Isaziso esibalulekileyo sobugcisa kunye nokhuseleko: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo kavimba, hayi uyilo lwezakhiwo, izibalo ezingashukumiyo, umgangatho osebenzayo, iinkcukacha ezidityanisiweyo okanye umyalelo wolwakhiwo, ukuwelda, ukudibanisa, ukunqunqa, ukucinezela okanye ukubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili. Zonke iifomyula zokuqala, iimpawu, imilinganiselo, izixhobo, iinkqubo kunye namabango adluliselwa ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngokwemimiselo yanamhlanje. Uyilo kunye nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo zentsimbi-concrete ezidityanisiweyo zezobunjineli bokwakha abagunyazisiweyo, abayili bezakhiwo, iikontraka kunye nolongamelo olusekwe kwinto ethile, umthwalo, umhlaba, imathiriyeli kunye nemigangatho esebenzayo.
Ulwakhiwo oluqhagamshelweyo aluyonkonzo eyodwa kunikezelo lwangoku lukawonke-wonke lwe-Savo Kusić. Ingqwalasela yangoku zezi iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neengcango zesiko. Ngefestile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sekowuti.
Intshayelelo
Kwezinye izakhiwo, ii-slabs zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo kwiinkxaso zetsimbi zisetyenziselwa, ezifana ne-slabs ye-pavement yeebhuloho kwi-I-longitudinal kunye ne-transverse girders okanye iisilingi kwizakhiwo kwi-I-girders. Ngaphambili, ezo nkqubo zaye zahlulwa phantsi kwengcinga yokuba ezi zinto zimbini zinokuhamba kunye kwaye ixesha elibhekiselele kwicala eliphambili lafunyanwa kuphela ngeenkxaso zensimbi. I-slab yekhonkrithi idlulisele umthwalo kwiibhanti zentsimbi, kodwa ayizange ithathe inxaxheba ekufumaneni amaxabiso ahambelanayo (umkhiwane.1).
Umfanekiso 1 — Umthwali odibeneyo, inkqubo
Kule ndlela yokwakha, iintambo ezinqamlezileyo zibonwa kwangaphambili kwi-slab yekhonkrithi ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba i-shrinkage yekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo igweme ukuqhekeka okungafunekiyo, oko kukuthi uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, amava abonise ukuba amandla okwenene kwinkqubo enjalo ahluke kakhulu kwezo zibalwe. Kuqhagamshelwano phakathi kwe-slab yekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo kunye nenkxaso yentsimbi, ukukhuhlana okukhulu (uxinzelelo lokunamathela) kwenzeka, ukwenzela ukuba zombini izinto zihlala zisebenzisana.
Ukungalungi kwempembelelo yokudibanisa engalindelekanga kukubonakala kwempembelelo yenotshi kumalungu e-slab yekhonkrithi. Uxinzelelo lwe-chear ecaleni komphezulu we-abutment lonyuka kabukhali kufutshane nelungu, ngokufana noxinzelelo lokucheba eziphelweni zemithungo yecala. Ekubeni indawo yomgca we-zero kwi-joint ayitshintshi ngokufanelekileyo, uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kwinkxaso yensimbi lunokuphakama kakhulu kunezo zibalwe ukudibanisa okufanayo. Ukuqala ukusuka kule notshi, ukubambelela kokubambelela kunokwenzeka okusasazeka ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, amajoyina kwi-slab ye-pavement ayifezi indima yawo kwaye ayisebenzi.
Abathwali abadityanisiweyo
Kwimeko yenkxaso edibeneyo, kucingelwa ukuba imikhosi yokucheba kwindawo yokudibanisa phakathi kwenkxaso yensimbi kunye ne-slab yekhonkrithi inokudluliselwa ngokukhuselekileyo (imikhosi kwimiqadi). Umgaqo kukuba i-slab yekhonkrithi ixhomekeke ngqo kwibhande eliphezulu lenkxaso yensimbi kwaye akukho ntshukumo ehambelanayo. Kule nto kuthiwa Nge rigid coupling, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezikhethekileyo zoqhagamshelo (iintonga, istirrups, iankile), ezifakwe kwikhonkrithi.
