamusoro rekutsigirwa kwesimbi uye kuti hapana hukama hwekufamba. Pane iyi inonzi With rigid coupling, nzira dzakakosha dzekubatanidza dzinoshandiswa (rods, stirrups, anchors), dzinoiswa mukongiri.
Tichafunga nezvenyaya yedanda rakasanganiswa nekongiri slab isina majoini akachinjika. Kana mumwe mutoro (semuenzaniso kukotama) uchiita kwenguva pfupi chete, zvinowirirana zvinonetsa uye deformations Δσ, resp. Δε maererano nesainzi yesimba rekutanga, yakafanana nekongiri yakasimbiswa. Kusimbisa musimbi uye kongiri, pane imwe elongation, inomira maererano nemodulus yavo yekunyungudika: σst/σb = Est/Eb = n. Kana mutoro wacho uri wenguva refu, deformations yekrete inoitika nekuda kwekuderera uye kuyerera. Kana ne ε0= σ/E0 maka deformation nekuda kwekuremerwa kwenguva pfupi panguva ino t =0, deformation inowedzera pasi pemutoro usingaperi nekuda kwekukweshana kusvika nguva t kune kukosha εt = ε0(t + φt). Pasi pemamiriro akafanana, deformation yegoho inoverengerwa sekunge yakaenzana nekushushikana. Ndosaka zvichinzi mutemo wa Hooke unoshanda kune deformation nekuda kwekuyerera. Iyo coefficient yekuyerera φt zvinoenderana nenguva, kirasi yekongiri, tembiricha yekunze, humidity yemhepo, nguva yekurodha kwechinhu, nezvimwe.
Panzvimbo pekukotama zvinoenderana ne Bernoulli\ uye Navier, hukama hwekusiyanisa hunooneka, i.e. kugovera kwekushushikana kunofanirwa kutariswa kubva kusiyanisa equation yekuyerera. Somugumisiro wekuyerera, kushushikana kwekrete kunoderera, asi kushushikana musimbi kunowedzera. Idzi shanduko dzekushushikana dzinoenderana, mukuwedzera kune-muchinjika-chikamu zviyero, pane elastic zviyero uye nguva yekuremerwa. Mibairo yakafanana kubva mukuyerera inoitika kubva mukuderera kwekongiri. Huwandu hwematanho ekuderera εs hunoenderana nekongiri, nzira yekugadzirwa kwayo, pamwe nemamiriro ekunze. Concrete shrinkage haitsamiri pamutoro wakaiswa kune chinhu.
Kubatanidza zvinoreva
Iyo nzira dzekubatanidza dzinofanirwa kuendesa zvakachengeteka masimba ese ekuveura mukongiri uye simbi inotarisana, nekuda kwemitoro iri kuitika, uye nekudaro kudzivirira kutsvedza. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanofanira kugamuchira oblique main tensioning forces, kana nekuda kwehukuru hwavo, chikamu chekrete pachacho hachigoni kuvagamuchira. Hukuru hwemasimba hunotarwa zvichienderana nedzidziso yekukotama yekutanga. Aya anotevera ekubatanidza ejenti anotariswa:
- Kubatanidza anchors: Aya mahwendefa esimbi akatenderera kana akapfava, akasungirirwa kune bhandi repamusoro resimbi yekutsigisa, anoita zvakafanana nekubhenda kusimbiswa kwesimbi yakasimbiswa kongiri. Iwo anogadzirwa sehokwe kana kuti stirrups, diagonally kana vertically. Zvibatiso izvi zvinongoshanda munzira imwe chete uye hazvishande kana simba rekugera richichinja chiratidzo.
- Mabhureki: Iwo akasungirirwa kumusoro kwerutsigiro rwesimbi, anogona kugamuchira shear masimba mumativi ese. Musiyano unofanirwa kuitwa pakati pehuropi hwakapfava uye hwakaomarara munzira yesimba rekuveura. Masero ehuropi akapfava anotambura nekuremara kwakakosha uye nekuparadzira zvisina kuenzana masimba ekuveura pamusoro penzvimbo yavo. Huropi hwakaomarara hunopa kugovera kuri nani kwemasimba padiki deformation.
