Chidziwitso chofunikira chaukadaulo ndi chitetezo: Ili ndi zolemba zamaphunziro zakale, osati masanjidwe, mawerengedwe osasunthika, mulingo woyenera, mwatsatanetsatane kapena malangizo omanga, kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, kuwongolera kapena kukonzanso. Zolemba zonse zoyambirira, zolembera, miyeso, zida, njira ndi zonena zimasamutsidwa popanda kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi malamulo amasiku ano. Mapangidwe ndi machitidwe a zitsulo zophatikizika ndi zitsulo-konkriti ndi za akatswiri ovomerezeka ovomerezeka, omanga zomangamanga, makontrakitala ndi kuyang’anira kutengera chinthu, katundu, nthaka, zinthu ndi miyezo yoyenera.
Zomanga zolumikizidwa si ntchito yapadera pagulu la Savo Kusić. Zomwe zikuchitika panopa ndi mazenera amatabwa, mawindo a aluminiyamu amatabwa ndi zitseko zamwambo. Pazenera kapena pakhomo, mutha kutumiza pempho la mawu.
Chiyambi
Muzomangamanga zina, zomangira zolimba za konkriti pazithandizo zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga ma slabs a milatho pa I-longitudinal ndi transverse girders kapena kudenga mu nyumba pa I-girders. M’mbuyomu, machitidwe oterowo anali okulirapo poganiza kuti zinthu ziwirizi zimatha kusuntha wina ndi mnzake komanso kuti mphindi zoyang’ana mbali yayikulu zidalandiridwa ndi zothandizira zitsulo. Silabu ya konkire idasamutsira katunduyo kuzitsulo zazitsulo, koma sanatenge nawo gawo pakulandila zikhalidwe zofananira (mkuyu 1).
Chithunzi 1 - Wonyamula katundu wophatikizidwa, dongosolo
Pa njira yomangira iyi, zolumikizira zodutsa zimawoneratu mu slab ya konkriti pafupipafupi, kuti athe kutsitsa konkriti yolimba ndikupewa ming’alu yosayenera, i.e. kupsinjika kowonjezera. Komabe, zochitika zasonyeza kuti mphamvu zenizeni mu dongosolo loterolo ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimawerengedwa. Pakulumikizana pakati pa slab yolimba ya konkriti ndi chitsulo chothandizira, kukangana kwakukulu (kupanikizika komatira) kumachitika, kotero kuti zinthu zonse zimagwirizana nthawi zonse.
Kuipa kwa zotsatira zosayembekezereka zogwirizanitsa ndi maonekedwe a notch effect pamagulu a konkriti slab. Kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa ubweya kumawonjezeka kwambiri pafupi ndi olowa, mofanana ndi kukameta ubweya kumapeto kwa seams mbali. Popeza malo a mzere wa zero pa olowa sasintha, kupsinjika kwanthawi zonse mu chitsulo chothandizira kumatha kukhala kokwera kwambiri kuposa komwe kumawerengeredwa kuti agwirizane. Kuyambira pa notch iyi, kukakamira kumamatira kumatha kuchitika komwe kumafalikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zolumikizira mu slab yapanjira sizikwaniritsa udindo wawo ndipo sizigwira ntchito.
Magulu onyamula
Pankhani ya zothandizira zophatikizika, zimaganiziridwa kuti kumeta ubweya pamtunda wolumikizana pakati pa chitsulo chothandizira ndi slab ya konkire ikhoza kufalitsidwa bwino (mphamvu muzitsulo). Lamulo ndilokuti slab ya konkire imakhazikika mwachindunji pa lamba wapamwamba wa chitsulo chothandizira komanso kuti palibe mayendedwe achibale. Pazomwe zimatchedwa Ndi rigid coupling, njira zapadera zolumikizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (ndodo, zomangirira, anangula), zomwe zimayikidwa mu konkire.