Siza kuqwalasela imeko yomqadi odibeneyo kunye ne-slab yekhonkrithi ngaphandle kwamalungu aguquguqukayo. Ukuba umthwalo othile (umzekelo wokugoba) usebenza ixesha elifutshane kuphela, uxinzelelo oluhambelanayo kunye noguquko Δσ, resp. Δε ngokwenzululwazi yamandla asekuqaleni, afana nekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo. Uxinzelelo kwintsimbi kunye nekhonkrithi, kwi-elongation ethile, ukuma ngokubhekiselele kwimodyuli yabo ye-elasticity: σst/σb = Est/Eb = n. Ukuba umthwalo uhlala ixesha elide, ukuguqulwa kwekhonkrithi kwenzeka ngenxa yokunciphisa kunye nokuhamba. Ukuba nge ε0= σ/E0 phawula ukuguqulwa ngenxa yomthwalo wexesha elifutshane ngeli xesha t =0, deformation iyanda phantsi komthwalo osisigxina ngenxa yengxabano kude kube ngumzuzu t kwixabiso εt = ε0(t + φt). Phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, ukukhukuliseka kwesivuno kubalwa ngokungathi zilingana noxinzelelo. Yiyo loo nto kusithiwa umthetho ka-Hooke_ uyasebenza kwi-deformations ngenxa yokuhamba. I-coefficient of flow flow φt ixhomekeke kwixesha, iklasi yekhonkrithi, ukushisa kwangaphandle, umswakama womoya, umzuzu wokulayishwa kwento, njl.
Esikhundleni sokugoba ngokwe Bernoulli\ kunye Navier, ubudlelwane bokwahlukana buvela, oko kukuthi ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo kufuneka kunqunywe ukusuka kwi-equation yokwahlukana ukuhamba. Njengomphumo wokuhamba, uxinzelelo kwikhonkrithi luyancipha, ngelixa uxinzelelo lwentsimbi lwanda. Olu tshintsho loxinzelelo luxhomekeke, ngaphezu kwemilinganiselo ye-cross-section, kwimilinganiselo ye-elastic kunye nomzuzu womthwalo. Iziphumo ezifanayo zivela ekucuthekeni kwekhonkrithi. Ubungakanani bemilinganiselo yokucutheka εs ixhomekeke kwikhonkrithi, indlela yokuveliswa kwayo, kunye neemeko zemozulu. I-concrete shrinkage ayixhomekeke kumthwalo osetyenziswe kwinto.
Ukudibanisa kuthetha
Indlela yokudibanisa kufuneka idlulise ngokukhuselekileyo yonke imikhosi yokucheba kwikhonkrithi kunye neendawo zetsimbi ezidibeneyo, ngenxa yemithwalo eyenzekayo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ithintele ukutyibilika. Ukongezelela, kufuneka bafumane i-oblique main tensioning forces, ukuba ngenxa yobukhulu babo, icandelo lekhonkrithi ngokwalo alikwazi ukuzifumana. Ubungakanani bemikhosi bumiselwa ngokwethiyori yokugoba yokuqala. Ezi arhente zokudityaniswa zilandelayo ziyaqwalaselwa:
- Izikhonkwane zokudibanisa: Ezi ziiplati zentsimbi ezijikelezileyo okanye ezisicaba, ezidityaniswe kwibhanti ephezulu yenkxaso yensimbi, esebenza ngokufana nokuqiniswa okugobileyo kweentsimbi zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo. Zenziwa njengamagwegwe okanye i-stirrps, i-diagonally okanye ngokuthe nkqo. Ezi iankile zisebenza kwicala elinye kuphela kwaye azisebenzi ukuba amandla okucheba atshintsha uphawu.
- Izibiyeli: Zifakwe kwindawo ephezulu yenkxaso yensimbi, zinokufumana imikhosi ye-shear kumacala omabini. Kufuneka kwenziwe umahluko phakathi kobuchopho obuthambileyo nobuqinileyo kwicala lamandla okucheba. Iiseli zobuchopho ezithambileyo zichaphazeleka kukonakala okubalulekileyo kwaye zisasaze ngokulinganayo amandla okucheba ngaphezulu komphezulu wazo. Ubuchopho obuqinileyo bunika usasazo olungcono lwamandla kwi-deformation encinci.
Umfanekiso 2 — Ibhulorho engaphaya koMlambo iRuhr kufuphi neHerdecke
- Ukuqiniswa kwe-Spiral: Ixhomekeke kwinkxaso yentsimbi kwaye idityaniswe kwiindawo zoqhagamshelwano. I-spirals ayifanelekanga kumandla okudibanisa okubalulekileyo. Kukwanjalo nakwintsimbi engqukuva. Njengomzekelo weendlela zokudibanisa kwiibhulorho, kwifig. 2 ziboniswa iibhanti zebhulorho phezu kwe-Ruhr kufuphi ne-Herdecka (amabhanti 60x40 kunye ne-stirtrups ethe nkqo ϕ12, ezinokuthi ziphephe ukusuka kwii-welders ukuya phambili); emkhiwaneni. 3 kuthetha ukudibanisa iigida ezinqamlezayo zebhulorho enye, ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu be-transverse force, i-lateral welded stirrups for the girders, kunye ne-welded stickrups ngokuthe ngqo kwibhanti ephezulu kunye neebhanti ezikhethekileyo, zasetyenziswa. Kwimeko ye-stitrups emide, i-stirrups inokudityaniswa kumacala ahlukeneyo, umkhiwane. 4a. Kumkhiwane. 4b sisisombululo esibonisiweyo esinezivube ezichetyiweyo.
