Ukhuni cishe, eduze kwetshe, into yokuqala umuntu enza ngayo amathuluzi nezinsiza. Usizo lokuqala lomuntu omdala kwakungeke kube yinoma yini enye ngaphandle kweklabhu, isigxobo, igatsha noma iva, umkhondo walo owanyamalala emakhulwini eminyaka edlule.
Ukhuni aluzange lube nenzuzo kuphela ngaphezu kwezinye izinto esikhathini esidlule, lusenokubaluleka njengokubalulekile okusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla. Kodwa-ke, njengethuluzi - ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuvela kwamapulasitiki - licindezelwe, ngoba amathuluzi amaningi “okhuni”, njengezibambo zamathuluzi, imizimba ye-grater, njll, namuhla yenziwe ngamapulasitiki. Namuhla, izinkuni zisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengento esetshenziswayo, kusukela esakhiweni sophahla kuya kuhlaka lwamathambo ezindiza eziyimodeli, kusukela ezindongeni zokuhlukanisa kuya ezithombeni zokhuni.
Ukuhlonza nokusetshenziswa kokhuni
Uma uthi nhlá, kubonakala kulula kakhulu ukuzulazula phakathi kwezinto zokhuni. Nokho, akunjalo: ukuqaphela, ukuhlukanisa, ukusebenzisa nokucubungula izinkuni kudinga ulwazi oluthile lobungcweti.
Lapho esebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa komuntu siqu, umuntu uhlangana nokhuni njengokungathi ngamapulangwe asahwe, okungukuthi umkhiqizo osuphelile. Izinto ezinjalo ziyi-slats, imishayo, amapulangwe, amabhodi namapuleti. Zonke lezi zinto zingenziwa ngokhuni oluthambile noma oluqinile. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto, kokubili mayelana nokucubungula nokuqina, mkhulu.
Ukhuni oluthambile
Ukhuni oluthambile lubonakala ngemicu yalo emikhulu, ngokusobala isakhiwo esibuthakathaka nokucindezelwa kalula. Cishe ukhuni oluthambile olusetshenziswa kakhulu yifir. I-fir wood ilula futhi ingabunjwa kahle. Iminyango, amafasitela, amafreyimu, njll. zenziwa ngayo ngaphakathi naseduze kwendlu. Abadala babevame ukuthi ukhuni oluthambile luhamba nathi kukho konke ukuphila kwethu, kusukela ekwenzeni imbeleko kuye ebhokisini.
Ukhuni oluqinile
Ukhuni oluqinile lugcwele, lukhulu futhi lusinda. I-cubic decimeter eyodwa ye-roughwood inesisindo esingu-830 g, kanye nevolumu efanayo yokhuni oluthambile kuphela 450 g. Imicu yokhuni oluqinile isakazwa ngokuminyene futhi ikhombisa imigqa emihle. Ukhuni oluqinile lunzima ukuhlukanisa futhi lunama-splinters ambalwa. Isibonelo esihle sokukhombisa izici zokhuni oluqinile isibambo somshanelo, izibambo zamathuluzi ahlukahlukene kanye ne-parquet. Izihlahla ezinamahlamvu afana nenaliti, ezihlala ziluhlaza, zithambile, futhi phakathi kwezihlahla eziphukayo, i-birch, i-poplar, i-willow ne-linden ibhekwa njengethambile.
Umswakama, ukomiswa kanye nokuguqulwa kwezinkuni
Izinkuni ezomile kuphela ezinomswakama ongaphansi kuka-13% ezifanele ukucutshungulwa. Ukhuni aluqukethe kuphela umswakama lapho lucutshungulwa ngokushesha ngemva kokugawulwa - kuvame ukuthiwa kuhlekiswa ukuthi “inyoni emnyama isanda kucula kulesi sihlahla” - kodwa nalapho ithole ithuba lokumunca umswakama ngesikhathi igcinwa.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinkuni zine-hygroscopic, kodwa amanzi amunca ngokushesha ahwamuka kancane kuwo. Ngemuva kokusika, ukhuni oluthambile kufanele lube mdala okungenani iminyaka emibili, futhi ukhuni oluqinile lube neminyaka emine, ukuze lome ngokwanele ukuze lucutshungulwe. Yiqiniso, lokhu kunjalo lapho ukomiswa kwenziwa ezimweni zamahhala, okungukuthi ngokwemvelo. Manje sekunezinhlelo zesimanje zekhompiyutha kanye nezomisi zokufingqa ezilawula inqubo yokomisa izinkuni, futhi isikhathi sokumisa izinkuni ngekhwalithi sehliswe izikhathi ezimbalwa.