Tidzakambirana za mtengo wophatikizika wokhala ndi konkriti wopanda zolumikizira. Ngati katundu wina (mwachitsanzo mphindi yopindika) imagwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa, kupsinjika kofananirako ndi kupunduka Δσ, resp. Δε molingana ndi sayansi yamphamvu yoyambira, yofanana ndi konkire yolimba. Kupanikizika muzitsulo ndi konkire, pamtunda wina, kumayenderana ndi kusinthasintha kwawo: σst/σb = Est/Eb = n. Ngati katunduyo ndi wautali, zopindika za konkire zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa ndi kutuluka. Ngati ndi ε0= σ/E0 lembani kusinthika chifukwa chakuchulukira kwakanthawi kwakanthawi t =0, kusinthika kumawonjezeka pansi pa katundu wokhazikika chifukwa cha kukangana mpaka mphindi t ku mtengo εt = ε0(t + φt). Pansi pazikhalidwe zomwezo, kusinthika kwa zokolola kumawerengedwa ngati kuti akufanana ndi kupsinjika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akuti lamulo la Hooke limagwira ntchito pakupunduka chifukwa cha kuyenda. Coefficient of flow φt zimatengera nthawi, kalasi ya konkire, kutentha kwakunja, chinyezi cha mpweya, mphindi yakutsitsa chinthucho, ndi zina zambiri.
M’malo mopindika molingana ndi Bernoulli\ ndi Navier, maubwenzi osiyanitsa amawonekera, mwachitsanzo, kugawa kupsinjika kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuchokera ku ma equation osiyanitsa akuyenda. Chifukwa cha kuthamanga, kupsinjika mu konkire kumachepa, pamene kupsinjika muzitsulo kumawonjezeka. Kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono kumeneku kumadalira, kuwonjezera pa miyeso ya magawo apakati, pamiyeso yotanuka komanso nthawi yonyamula katundu. Zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa konkriti. Kuchuluka kwa miyeso yocheperako εs kumadalira konkriti, njira yopangira, komanso nyengo. Kutsika konkriti sikudalira katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthucho.
Kulumikizana kumatanthauza
Njira zolumikizira ziyenera kusamutsa mwamphamvu zonse zometa mu konkriti ndi zitsulo zolumikizana, chifukwa cha katundu womwe umachitika, motero kupewa kuterera. Komanso, ayenera kulandira oblique waukulu tensioning mphamvu, ngati chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, gawo konkire palokha sangathe kuwalandira. Kukula kwa mphamvu kumatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi chiphunzitso chopindika choyambira. Magulu otsatirawa amaganiziridwa:
- Anangula ophatikizira: Awa ndi mbale zachitsulo zozungulira kapena zosalala, zowotcherera ku lamba wapamwamba wa chitsulo chothandizira, zomwe zimagwira ntchito mofananamo ndi kulimbikitsa kopindika kwa matabwa olimba a konkire. Amapangidwa ngati mbedza kapena zokopa, diagonally kapena vertically. Nangula izi zimangoyendera mbali imodzi ndipo sizigwira ntchito ngati mphamvu yakumeta ubweya isintha chizindikiro.
- Mabakiteriya: Amamangiriridwa pamwamba pazitsulo zothandizira, amatha kulandira mphamvu zometa ubweya kumbali zonse ziwiri. Kusiyanitsa kuyenera kupangidwa pakati pa ubongo wofewa ndi wolimba molunjika ku mphamvu yometa. Maselo ofewa aubongo amawonongeka kwambiri ndikugawa mphamvu zometa mosiyanasiyana pamwamba pawo. Ubongo wokhazikika umapereka kugawa bwino kwa mphamvu pamapindika ang’onoang’ono.
Chithunzi 2 - Mlatho wodutsa pamtsinje wa Ruhr pafupi ndi Herdecke
- Kulimbitsa kwa spiral: Imakhazikika pa chitsulo chothandizira ndipo imawotchedwa pamalo olumikizirana. Ma Spirals sali oyenera kugwirizanitsa mphamvu. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi malata ozungulira zitsulo. Monga chitsanzo cha njira kugwirizana pa milatho, mu mkuyu. 2 amasonyezedwa zomangira za mlatho pamwamba pa Ruhr pafupi ndi Herdecka (zotchinga 60x40 zokhala ndi zomangira zowotcherera ϕ12, zomwe sizimapewa zowotcherera); mu fig. 3 amatanthawuza kulumikiza ma girders opingasa a mlatho umodzi, malingana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yodutsa, zomangira zotchinga pambali pazitsulo, komanso zowonongeka mwachindunji za lamba wapamwamba ndi zomangira zapadera, zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pankhani ya zomangirira zazitali, zowotcherera zimathanso kuwotcherera mbali zina, mkuyu. 4a. Mu mkuyu. 4b ndiye yankho lowonetsedwa lomwe lili ndi zopindika.