- Umfanekiso 3 — Inkxaso enqamlezileyo yebhulorho enye*
Umfanekiso 4 — Iingqondo ezine-stitrups
Kulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo, iistirrups eziqinileyo ezinestirrups okanye istirrups nje ziyasetyenziswa, kodwa izisombululo ezinestirrups ezithambileyo zikwadibana nazo, ezinje umz. iikona ezijijekileyo. Ngenxa yezizathu zezoqoqosho, ukudibanisa i-anchors zisetyenziswa rhoqo, ezi-butt-welded kwinkxaso yensimbi (umkhiwane 5a), okanye ukuphumla kwinkxaso kunye nesiphelo esinye esigobileyo (umkhiwane 5b). Kumkhiwane. 5c ibonisa isisombululo esihambelanayo namagwegwe asusiweyo. Kumkhiwane. 6 ibonisa isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sokuxhaswa kwesilingi ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, oko kukuthi a) inkxaso edibeneyo eyenziwe nge-I-beams, b) eyenziwe nge-T-beams, eyenziwa ngokusika i-I-beams. Ekupheleni kweenkxaso, ngokukodwa i-braces eqinile yokuphela kufuneka ihlale ibonelelwe (umkhiwane 7). Ii-ankile ezithotyiweyo zisetyenziselwa ukwazisa uxinzelelo ukusuka ekuncipheni kunye nobushushu kwi slab.
Umfanekiso5-Ukudibanisa iiankile
*Umfanekiso6- Inkxaso yesakhiwo se-mezzanine *
Ukulinganiswa kweendlela zokudibanisa kwenziwa ngokwemigaqo esisiseko. Iindlela zomntu ngamnye kufuneka afumane amandla okucheba ahambelana nesithuba sabo. Xa ulinganisa uxhulumaniso oludibeneyo lwengqondo, umzuzu wokubhukuqa kufuneka uthathelwe ingqalelo.
Umfanekiso7— a) Ukugqiba ingqondo nge-ankile; b) iankile
Ukudityaniswa kwe-elastic
Iintetho zangaphambili zibhekiselele kwi-rigid coupling, apho ukufuduka kwesihlobo phakathi kwenkxaso yensimbi kunye neplate ilingana ne-zero, kwaye ukudibanisa kuthetha ukwenza ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuguqulwa kwendlela yokudibanisa, ukuguqulwa kwendawo yekhonkrithi kunye nenkxaso yensimbi yayingahoywa.
Umfanekiso8-Isibiyeli esinelastiki yokudibanisa
Ngaphantsi kwengqikelelo yokudibanisa okuqinileyo, amandla athunyelwa ngeendlela zomntu ngamnye zokudibanisa alingana namandla anqamlezayo kunye nesithuba sobuchopho. Ukuba ukunyakaza okubalulekileyo okuhambelanayo phakathi kwenkxaso yensimbi kunye ne-slab yekhonkrithi kwenzeka kwiindawo ezithile, oku kubangela ukuhlanganiswa okubonakalayo kwamandla. Ikhonkrithi inokuyeka ngokuyinxenye ukusebenza njengeplate yoxinzelelo lomqadi odityanisiweyo, apho amaxabiso aphezulu emikhosi yokucheba ancitshiswa kakhulu. Kumkhiwane.8umzekelo wokwakhiwa kunye ne-elastic coupling inikwe, efana nebhuloho phezu kweRhine, iKoln-Rodenkirchen. Kumkhiwane.9umphumo wokudibanisa i-elastic kwinkxaso eqhubekayo iboniswa, kumandla agxininisiweyo kunye nomthwalo osasazwa ngokupheleleyo. I-displacement ψ, engumlinganiselo wokuqina kokudibanisa ukufumana i-shear, ichazwa kwifig.8. Impembelelo yokudibanisa i-elastic ke inkulu kakhulu, ukuba iimpawu zokudibanisa zikhethwa ngenjongo yokufumana i-shear.