Lapho amanzi ehwamuka okhunini olumanzi - ikakhulukazi uma loma futhi lumanziswa izikhathi ezimbalwa zilandelana - ukhuni lukhubazekile kakhulu, “luyasebenza”. Lokhu kuyaqondakala uma ukhumbula ukuthi umswakama omuncwa ukhuni ungafinyelela ku-130% wento eyomile yokhuni.
I-deformation incike kakhulu endaweni, uma ubheka ingxenye ephambanayo yokhuni, lapho kugawulwa khona ugodo. Ukuze ukuqonda kokuguqulwa kungahlali kungaphelele ngenxa yamagama athile, ake siqale sizijwayeze amagama ezingxenye ezakha ukwakheka kwesihlahla, sisebenzisa isithombe 1.
Isithombe 1: Isakhiwo sesihlahla
Isithombe 2 sibonisa ukuthi amapulangwe nemishayo esikwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomkhumbi kukhubazekile. Impahla ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkuni yilezi: umthamo wezinkuni ezimanzi uyancipha ngenxa yokomisa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lapho wenza izinto ngokhuni, izakhi kufanele “zifakwe” kahle futhi zisikwe zibe ngamasayizi amancane kakhulu esikhundleni sezincane.
Isibonelo esisodwa esisobala: umama wekhaya uthela amanzi emkhombeni wokhuni odilikile ukuze izinkuni zikhukhumale futhi umkhombe uyeke ukuvuza amanzi. Ibhodi limunca amanzi futhi likhukhumale kangangokuthi imifantu “iyavala” futhi umkhombe awusavuzi.
Isithombe 2: Ukuguqulwa kokhuni ngesikhathi somiswa
Amafayibha, amafindo nokuqina
Isici sesici sokhuni ukuthi simelana kakhulu nesiqondiso sezintambo, kodwa sihlukana kalula, kuyilapho siphuka kalula ngokuqondana nesiqondiso semicu. Ukumelana kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ukuminyana nokulingana kokusatshalaliswa kwefayibha. Amafayibha aminyene ahlinzeka ukumelana okukhulu, futhi endaweni yemicu exegayo nesatshalaliswa ngokungalingani, ukumelana kuyehla.
Izingodo ezisahwa zisikwa ngobude zibheke okusanhlamvu, ngaphandle kwalapho ugodo lwalusontekile noma luhlukaniswa. Indawo lapho amagatsha amila khona iphawulwa ngamafindo, futhi iyasonteka futhi iphenduka ngemicu.
Izingodo ezisahliweyo
Uma ugodo olusagwe lubanzi kakhulu uma luqhathaniswa nogqinsi lwalo, lufika kugqinsi olungu-40 mm lubizwa ngokuthi ibhodi, futhi ngaphezu kwalobo ukujiya lubizwa ngokuthi ibhodi. Uma okokusebenza kunesikwele, i-polygonal evamile noma isigaba esiphambanayo esingunxande, bese kufika kubukhulu 10 × 10 kubizwa ngokuthi i-lath, futhi ngaphezu kwalobu bukhulu kubizwa ngokuthi i-beam. Uma ingxenye ephambanayo inomumo oyinkimbinkimbi, njengokuthi, isibonelo, okokusebenza okulungiselwe amafreyimu ezithombe, lapho-ke kubizwa ngokuthi i-batten enephrofayili.
Izingodo ezingasahwini eceleni zinehlangothi okungenani elilodwa elingahluziwe futhi ngenxa yalokho azikwazi ukufakwa ziqine eduze kwelinye. Okuhleliwe, nokho, kuhlelwa ngemva kokuklwejwa, futhi kunezindawo ezibushelelezi, ngaphandle kokuhlukana.
