Umthi mhlawumbi, ecaleni kwelitye, into yokuqala apho indoda yenza izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. Uncedo lokuqala lomntu wamandulo lwalungenakuba yiyo nayiphi na enye into ngaphandle kweklabhu, isiteyki, isebe okanye ulwamvila, umkhondo owathi wanyamalala kwiinkulungwane zexesha elidlulileyo.
Ukhuni aluzange lube ne-advanteji ngaphezu kwezinye izinto kwixesha elidlulileyo, lusenokubaluleka njengeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, njengesixhobo - ngakumbi emva kokubonakala kweeplastiki - icinezelwe, kuba izixhobo ezininzi “zomthi”, ezifana nezibambo zesixhobo, imizimba ye-grater, njl., namhlanje zenziwe ngeeplastiki. Namhlanje, iinkuni zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinto eziphathekayo, ukusuka kwisakhiwo sephahla ukuya kwi-skeleton yemodeli yeenqwelomoya, ukusuka kwiindonga zokwahlula ukuya kwimizobo yomthi.
Ukuchongwa kunye nokusetyenziswa komthi
Ukuqala nje, kubonakala kulula kakhulu ukuhamba phakathi kwezinto zokhuni. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo: ukuqaphela, ukwahlula, ukusebenzisa kunye nokulungisa iinkuni kufuna ulwazi oluthile lobungcali.
Xa umntu esebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lwakhe, udibana neenkuni ngokungathi ngamaplanga asarhiweyo, oko kukuthi imveliso esele igqityiwe. Izinto ezinjalo ziyi-slats, iiplanga, iiplanga, iibhodi kunye namacwecwe. Zonke ezi zinto zinokwenziwa ngomthi othambileyo okanye oqinileyo. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zixhobo, zombini ngokwemiqathango yokucubungula kunye nokuqina, mkhulu.
Umthi othambileyo
Umthi othambileyo unokubonwa ngemicu yawo emikhulu, ngokucacileyo ubuthathaka kunye noxinzelelo olulula. Phantse owona mthi uthambileyo usetyenziswa kakhulu yifir. Umsipres ulula kwaye unokubunjwa kakuhle. Iingcango, iifestile, iifreyimu, njl.njl. zenziwe ngayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendlu. Abadala babedla ngokuthi iinkuni ezithambileyo zihamba nathi kubo bonke ubomi bethu, ukususela ekwenzeni imbeleko ukuya kwibhokisi.
Umthi onzima
Umthi onzima ugcwele, mkhulu kwaye unzima. I-cubic decimeter enye ye-roughwood inobunzima 830 g, kunye nomthamo ofanayo womthi othambileyo kuphela 450 g. Iintsinga zomthi oqinileyo zisasazwa ngokuxinana kwaye zibonisa imigca ecolekileyo. Umthi onzima kunzima ukwahlula kwaye uneziqhekeza ezimbalwa. Umzekelo omhle wokubonisa iimpawu zokhuni oluqinileyo yi-handle yomtshayelo, izibambo zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-parquet. Imithi enamagqabi afana nenaliti, i-evergreen, ithambile, kwaye phakathi kwemithi enqabileyo, i-birch, i-poplar, i-willow kunye ne-linden ithathwa njengethambileyo.
Ukufuma, ukomisa kunye nokuguqulwa komthi
Kuphela umthi owomileyo ongaphantsi kwe-13% ukufuma ulungele ukusetyenzwa. Umthi awugcini nje ngokufuma xa ugawulwa ngoko nangoko emva kokugawulwa — kudla ngokuthiwa kuqhulwa kuthiwe “intaka emnyama isandul’ ukucula kulo mthi” — kodwa kwanaxa ifumene ithuba lokufunxa ukufuma ngexesha lokugcinwa kwayo.
Kuyaziwa ukuba iinkuni zine-hygroscopic, kodwa ngokukhawuleza amanzi afunxa amanzi athi abe ngumphunga kuwo. Emva kokugawulwa, iinkuni ezithambileyo kufuneka zibe mdala ubuncinane iminyaka emibini, kwaye iinkuni eziqinileyo kufuneka zibe neminyaka emine, ukuze zome ngokwaneleyo ukuze zilungiswe. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kunjalo xa ukomiswa kwenziwa kwiimeko zamahhala, oko kukuthi ngokwemvelo. Ngoku kukho iinkqubo zekhompyuter zala maxesha kunye nezixhobo zokomisa i-condensation ezilawula inkqubo yokomisa iinkuni, kwaye ixesha lokomisa iinkuni ezisemgangathweni liye lancitshiswa amaxesha amaninzi.