Umfanekiso9— Umzekelo webhulorho enodibaniso olulastiki
Ukubalwa kolwakhiwo oludityanisiweyo
Ngokomgaqo, kunoqoqosho ukuba ubukhulu be-slab yekhonkrithi kufuneka bube buncinci ngokusemandleni, ngelixa ubuncinci obuncinci obunqunywe yimimiselo kufuneka buthotyelwe.
Izakhiwo ezimiswe ngokuzinzileyo
Kwimeko yolwakhiwo olumiselwe ngokwestatically (umz. imiqadi elula), iimpembelelo ezimile kwicandelo eliqhelekileyo kumthwalo othile aziguquguquki, okanye azixhomekekanga kwixesha. Kuphela ixesha lokugoba kunye nemikhosi eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezithile zecandelo ziguquguqukayo ngenxa yemiphumo yokuhamba kunye nokunciphisa.
Umphumo we-shrinkage unokubonakaliswa njengokwahluka kweqondo lokushisa elihambelanayo phakathi kwentsimbi yentsimbi kunye ne-slab yekhonkrithi. Njengomphumo wekhonkrithi yekhonkrithi, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi luvela kwicandelo elidityanisiweyo, oko kukuthi ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo olusuka kwi-shrinkage kwikhonkrithi, i-shrinkage yayo ithintelwe yimpembelelo yenkxaso yensimbi (kunye nokuqiniswa ngokwayo), ngelixa ukuxhatshazwa okuhambelanayo okuhambelanayo kwenzeka kwicandelo lensimbi (Fig.10). I-shrinkage iyanda ngexesha ukuya kwixabiso lokugqibela ngokomsebenzi omnye we-exponential. Kuba uxinzelelo lokucutheka luyanda kunye nokonakala kwe-shrinkage, oku kukhokelela kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-shrinkage flow.
Umfanekiso10- a) Ukucutheka kwepleyiti yamahhala ngaphandle kokudibanisa; b) uxinzelelo ngenxa yokucutheka kwiinkxaso ezidityanisiweyo
Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ye-static ethatha ubunzima be-self-slab yekhonkrithi, iyahluka: ukudibanisa kuphela kumthwalo ohambayo (kuphela inkxaso yentsimbi ithatha ubunzima bayo, kwaye inkqubo edibeneyo ifumana kuphela imithwalo esebenza kwisakhiwo esigqityiweyo), ukudibanisa ubunzima kunye nomthwalo oshukumayo (bonke ubunzima kunye nomthwalo ohambayo usebenza kwinkqubo edibeneyo).
Ityala lokuqala lenzeka xa iibhanti zensimbi zisebenza njengemibhobho ye-formwork, ngaphandle kokuxhaswa, kwaye ngexesha le-concreting, banokugoba kwintsimi (umkhiwane.11a). Kule meko, inkxaso yensimbi ngokwayo ithatha ubunzima bekhonkrithi kunye nefomwork. Ukudibanisa kwenzeka kuphela xa ikhonkrithi iqinile ngokwaneleyo (Fig.11b), kunye nenkxaso akufanele ilayishwe ngokukhawuleza emva kokudibanisa, ukwenzela ukuphepha umonakalo okanye ukuhamba ngokugqithiseleyo kwekhonkrithi.
Kwimeko yesibini, xa i-self-weight ye-slab yekhonkrithi iphinda ifunyenwe yinkqubo edibeneyo (umzobo 11c), kucingelwa ukuba inkxaso yensimbi ixhaswa ngexesha lokudibanisa kwiindawo ezaneleyo, ukwenzela ukuba ingafumani ixesha elibalulekileyo lokugoba. Ukusasazwa kombane emva kokususa i-scaffolding kuboniswe kumkhiwane. 11d.
- Umfanekiso 11 - Ukudibanisa umthwalo ohambayo kunye nofileyo, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla ombane ngaphambi nangemva kokususa i-scaffolding *
Layisha kwangaphambili
Kwimeko yemitha elula, uxinzelelo oluncinci lwe-tensile lwenzeka kwikhonkrithi kuphela ngenxa yokuncipha kunye nokwahlukana kweqondo lokushisa. Uxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-tensile lwenzeka kwimiqadi exhonyiweyo, iibhanti eziqhubekayo kunye nezinye izakhiwo, kwaye ezi zinokubangela iintanda kwikhonkrithi. Ukuba iintanda zivela kwindawo yamaxesha angalunganga, umphumo wokudibanisa ulahlekile. Ngoko ke, luncedo ukunyanzelisa uxinzelelo oluncinci kwi-slab yekhonkrithi kwangaphambili ukuze ugweme ngokukhuselekileyo ukubunjwa kweentanda ngenxa ye-concrete shrinkage. Uxinzelelo lwe-tensile kwi-sleb yekhonkrithi yeeplanga ezidityanisiweyo zinokuncitshiswa:
1. Ngokuhambelana nokulayishwa kwangaphambili okungalunganga kwentsimbi yentsimbi (i-pre-tensioning of the edge ephezulu). Kwangaxeshanye, ulandelelwano lweconcreting kufuneka lufundwe ngononophelo.
