Mtengo mwina uli pafupi ndi mwala, chinthu choyamba chomwe munthu amapanga zida ndi zina. Thandizo loyamba la munthu wakale sakanakhala china chilichonse koma kalabu, mtengo, nthambi kapena minga, zomwe zidasowa m’zaka mazana apitawa.
Wood sinangokhala ndi mwayi kuposa zida zina m’mbuyomu, idakali ndi mphamvu monga zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano. Komabe, monga chida - makamaka pambuyo pa maonekedwe a pulasitiki - amaponderezedwa, chifukwa zida zambiri “zamatabwa”, monga zida zogwirira ntchito, matupi a grater, ndi zina zotero, zimapangidwa ndi mapulasitiki. Masiku ano, nkhuni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati zinthu, kuyambira padenga la nyumba kupita ku mafupa a ndege zachitsanzo, kuchokera ku makoma ogawa mpaka kufika pazithunzi zamatabwa.
Chizindikiritso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni
Poyang’ana koyamba, zikuwoneka zosavuta kuyenda pakati pa zida zamatabwa. Komabe, sizili choncho: kuzindikira, kugawa, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza nkhuni kumafuna chidziwitso chaukadaulo.
Pogwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi iye mwini, munthu amakumana ndi matabwa ngati matabwa ocheka, mwachitsanzo, chinthu chomaliza. Zida zoterezi ndi slats, matabwa, matabwa, matabwa ndi mbale. Zida zonsezi zikhoza kupangidwa ndi matabwa ofewa kapena olimba. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zipangizozi, zonse zokhudzana ndi kukonza ndi kukhazikika, ndizopambana.
Mitengo yofewa
Mitengo yofewa imatha kuzindikirika ndi ulusi wake waukulu, mwachiwonekere mawonekedwe ofooka komanso kupsinjika kosavuta. Pafupifupi nkhuni zofewa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi fir. Mitengo ya mkungudza ndi yopepuka ndipo imatha kupangidwa bwino. Zitseko, mazenera, mafelemu, ndi zina zotero amapangidwa kuchokera mkati ndi kuzungulira nyumbayo. Akulu ankakonda kunena kuti nkhuni zofewa zimatiperekeza kwa moyo wathu wonse, kuyambira kupanga khanda mpaka bokosi lamaliro.
Mitengo yolimba
Woodwood ndi yodzaza, yochulukirapo komanso yolemera. Mtengo umodzi wa roughwood umalemera 830 g, ndipo mtengo wofewa wofananawo ndi 450 g. Zingwe zamatabwa zolimba zimagawidwa mochuluka ndikuwonetsa mizere yabwino. Mitengo yolimba imakhala yovuta kugawanika ndipo imakhala ndi tizidutswa tating’ono. Chitsanzo chabwino chosonyeza makhalidwe a matabwa olimba ndi chogwirira cha tsache, zogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi parquet. Mitengo yokhala ndi masamba onga singano, yobiriwira nthawi zonse, imakhala yofewa, ndipo pakati pa mitengo yodula, birch, poplar, msondodzi ndi linden amaonedwa kuti ndi yofewa.
Chinyezi, kuyanika ndi mapindikidwe nkhuni
Ndi nkhuni zouma zokha zokhala ndi chinyezi chochepera 13% zomwe zili zoyenera kukonzedwa. Mitengo imakhala ndi chinyontho osati kokha ikakonzedwa itangodulidwa - nthawi zambiri amanenedwa mwanthabwala kuti “mbalame yakuda posachedwapa idayimba pamtengo uwu” - komanso pamene inali ndi mwayi wopeza chinyezi panthawi yosungira.