Mufananidzo 2 - Zambuko riri pamusoro peRwizi Ruhr pedyo neHerdecke
- Spiral reinforcement: Inogara pachitsigiro chesimbi uye inoiswa welded panzvimbo dzekusangana. Spirals haina kukodzera kune zvakakosha kubatanidza masimba. Zvimwe chetezvo kune makora akatenderera simbi. Semuenzaniso wenzira dzekubatanidza pamabhiriji, mufig. 2 inoratidzwa magidhi ebhiriji pamusoro peRuhr padhuze neHerdecka (magidhi 60x40 ane vertical stirrups ϕ12, ayo arikuzvidzivirira kubva kune welders pachavo); mumuonde. 3 zvinoreva kubatanidza magidhi anochinjika ebhiriji rimwe chete, zvichienderana nehukuru hwesimba rinochinjika, rakasungirirwa padivi pemagidhi, pamwe chete neakananga welded stirrups yebhanhire repamusoro nemagidhi akakosha, akaiswa. Kana iri nyaya yenguva refu, iyo inoputika inogonawo kusungirirwa kumativi akasiyana, fig. 4a. Mumuonde. 4b ndiyo mhinduro yakaratidzwa ine sred stickrups.
Mufananidzo 3 - Transverse rutsigiro rwebhiriji rimwe
Mufananidzo 4 — Uropi hune matinji
Mukuvaka chivakwa, mastitrups akaomeswa ane mastitrups kana anongo vhundutsa anoshandiswawo, asi zvinogadzirisa zvine zvinyoro zvinyoro zvinosangana nazvo, senge semuenzaniso. riveted corners. Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvehupfumi, kubatanidza anchors anonyanya kushandiswa, ayo ari butt-welded kune chitsigiro chesimbi (fig. 5a), kana kuti kuzorora pamutsigiro nemugumo wakakotama (fig. 5b). Mumuonde. 5c inoratidza iyo inoenderana mhinduro ine machira akadzingwa. Mumuonde. 6 inoratidza mhinduro yakajairika yezvitsigiro zvesirin’i mukuvaka kwekuvaka, kureva a) tsigiro yakasanganiswa yakagadzirwa neI-matanda, b) yakagadzirwa neT-matanda, inogadzirwa nekucheka maI-matanda. Pamigumo yezvitsigiro, kunyanya magumo ekupedzisira akasimba anofanira kugara achipiwa (fig. 7). Ma anchor anoshandiswa kuunza kushushikana kubva mukuderera uye tembiricha kupinda muslab.
Mufananidzo5-Kubatanidza anchors
*Mufananidzo6- Tsigiro yemezzanine chimiro *
Dimensioning yenzira dzekubatanidza dzinoitwa zvinoenderana nekutanga misimboti. Nzira yega yega inofanirwa kugamuchira simba rekugera rinoenderana nepakati pavo. Paunenge uchiyera iyo welded yekubatanidza yehuropi, nguva yekupidigura inofanirwa kuverengerwa.
Mufananidzo7- a) Kugumisa uropi nekubatisa; b) kumisa
Elastic coupling
Mharidzo dzakapfuura dzakataura nezve rigid coupling, uko kusimuka pakati pesimbi yekutsigisa nendiro kwakaenzana ne zero, uye kubatana kunoreva kuita nguva dzose. Kugadziriswa kwekubatanidza kunoreva, kusvibiswa kwenzvimbo yekrete uye kutsigirwa kwesimbi kwakaregeredzwa.
*Mufananidzo8- Bracket ine elastic coupling *
Pasi pefungidziro yekubatana kwakasimba, masimba anofambiswa nenzira yega yega yekubatanidza anoenzana nesimba rinochinjika uye nekuparadzana kwehuropi. Kana mafambiro akakosha ehukama pakati petsigiro yesimbi uye kongiri slab ikaitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo, izvi zvinokonzeresa kuunganidzwa kunoonekwa kwemasimba. Kongiri inogona kumisa kuita sendiro yekumanikidza yedanda rakabatanidzwa, uko ukoshi hwepamusoro hwemasimba eshear hunodzikiswa zvakanyanya. Mumuonde.8muenzaniso wekuvaka ane elastic coupling inopiwa, yakafanana nebhiriji pamusoro peRhine, Koln-Rodenkirchen. Mumuonde.9mhedzisiro yekubatanidza elastic pamutsigiro unoenderera inoratidzwa, kune simba rakanyanya uye mutoro wakagoverwa zvakakwana. The displacement ψ, inova chiyero chekuoma kwekubatana kwekugamuchira shear, inotsanangurwa mufig.8. Iko simba rekubatanidza elastic saka rakakura kwazvo, kana maitiro ekubatanidza akasarudzwa nemaune kugamuchira shear.