2. Ngokunyusa kunye nokunciphisa izixhaso eziphakathi kweenkxaso eziqhubekayo. apho, ngenkqubo efanelekileyo, uxinzelelo olucinezelayo lunokuthi lubangwe kwi-slab yekhonkrithi yenkxaso edibeneyo.
3. Ngokucinezela. Imeko elula kakhulu xa i-slab yekhonkrithi yamahhala igxininiswe ngaphambili, kwaye emva koko ixhunywe kwinkxaso yentsimbi. Inzuzo yale nkqubo yinto encinci ye-prestressing force, ekubeni ibhanti ecinezelweyo yenkxaso yensimbi ayigxininisi. Le ngqangi ifumana amaxesha okugoba kuphela ngenxa yokuhamba kunye nokucutheka kwe-slab yekhonkrithi, ngoko ihlala ithe tye ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwamandla. Kumkhiwane.12kwaye unikezelo loxinzelelo lwale meko yoxinzelelo lubonisiwe (t=0), kunye nomkhiwane.12b imeko yokugqibela ekupheleni kokuqukuqela (t=tE) nakwifig.12c ukugoba uxinzelelo ngenxa yokulayisha ixesha elifutshane (t=a). Kumkhiwane.12d ibonisa unikezelo lombane lwe-t=0 kwimeko yokucinezela i-slab yekhonkrithi edibeneyo.
*Umfanekiso12-Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-slab yekhonkrithi emileyo kunye nokudibanisa okulandelayo *
Ulwakhiwo olungamiselwanga
Iibhanti eziqhubekayo kunye nezakhiwo ezifanayo zifumana ixesha elibi lokugoba, elihlala libangela uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwi-slab yekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo. Ukuqhekeka akunqweneleki ngokukodwa kwiibhulorho, ngokuqwalasela ubomi benkonzo yeeplanga ezidibeneyo kunye nomphumo weenotshi kwiintanda. Iinkqubo ze-Statically indeterminate zibalwa kwimithwalo yexesha elifutshane (moving loads) ngokweendlela eziqhelekileyo ze-statics zenkqubo engatshintshiyo. Amanani amileyo ahambelanayo kunye ne-deformations iyafana nakwinkqubo enwebekayo. Ngaphantsi komphumo wokulayishwa rhoqo, ngokukodwa ukunyamezela okuphezulu, ukuhamba okukhulu kuhlala kwenzeka. Xa umisela amandla okunyamezela, ukungqubuzana kwezinto ezigobileyo zoxinzelelo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ngexesha lokwakha, i-overhang yeebhulorho ezidibeneyo kufuneka zikhethwe ngokucophelela. Inkxaso edibeneyo esele yenziwe iqinile kakhulu, ngoko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba wenze izilungiso ezilandelayo zokuphakama. Inqanaba lokugqibela liphunyezwa kuphela emva kweminyaka emininzi, ngokuqwalasela ukuhamba. Oko kunyuswa akuqinisekanga ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, kuba iziphumo zokucutheka nokuhamba ziyaguquguquka, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu ezingenakuxelwa kwangaphambili.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukusetyenziswa kokudibanisa akuphelelanga kwimiqadi yentsimbi, kodwa kunokubandakanya inkxaso yokuqinisa imiqadi yeLanger, iibhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa, njl njl. Iibhulorho ze-Lattice - uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwenzeka kwiiplanga zendlela kufuphi nendlela engezantsi, ekubeni la macwecwe kufuneka alandele ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu okanye elingaphantsi kobude bebhanti edibeneyo yebhanti engundoqo. Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-longitudinal ngokwaneleyo kuyafuneka ukuphepha iintanda. Kumkhiwane.13kukho icala lomda apho igridi yentsimbi ayisekho ibhanti ephantsi kuyo yonke into, kwaye indima yayo ithathwa ngokupheleleyo yi-slab yekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo egxininiswe kwiindlela zombini. Kumkhiwane.13b imijelo yecandelo iyabonakala60x180mm kwinkxaso ngokwayo.
Umfanekiso13— Gahle ibhulorho: a) icandelo; b) indawo yebhanti esezantsi, ekhohlo kwisikhululo esikhulu, ekunene eVešaljka