Xa amanzi eba ngumphunga kumthi omanzi — ngakumbi xa womile kwaye umanzi amatyeli amaninzi ngokulandelelanayo — iinkuni zonakele kakhulu, “ziyasebenza”. Oku kuyaqondakala ukuba uyakhumbula ukuba ukufuma okufunxwa ngamaplanga kunokufikelela kwi-130% yento eyomileyo yomthi.
I-Deformation ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo, ijonge kwi-cross-section yomthi, ukusuka apho kunqunyulwa khona imithi. Ukuze ukuqonda kotshintsho kungahlali kungagqibelelanga ngenxa yamagama athile, masiqale siziqhelanise namagama amalungu enza ubume bomthi, sisebenzisa umfanekiso 1.
Umfanekiso 1: Ubume bomthi
Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa indlela amaplanga kunye nemiqadi esikwe kwiindawo ezizimeleyo zomkhumbi. Ipropati ebaluleke kakhulu yokhuni kukuba: umthamo womthi omanzi uyancipha ngenxa yokomisa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, xa usenza izinto ngokhuni, izakhi kufuneka “zifakwe” kakuhle kwaye zinqunyulwe zibe zikhulu ezincinci kunokuba zincinci.
Umzekelo ocacileyo: umama wekhaya ugalela amanzi kwisitya seplanga esidilikileyo ukuze iinkuni zidumbe kwaye umkhombe uyeke ukuvuza amanzi. Ibhodi ifunxa amanzi kwaye idumbe kangangokuba iintanda “zivaleke” kwaye umkhombe awusavuzi.
Umfanekiso 2: Ukuguqulwa komthi ngexesha lokumisa
IiFayibha, amaqhina kunye nokomelela
Ipropathi yeempawu zokhuni kukuba ixhaphake ngakumbi kwicala lemicu, kodwa ihlukana ngokulula, ngelixa iphula ngokulula i-perpendicular ukuya kwicala lemicu. Ukuchasana kuyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kubuninzi kunye nokulingana kokusabalalisa ifayibha. Iifiber ezixineneyo zibonelela ngokuxhathisa okukhulu, kwaye kwindawo yeefiber ezikhululekileyo nezingasasazwanga ngokulinganayo, ukuchasana kuyancipha.
Amaplanga asarhayo asikwa ngobude kwicala leenkozo, ngaphandle kwaxa isigodo sajijwa okanye sahlulwa. Indawo apho amasebe akhula khona iphawulwa ngamaqhina, kwaye ajije kwaye ajike ngemicu.
Iimilo zamaplanga ezisarhiweyo
Ukuba iplanga elisarha libanzi kakhulu xa lithelekiswa nobukhulu balo, ukuya kuthi ga kungqindilili 40 mm libizwa ngokuba yibhodi, kwaye ngaphezu kobo bukhulu bubizwa ngokuba yibhodi. Ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zinesikwere, i-polygonal eqhelekileyo okanye i-cross-section ye-rectangular, ngoko ukuya kwimilinganiselo 10 × 10 ibizwa ngokuba yi-lath, kwaye ngaphezu kwale milinganiso kuthiwa yi-beam. Ukuba icandelo elinqamlezileyo linemilo entsokothileyo, enje, umzekelo, imathiriyeli elungiselelwe izakhelo zemifanekiso, ke ibizwa ngokuba yi-batten eneprofayili.
Amaplanga angasarhanga kwicala ubuncinane anecala elinye ekrwada kwaye ngenxa yoko akanako ukufakwa ngokuqinileyo ecaleni kwelinye. Icwangcisiwe, nangona kunjalo, icwangciswe emva kokukrwela, kwaye inomgangatho ogudileyo, ngaphandle kokwahlulwa.