Chithunzi 3 - Thandizo lodutsa mlatho umodzi
Chithunzi 4 - Ubongo wokhala ndi zolimbitsa thupi
Pomanga nyumba, zokongoletsedwa zolimba zokhala ndi zogwedera kapena zogwedera zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma mayankho okhala ndi zofewa zofewa amakumananso, monga mwachitsanzo. ngodya zokhotakhota. Pazifukwa zachuma, anangula ophatikizana amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, omwe amawotchedwa butt-welded ku chithandizo chachitsulo (mkuyu 5a), kapena kupumula pa chithandizo ndi mapeto amodzi opindika (mkuyu 5b). Mu mkuyu. 5c ikuwonetsa yankho lofananira ndi mbedza zochotsedwa. Mu mkuyu. 6 ikuwonetsa njira yabwinobwino yothandizira padenga pomanga nyumba, monga a) Thandizo lophatikizana lopangidwa ndi matabwa a I, b) opangidwa ndi T-matanda, omwe amapangidwa podula matabwa a I. Pamapeto a zothandizira, makamaka zomangira zolimba ziyenera kuperekedwa nthawi zonse (mkuyu 7). Nangula wopindika amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa kupsyinjika kuchokera ku kuchepa ndi kutentha mpaka pa slab.
Chithunzi 5 - Nangula wolumikizira
Chithunzi 6 - Chithandizo cha kapangidwe ka mezzanine
Kukula kwa njira zolumikizirana kumachitika molingana ndi mfundo zoyambira. Njira zapayekha ziyenera kulandira mphamvu yometa ubweya yolingana ndi katalikirana kawo. Mukakulitsa kulumikizana kwa welded muubongo, nthawi yogubuduza iyenera kuganiziridwa.
*Chithunzi 7 — a) Mapeto tsinde laubongo ndi nangula; b) kulimbikitsa *
Elastic coupling
Maulaliki am’mbuyomu adatchula kuphatikizana kokhazikika, pomwe kusamuka kwachibale pakati pa chitsulo chothandizira ndi mbale kuli kofanana ndi ziro, ndipo kulumikizana kumatanthauza kuchita mosalekeza. Kusintha kwa njira zolumikizirana, kusinthika kwapanyumba kwa konkire ndi chitsulo chothandizira zidanyalanyazidwa.
Chithunzi 8 - Bulaketi yokhala ndi zolumikizira zotanuka
Pansi pa kulingalira kwa kugwirizana kolimba, mphamvu zomwe zimafalitsidwa ndi njira imodzi yolumikizirana zimayenderana ndi mphamvu yodutsa ndi katalikirana ka ubongo. Ngati kusuntha kwakukulu pakati pa chitsulo chothandizira ndi slab konkire kumachitika m’madera ena, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusonkhanitsanso mphamvu. Konkire imatha kusiya kugwira ntchito ngati mbale yoponderezedwa yamtengo wophatikizika, momwe mphamvu zometa ubweya zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mu mkuyu.8chitsanzo cha zomangamanga ndi cholumikizira zotanuka amaperekedwa, ofanana ndi mlatho pa Rhine, Koln-Rodenkirchen. Mu mkuyu.9zotsatira za kulumikiza zotanuka pa chithandizo mosalekeza akuwonetsedwa, chifukwa cha mphamvu yokhazikika komanso katundu wogawanika mokwanira. Kusamuka ψ, komwe ndi muyeso wa kuuma kwa kulumikizika kwa kumeta ubweya, kumatanthauzidwa mu mkuyu.8. Chikoka cha kulumikiza zotanuka kotero chachikulu kwambiri, ngati makhalidwe a kugwirizana amasankhidwa mwadala kulandira kukameta ubweya.
*Chithunzi9- Chitsanzo cha mlatho wokhala ndi zotanuka *
Kuwerengera zomanga zophatikizika
Kwenikweni, ndizochuma kuti makulidwe a konkire akuyenera kukhala ochepa momwe angathere, pamene makulidwe ochepa omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo ayenera kutsatiridwa.