Veneer, plywood namaphaneli okhuni
Ezenzweni, ama-veneers, i-plywood namapulangwe amasha amasha namabhodi anamathiselwe asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Veneer
I-plywood ivamise ukubizwa ngephutha nge-veneer. Ngokuvamile, i-veneer yenziwa ngokuxebula izihlahla ezinkulu, eziphendukayo, njengelineni eliqaqa. I-sawn veneer itholakala ngokusika ibhodi ngemva kwebhodi eduze kwesihlahla, kanye ne-veneer-sliced veneer - ngokusika amabhodi ngommese ubude besihlahla. Ubukhulu bepuleti buyashintsha phakathi kuka-0,6 kanye no-1,2 mm.
Ivene engenamonakalo, engenamafindo, enokwakheka okuhle iyivene yokumboza “ubuso”, futhi enhle kancane, okungenzeka yonakale futhi eqhubekayo, enamathiselwe, iyivene ohlangothini olungemuva. Ingaphandle, elibonakalayo lefenisha eningi limbozwe nge-veneer, kanti olunye uhlobo lwe-veneer lusetshenziswa, isibonelo, ngemuva kwefenisha.
I-Plywood
Amabhodi e-sprue enziwa ngokunamathisela amabhodi ama-veneer amaningana omile komunye nomunye. Uma iziqondiso ezifanayo zemicu zivamile noma zi-diagonal, amandla nesisindo kuphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunamandla nesisindo sebhodi eliwugqinsi olufanayo. Ubukhulu bamapuleti ngokusho kwenani lezingqimba3-5 mmngezigaba ezintathu,6-8 mmngezigaba ezinhlanu i9-12 mmenezingqimba eziyisithupha.
I-Veneer ne-plywood zenziwe kuphela ngokhuni oluqinile ngakho-ke zisinda kakhulu kunamabhodi afanayo. Isisindo sabo siyanda ngenxa yeglue.
Amabhodi ephaneli namabhodi ahlanganisiwe
Amapulangwe ephaneli enziwe ngama-slats e-softwood ahlanganiswe phakathi kwamabhodi amabili we-veneer noma i-plywood, okwandisa ubukhulu, anikeze indawo eqinile futhi enhle, futhi isisindo namandla awo aphakeme kancane kunamabhodi e-softwood ofana nobukhulu obufanayo. Embonini yefenisha, amapaneli athole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi.
Amapulangwe agqoke amapulangwe ezinkuni - i-plywood, amapulangwe ephaneli, ama-chipboards, ama-hard fibre board, njll - embozwe ngamapaneli epulasitiki. Zinohlangothi olulodwa noma zombili zibushelelezi, zicwebezela futhi zipende ngokuzikhethela, isibonelo ngokulingisa iphaneli yokhuni. Azishibhile kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yamandla azo, ukubukeka kwawo kanye nokuhlanza indawo elula, bathole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi.
Amabhodi e-fiber eqinile namabhodi angenalutho
Amabhodi enziwe ngemicu eqinile - ama-fiber board - enziwa ngemicu ye-hemp echotshoziwe noma amapulangwe athambile axutshwe ne-resin yokwenziwa, okuthi ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa acindezelwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme ibe amabhodi. Isisindo sabo esiqondile siphezulu futhi esimweni samabhodi aqinile singafinyelela i150%amandla adonsela phansi athile amanzi. Lawa mabhodi avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amabhodi okwenziwa.
Leli qembu lamabhodi lihlanganisa namabhodi angenalutho enziwe ngokwakhiwa kwe-lattice ye-softwood slats, ehlanganiswe namabhodi. Njengoba zingenakunqunywa, izakhi ezithile kuphela ezifana neminyango zenziwe kulawa mabhodi.
Izinkuni zamafasitela nezicabha
Uma ufuna ukushintsha ulwazi lokhuni lube yinketho elungile yokuhlanganisa, hlola amafasitela ezingodo, iminyango yangokwezifiso futhi uthumele ubukhulu nge-ikhasi lokuxhumana.