Zimadziwika kuti nkhuni ndi hygroscopic, koma madzi omwe amamwedwa mwachangu amasanduka nthunzi kuchokera pamenepo. Akadula, nkhuni zofewa ziyenera kukalamba kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri, ndi matabwa olimba kwa zaka zinayi, kuti ziume mokwanira kuti zipangidwe. Zoonadi, izi ndizochitika pamene kuyanika kumachitika mwaulere, mwachitsanzo, mwachibadwa. Tsopano pali makina amakono apakompyuta ndi zowumitsira ma condensation zomwe zimayang’anira ntchito yowumitsa nkhuni, ndipo nthawi yowumitsa nkhuni yachepetsedwa kangapo.
Madzi akamasanduka nthunzi kuchokera ku nkhuni zonyowa - makamaka akawuma ndi kunyowa kangapo motsatizana - nkhunizo zimapunduka, “zimagwira ntchito”. Izi ndi zomveka ngati mukumbukira kuti chinyezi chomwe chimatengedwa ndi matabwa chikhoza kufika 130% cha nkhuni zouma.
Kusintha kumadalira kwambiri malo, kuyang’ana pamphepete mwa matabwa, kuchokera pamene matabwa amadulidwa. Kuti kumvetsetsa kwa kusinthika kusakhale kosakwanira chifukwa cha mawu ena, tiyeni tidziwe kaye mayina a zigawo zomwe zimapanga mtengowo, pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi 1: Mitengo yamitengo
Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa momwe matabwa ndi mizati yodulidwa kuchokera ku mbali imodzi ya chombocho imapunduka. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha nkhuni ndi: kuchuluka kwa nkhuni zonyowa kumachepa chifukwa cha kuyanika. Pachifukwa ichi, popanga zinthu kuchokera kumatabwa, zinthuzo ziyenera kukhala “zoyenera” bwino ndi kudula kuti zikhale zazikulu pang’ono m’malo mwa zing’onozing’ono.
Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwikiratu: mayi wapakhomo amathira madzi m’mphala yomwe idagwa kuti matabwa afufuke komanso kuti chiwiya chisiye kutulutsa madzi. Bololo limayamwa madzi ndikufufuma kwambiri kotero kuti ming’alu “yotsekeka” ndipo potoyo simathanso kudontha.
Chithunzi 2: Kusinthika kwa nkhuni pakuyanika
Fiber, mfundo ndi kupirira
Makhalidwe amtengo wamatabwa ndikuti amalimbana kwambiri ndi ulusi, koma amang’ambika mosavuta, pamene amathyoka mosavuta kumbali ya ulusi. Kukaniza kumasiyana kwambiri kutengera kuchuluka kwake komanso kufalikira kwa fiber. Ulusi wandiweyani umapereka kukana kokulirapo, ndipo m’malo mwa ulusi wotayirira komanso wosagawanika, kukana kumachepa.
Matanda ochekedwa amadulidwa motalika molunjika komwe kumachokera njere, kupatula pamene chipikacho chinapotozedwa kapena kugawanika. Malo omwe nthambi zimamera pamakhala chizindikiro cha mfundo, ndipo zimapindika ndi ulusi.
Maonekedwe a matabwa ocheka
Ngati matabwa ochekedwa ndi otambalala kwambiri poyerekeza ndi makulidwe ake, mpaka makulidwe a 40 mm amatchedwa bolodi, ndipo pamwamba pa makulidwewo amatchedwa bolodi. Ngati zinthuzo zili ndi sikweya, gawo lokhazikika la polygonal kapena rectangular, ndiye kuti mpaka miyeso 10 × 10 imatchedwa lath, ndipo pamwamba pa miyeso iyi imatchedwa mtengo. Ngati gawolo lili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri, monga, mwachitsanzo, zinthu zokonzedwera mafelemu azithunzi, ndiye kuti amatchedwa batten profiled.
Mathabwa omwe sanachekedwe m’mbali amakhala ndi mbali imodzi yaiwisi ndipo motero sangathe kulumikizidwa molimba. Zokonzedwa, komabe, zimakonzedwa pambuyo pokwala, ndipo zimakhala zosalala, zopanda zogawanika.