Zomangamanga zokhazikika
Pankhani ya zomangamanga zokhazikika (mwachitsanzo matabwa osavuta), zikoka zomwe zili mu gawo lazonse za katundu wina zimakhala zokhazikika, kapena sizidalira nthawi. Nthawi zopindika zokha ndi mphamvu zokhazikika m’magawo ena a gawolo zimasintha chifukwa chakuyenda komanso kuchepa.
Zotsatira za shrinkage zitha kuimiridwa ngati kusiyana kofananira kwa kutentha pakati pa chitsulo chachitsulo ndi slab ya konkriti. Chifukwa cha shrinkage ya konkire, kupsinjika kwamkati kumawonekera mu gawo lophatikizika, lomwe ndi kupsinjika kwamphamvu kuchokera ku shrinkage mu konkriti, komwe kutsika kwake kumalepheretsedwa ndi chikoka cha chitsulo chothandizira (komanso kulimbitsa komweko), pomwe kupanikizika kofananirako kumachitika mugawo lachitsulo (Mkuyu.10). Kutsika kumawonjezeka ndi nthawi kufika pamtengo womaliza molingana ndi ntchito imodzi ya exponential. Popeza kupsinjika kwa shrinkage kumachulukiranso ndi kupunduka kwa shrinkage, izi zimabweretsa zomwe zimatchedwa shrinkage flow.
Chithunzi10- a) Kuchepa kwa mbale yaulere popanda kugwirizana; b) kupsinjika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chithandizo chophatikizana
Kutengera ndi dongosolo lokhazikika lomwe limatengera kulemera kwa silab ya konkriti, imasiyana: kugwirizana kokha kwa katundu wosuntha (chothandizira chitsulo chokha chimatenga kulemera kwake, ndipo dongosolo lophatikizana limalandira zolemetsa zomwe zimagwira pamapangidwe omalizidwa), kugwirizana kwa kulemera kwake ndi kusuntha katundu (kulemera kwake konse ndi katundu wosuntha amachita pa dongosolo lophatikizidwa).
Mlandu woyamba umachitika pamene zomangira zitsulo zimagwira ntchito ngati zomangira, popanda kuthandizidwa, ndipo panthawi ya concreting, zimatha kupindika m’munda (mkuyu.11a). Pankhaniyi, chithandizo chachitsulo chokha chimatenga kulemera kwa konkire ndi mawonekedwe. Kulumikizana kumachitika pokhapokha ngati konkriti ili yolimba mokwanira (Mkuyu.11b), ndipo chithandizocho sichiyenera kunyamulidwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa concreting, pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kapena kutuluka kwa konkire.
M’chigawo chachiwiri, pamene kulemera kwake kwachitsulo cha konkire kumalandiridwanso ndi dongosolo lophatikizana (mkuyu 11c), zimaganiziridwa kuti chithandizo chachitsulo chimathandizidwa panthawi ya concreting m’malo okwanira, kotero kuti sichilandira nthawi zazikulu zopindika. Kugawa kwamagetsi pambuyo pochotsa scaffolding kukuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 11d.
Chithunzi 11 - Kuphatikizika kwa katundu wosuntha ndi wakufa, ndi magawo amagetsi musanayambe ndi pambuyo pochotsa scaffolding
Kwezaninso
Pankhani ya matabwa osavuta, kupsinjika kwazing’ono kumachitika mu konkire kokha chifukwa cha kuchepa komanso kusiyana kwa kutentha. Kupsyinjika kwakukulu kumachitika mu matabwa okwera kwambiri, zomangira mosalekeza ndi zinthu zina, ndipo izi zimatha kuyambitsa ming’alu ya konkriti. Ngati ming’alu ikuwoneka m’dera la nthawi zoyipa, zotsatira zolumikizana zimatayika. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyambitsa kupsinjika kwakung’ono mu konkriti pasadakhale kuti mupewe kupangika kwa ming’alu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa konkriti. Kupsinjika kwamphamvu mu slab ya konkriti ya matabwa ophatikizika kumatha kuchepetsedwa:
1. Mwa lolingana zoipa chisanadze Mumakonda wa zitsulo girder (chisanadze tensioning chapamwamba m’mphepete). Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndondomeko ya konkire iyenera kuwerengedwa mosamala.