*Mufananidzo9- Muenzaniso webhiriji rine elastic coupling *
Kuverengera kweakasanganiswa zvivakwa
Muchidimbu, zvine hupfumi kuti ukobvu hwekongiri slab hunofanira kunge hudiki sezvinobvira, nepo hudiki hudiki hwakatemerwa nemirairo hunofanirwa kuteedzerwa.
Zvimiro zvakatemerwa
Panyaya yezvivakwa zvakatemerwa (semuenzaniso matanda akareruka), iyo static pesvedzero muchikamu chakajairwa kune mumwe mutoro zvinogara, kana kuzvimiririra nenguva. Idzo chete nguva dzekukotama uye masimba akajairwa mune zvimwe zvikamu zvechikamu zvinosiyana nekuda kwemhedzisiro yekuyerera uye shrinkage.
Mhedzisiro ye shrinkage inogona kumiririrwa seyakasiyana tembiricha musiyano pakati pesimbi girder uye kongiri slab. Nekuda kwekongiri shrinkage, kushushikana kwemukati kunoonekwa muchikamu chakabatanidzwa, chinoti tsungiriro kubva mukudonha mukongiri, iyo shrinkage inodzivirirwa nerutsigiro rwesimbi rutsigiro (pamwe nekusimbisa pachayo), nepo kunoenderana kudzvinyirira kunoitika muchikamu chesimbi (Fig.10) Shrinkage inowedzera nenguva kusvika pamutengo wekupedzisira zvichienderana nebasa rimwechete reexponential. Sezvo shrinkage stress ichiwedzerawo ne shrinkage deformations, izvi zvinoguma neinonzi shrinkage flow.
Mufananidzo10- a) Shrinkage yeplate yakasununguka pasina kubatanidza; b) kushushikana nekuda kwekuderera kwezvitsigiro zvakabatanidzwa
Zvichienderana neiyo static system inotora huremu hwekongiri slab, inosiyana: kubatanidza chete pamutoro unofamba (chete simbi inotsigirwa inotora uremu hwayo, uye iyo yakabatanidzwa sisitimu inogamuchira chete mitoro inoshanda pane yakapedzwa chimiro), kubatanidza kune huremu uye inofamba mutoro (iyo yega-yega inorema uye inofamba mutoro inobata pane yakabatanidzwa system).
Mhosva yekutanga inoitika kana magidhi esimbi anoshanda semagidhi emhando, asina kutsigirwa, uye panguva yekugadzira, anogona kukotama mumunda (fig.11a). Muchiitiko ichi, simbi inotsigira pachayo inotora uremu hwekrete uye fomu. Kubatana kunoitika chete kana kongiri yakaoma zvakakwana (Fig.11b), uye tsigiro haifanirwe kutakurwa pakarepo mushure mekuita concreting, kuitira kudzivirira kukuvara kana kuyerera kwakanyanya kwekongiri.
Muchiitiko chechipiri, apo iyo self-weight yekrete slab inogamuchirwawo nehurongwa hwakabatana (fig. 11c), inofungidzirwa kuti kutsigirwa kwesimbi kunotsigirwa panguva ye concreting munzvimbo dzakakwana, kuitira kuti irege kugamuchira nguva dzakakosha dzekukotama. Kugoverwa kwemagetsi mushure mekubvisa scaffolding inoratidzwa mufig. 11d.
Mufananidzo 11 - Kubatana kwekutakura uye kufa kwemutoro, pamwe nekugoverwa kwevoltage pamberi uye mushure mekubvisa scaffolding
Preload
Panyaya yematanda akareruka, kushushikana kudiki kunoitika mukongiri chete nekuda kwekuderera uye kusiyana kwekushisa. Kushushikana kwakanyanya kunoitika mumatanda akarembera, magidhi anoenderera uye zvimwe zvimiro, uye izvi zvinogona kukonzera kutsemuka mukongiri. Kana makatsemuka achionekwa munzvimbo yenguva dzisina kunaka, iyo yekubatanidza maitiro inorasika. Naizvozvo, zvinobatsira kupinza madiki madiki ekumanikidza mune kongiri slab pachine nguva kuitira kudzivirira zvakachengeteka kuumbwa kwekutsemuka nekuda kwekongiri shrinkage. Kushushikana kwekushushikana mune kongiri slab yematanda akabatanidzwa kunogona kudzikiswa:
1. Nekuenderana neasina kunaka pre-loading yesimbi girder (pre-tensioning yemupendero wepamusoro). Panguva imwecheteyo, kutevedzana kwekongiri kunofanira kunyatsodzidzwa.