Veneer, plywood ndi mapanelo amatabwa
Pogwiritsa ntchito, ma veneers, plywood ndi matabwa atsopano atsopano ndi matabwa okutira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Veneer
Plywood nthawi zambiri imatchedwa veneer molakwika. Kawirikawiri, veneer amapangidwa posenda mitengo ikuluikulu, yomwe imatembenuzidwa, mofanana ndi bafuta wovundukula. Veneer yocheka imapezedwa podula matabwa pambuyo pa bolodi pamtengo, ndi mpeni-sliced veneer - podula matabwa ndi mpeni kutalika kwa mtengo. Makulidwe a mbale amasintha pakati pa 0,6 ndi 1,2 mm.
Venera yopanda kuwononga, yopanda mfundo, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino ndikuphimba “nkhope”, ndipo chocheperako chokongola, chotheka kuonongeka komanso chopitilira, chomatira, ndi chopendekera chakumbuyo. Mbali yakunja, yowoneka bwino ya mipando yambiri imakutidwa ndi veneer, pomwe mtundu wina wa veneer umagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kuseri kwa mipando.
Plywood
Mapulani a sprue amapangidwa ndikumata matabwa angapo owuma wina ndi mzake. Ngati mayendedwe a ulusiwo ali abwinobwino kapena ozungulira, mphamvu ndi kulemera kwake kumakhala kokulirapo kangapo kuposa mphamvu ndi kulemera kwa bolodi la makulidwe omwewo. Makulidwe a mbale malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo ndi3-5 mmmu magawo atatu,6-8 mmmu zigawo zisanu i9-12 mmndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Veneer ndi plywood amapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa olimba, motero ndi olemera kuposa matabwa a makulidwe ofanana. Kulemera kwawo kumawonjezekanso chifukwa cha guluu.
Mapanelo matabwa ndi zokutira matabwa
Mapulaneti amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma slats a softwood omwe amamatira pakati pa matabwa awiri a veneer kapena plywood, omwe amawonjezera makulidwe, amapereka malo olimba komanso okongola, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi mphamvu zawo zimakhala zokwera pang’ono kuposa matabwa a softwood a makulidwe omwewo. M’makampani opanga mipando, mapanelo agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Zovala matabwa ndi matabwa - plywood, gulu matabwa, chipboards, zolimba CHIKWANGWANI matabwa, etc. - yokutidwa ndi mapanelo pulasitiki. Amakhala ndi mbali imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri zosalala, zonyezimira komanso zopendekera, mwachitsanzo ndikutsanzira gulu lamatabwa. Siwotsika mtengo kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo, maonekedwe ndi kuyeretsa kosavuta pamwamba, apeza ntchito zambiri.
Ma board olimba a fiber ndi matabwa opanda kanthu
Mabodi opangidwa ndi ulusi wolimba - matabwa a ulusi - amapangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wophwanyidwa wa hemp kapena matabwa ofewa osakanikirana ndi utomoni wochita kupanga, omwe pambuyo pa kutentha kwa kutentha amapanikizidwa ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu mu matabwa. Kulemera kwawo kwapadera ndi kwakukulu ndipo pankhani ya matabwa olimba amatha kufika i150%mphamvu yokoka yeniyeni ya madzi. Ma board awa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa matabwa opangira.
Gulu la matabwa lilinso ndi matabwa opanda kanthu opangidwa ndi matabwa opangidwa ndi ma slats a softwood, ophimbidwa ndi matabwa. Popeza sangathe kudulidwa, zinthu zina zokha monga zitseko zimapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa awa.
Wood kwa mazenera ndi zitseko
Ngati mukufuna kusandutsa chidziwitso cha matabwa kukhala cholumikizira choyenera, onani mazenera amatabwa, zitseko zamwambo ndi kutumiza miyeso kudzera pa tsamba lolumikizana.