2. Mwa kukweza ndi kutsitsa zochirikiza zapakati zochirikiza mosalekeza. momwe, ndi njira yoyenera, kupsinjika kwapang’onopang’ono kumatha kuyambitsidwa mu slab ya konkire ya chithandizo chophatikizidwa.
3. Mwa kukakamiza. Chosavuta kwambiri ndi pamene slab yaulere ya konkire imatsitsidwa, ndipo imangolumikizidwa ndi chitsulo chothandizira. Ubwino wa njirayi ndi mphamvu yaying’ono yochepetsera, popeza lamba woponderezedwa wa chitsulo chothandizira sichimapanikizika. Chotchinga ichi chimalandira mphindi zopindika pokhapokha chifukwa chakuyenda komanso kutsika kwa silabu ya konkriti, motero imakhala yowongoka chifukwa cha mphamvu yolimbikitsira. Mu mkuyu.12ndipo kugawa kwapang’onopang’ono kwa vuto ili la prestress kukuwonetsedwa (t=0), ndi mkuyu.12b chomaliza kumapeto kwa kuyenda (t=tE) ndi mkuyu.12c kupindika kupsinjika chifukwa chakutsitsa kwakanthawi kochepa (t=a). Mu mkuyu.12d ikuwonetsa kugawa kwamagetsi kwa t=0 pakakhala kukakamiza konkriti yomangika.
*Chithunzi12- Kuwongolera konkriti yoyima yaulere ndikuphatikizana kotsatira *
Zomanga zosakhazikika
Zomangira mosalekeza ndi zomangira zofananira zimalandira mphindi zopindika, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kupsinjika kwakukulu mu slab yolimba ya konkriti. Ming’alu ndi osafunika makamaka milatho, poganizira moyo utumiki wa matabwa ophatikizana ndi zotsatira za notches pa ming’alu. Machitidwe osasunthika osasunthika amawerengedwa kuti akalemedwe kwakanthawi kochepa (moving loads) molingana ndi njira zanthawi zonse zama statics a dongosolo losasinthika. Kuchulukira kofananirako ndi mapindikidwe ake ndi ofanana ndi mu dongosolo lotanuka bwino. Pansi pa kutsitsa kosalekeza, makamaka prestressing, kuthamanga kwakukulu kumachitika nthawi zonse. Pozindikira mphamvu ya prestressing, kukangana kwa zinthu zopindika zopindika kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Pakumanga, overhang ya milatho ophatikizika ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala. Zothandizira zokonzeka zopangidwa ndizokhazikika kwambiri, kotero ndizosatheka kuwongolera motsatira kutalika kwake. Mlingo womaliza umatheka pokhapokha patatha zaka zingapo, poganizira za kuyenda. Kuchulukirako sikudziwika pamlingo wina, chifukwa zotsatira za kuchepa ndi kuyenda kwake zimasinthasintha, kutengera nyengo zomwe sitinganene.
Mapeto
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kugwirizana sikuli kokha pazitsulo zachitsulo, koma kungaphatikizepo zothandizira kulimbitsa matabwa a Langer, milatho yoyimitsidwa, ndi zina zotero. Milatho ya lattice - kupsinjika kwakukulu kumachitika mumsewu pafupi ndi msewu womwe uli pansipa, popeza masilabuwa amayenera kutsatira mokulirapo kapena pang’ono kutalika kwa lamba wokhazikika wa girder yayikulu. Kukonzekera kokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali kumafunika kuti mupewe ming’alu. Mu mkuyu.13pali malire am’malire momwe gululi lachitsulo silikhalanso ndi lamba wapansi konse, ndipo udindo wake umatengedwa kwathunthu ndi slab yolimbitsa konkire yomwe imayikidwa mbali zonse ziwiri. Mu mkuyu.13b ngalande za gawoli zikuwoneka60x180mm mu chithandizo chokha.
Chithunzi13- Gahle mlatho: a) gawo; b) node ya lamba wakumunsi, kumanzere pa siteshoni yayikulu, pomwe pa Vešaljka