2. Nekusimudza nekudzikisa zvitsigiro zvepakati zvezvitsigiro zvinoramba zvichiitika. apo, nemaitiro akakodzera, kumanikidzika kwekumanikidzika kunogona kukonzerwa mukongiri slab yerutsigiro rwakabatanidzwa.
3. By prestressing. Iyo yakapfava nyaya ndeye yemahara kongiri slab inodzvanywa, uye chete gare gare yakabatana nesimbi inotsigirwa. Kubatsira kweiyi nzira isimba diki rekusimudzira, sezvo bhandi rakamanikidzwa retsigiro yesimbi harina kudzvanywa. Iri girder rinogashira nguva dzekukotama chete nekuda kwekuyerera uye shrinkage yekongiri slab, saka inoramba yakatwasuka nekuda kweiyo prestressing simba. Mumuonde.12uye kugovera kwekushushikana kwenyaya iyi yeprestress inoratidzwa (t=0), uye muonde.12b mamiriro ekupedzisira pakupera kwekuyerera (t=tE) uye mufig.12c kukotama kushushikana nekuda kwekurodha kwenguva pfupi (t = a). Mumuonde.12d inoratidza kugoverwa kwevoltige ye t=0 mune yekusimbisa iyo yakasungwa kongiri slab.
Mufananidzo12-Kutsikirira kwemahara-yakamira kongiri slab ine inotevera kubatana
Statically indeterminate zvivakwa
Magidhi anoenderera mberi uye zvimiro zvakafanana zvinogashira nguva dzisina kunaka dzekukotama, izvo zvinowanzokonzera kushushikana kwakanyanya mune yakasimbiswa kongiri slab. Kutsemuka haadiwe kunyanya mumabhiriji, tichifunga nezvehupenyu hwebasa rematanda akabatanidzwa uye mhedzisiro yenoti pane zvakatsemuka. Statically indeterminate systems inoverengerwa mitoro yenguva pfupi (moving loads) maererano nemaitiro anowanzoitwa statics ehurongwa husina kuchinjwa. Iwo anoenderana static uwandu uye deformations akafanana mune yakanakira elastic system. Pasi pekuita kwekugara kurodha, kunyanya kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya, kuyerera kukuru kunowanzoitika. Pakusarudza simba rekusimbisa, kukwesha kweiyo yakakotama prestressing element kunofanirwa kuverengerwa. Panguva yekuvaka, iyo overhang yemabhiriji akabatanidzwa inofanira kunyatsosarudzwa. Yakagadzirirwa-yakagadzirwa-yakasanganiswa matsigiro akanyanya kuomarara, saka zvinenge zvisingaite kugadzirisa kunotevera kwenzvimbo yehurefu. Chiyero chekupedzisira chinowanikwa chete mushure memakore akati wandei, tichifunga nezvekuyerera. Kuenzana ikoko hakuna chokwadi kusvika pamwero wakati, sezvo mhedzisiro yekuderera nekuyerera ichisiyana, zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze asingagoni kufanotaura.
Mhedziso
Kushandiswa kwekubatanidza hakungogumiri kumapuranga esimbi, asi kunogonawo kusanganisira zvitsigiso zvekuomesa Langer matanda, kuturika mabhiriji, etc. pamwe chete neretiti girders ane carriageway kumusoro kana pasi. Lattice mabhiriji - kushushikana kwakanyanya kunoitika mumigwagwa yemugwagwa padyo nemugwagwa pazasi, sezvo ma slabs aya achifanira kutevera kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki kurebesa kwebhandi rakasungwa regirder huru. Yakakwana longitudinal prestressing inodiwa kuti usatsemuka. Mumuonde.13pane muganhu wemuganhu umo girasi resimbi harisisina bhanhire rakaderera zvachose, uye basa rayo rinotorwa zvachose nekasimbiswa konkrete slab yakasimbiswa kumativi ose maviri. Mumuonde.13b migero yechikamu inoonekwa60x180mm murutsigiro pacharwo.
Mufananidzo13- Gahle zambuko: a) chikamu; b) node yebhandi rezasi, kuruboshwe pachiteshi chikuru, kurudyi paVešaljka