Veneer, iplywood kunye neepaneli zomthi
Eziqhelweni, iiveneers, iplywood kunye neebhodi zeepaneli ezintsha kunye neebhodi ezigqunyiweyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Veneer
Plywood ihlala ngempazamo ibizwa ngokuba yiveneer. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-veneer yenziwa ngokuxobula imithi emikhulu, eguqulwayo, efana nelinen evulekileyo. I-sawn veneer ifunyanwa ngebhodi yokusika emva kwebhodi ecaleni komthi, kunye ne-knife-sliced veneer - ngokusika iibhodi ngemela ubude bomthi. Ubukhulu bepleyiti butshintsha phakathi kwe-0,6 kunye ne-1,2 mm.
I-veneer ngaphandle komonakalo, ngaphandle kwamaqhina, kunye ne-texture enhle i-veneer yokugubungela “ubuso”, kwaye incinci encinci, enokuthi yonakaliswe kwaye iqhubekile, idibeneyo, i-veneer yecala elingasemva. Umphandle obonakalayo wefenitshala eninzi ugqunywe ngeveneer, ngelixa kusetyenziswa olunye uhlobo lweveneer, umzekelo, umva wefenitshala.
Plywood
Iibhodi ze-sprue zenziwe ngokuncamathisela iibhodi ezininzi ze-veneer ezomileyo enye kwenye. Ukuba izikhokelo ezihambelanayo zeentsinga ziqhelekileyo okanye i-diagonal, amandla kunye nobunzima buphindwe kaninzi ngaphezu kwamandla kunye nobunzima bebhodi yobukhulu obufanayo. Ubunzima bamacwecwe ngokwenani leengqimba3-5 mmkwimigangatho emithathu,6-8 mmkumaleko amahlanu i9-12 mmenemigangatho emithandathu.
I-Veneer kunye neplywood zenziwe kuphela kwi-hardwood kwaye ngoko zinzima kuneebhodi ezinobunzima obufanayo. Ubunzima babo nabo buyanda ngenxa yeglue.
Iibhodi zephaneli kunye neebhodi ezigqunyiweyo
Iibhodi zepaneli zenziwe kwii-slats ze-softwood ezifakwe phakathi kweebhodi ezimbini ze-veneer okanye i-plywood, eyandisa ubukhulu, inika ubuso obunzima kunye nobuhle, kwaye ubunzima kunye namandla abo aphezulu kancinane kuneebhodi ze-softwood zobunzima obufanayo. Kwishishini lefenitshala, iipaneli zifumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi.
Iibhodi ezifakwe kwiiplanga zeplanga - i-plywood, iiplanga zeepaneli, ii-chipboards, iibhodi zefiber ezinzima, njl njl - zihlanganiswe ngeepaneli zeplastiki. Zinecala elinye okanye omabini agudileyo, acwebezelayo kwaye akhethelwe ukupeyintwa, umzekelo ngokuxelisa ipaneli yomthi. Azibizi kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yamandla azo, inkangeleko kunye nokucocwa komphezulu ngokulula, baye bafumana ukusetyenziswa okubanzi.
Iibhodi zefiber eziqinileyo kunye neebhodi ezingenanto
Iibhodi ezenziwe ngemicu enzima - iibhodi zefiber - zenziwe kwimicu ye-hemp etyumkileyo okanye i-shavings yokhuni ethambileyo exutywe ne-resin eyenziweyo, ethi emva kokunyangwa kobushushu icinezelwe phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiibhodi. Ubunzima bazo obuthile buphezulu kwaye kwimeko yeebhodi ezinzima zinokufikelela i150%ubunzima obuthile bamanzi. Ezi bhodi zihlala zibizwa ngokuba ziibhodi ezenziweyo.
Eli qela leebhodi likwabandakanya iibhodi ezingenanto ezenziwe ngokwakhiwa kwe-lattice ye-softwood slats, ehlanganiswe ngamabhodi. Ekubeni zingenakunqunyulwa, kuphela izinto ezithile ezifana neengcango ezenziwe kwezi bhodi.
Iiplanga zeefestile kunye neengcango
Ukuba ufuna ukujika ulwazi lomthi lube kukhetho oluchanekileyo lokudibanisa, jonga iifestile zamaplanga, iingcango zesiko kwaye uthumele imilinganiselo nge iphepha loqhagamshelwano.