Ntoo yog tej zaum, ib sab ntawm pob zeb, thawj cov khoom siv los ntawm cov txiv neej ua cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv. Thawj qhov kev pab ntawm tus txiv neej thaum ub tsis tuaj yeem yog lwm yam tshaj li qee lub club, ceg txheem ntseeg, ceg ntoo lossis pos, cov kab uas ploj mus nyob rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los.
Ntoo tsis tsuas yog muaj qhov zoo dua lwm cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los, nws tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb raws li cov khoom siv dav siv niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li ib qho cuab yeej - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab cov tsos ntawm cov yas - nws yog suppressed, vim hais tias ntau “ntoo” cov cuab yeej, xws li cov cuab yeej, grater lub cev, thiab lwm yam, niaj hnub no yog ua los ntawm yas. Niaj hnub no, ntoo feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv, pib los ntawm cov qauv ru tsev mus rau cov pob txha ntawm cov qauv dav hlau, los ntawm kev faib phab ntsa mus rau cov duab ntoo.
Kev txheeb xyuas thiab siv ntoo
Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, zoo li yooj yim heev rau kev taug kev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb: lees paub, faib, siv thiab ua cov ntoo yuav tsum muaj kev paub txog kev txawj ntse.
Thaum ua haujlwm raws li tus kheej cov kev taw qhia, ib tug neeg ntsib ntoo xws li sawn ntoo, piv txwv li cov khoom semi-tiav. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no yog slats, beams, planks, boards thiab phaj. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov ntoo mos lossis tawv ntoo. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, ob qho tib si ntawm kev ua thiab ua haujlwm ntev, yog qhov zoo.
Softwood
Soft ntoo tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm cov fibers loj, pom tseeb tsis muaj zog thiab yooj yim compressibility. Yuav luag feem ntau siv ntoo mos yog fir. Fir ntoo yog lub teeb thiab tuaj yeem ua tau zoo. Qhov rooj, qhov rais, thav duab, thiab lwm yam yog tsim los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv thiab ib ncig ntawm lub tsev. Cov txwj laus tau hais tias cov ntoo mos nrog peb mus thoob plaws peb lub neej, pib los ntawm kev ua lub txaj rau lub hleb.
Hardwood
Hardwood yog puv, loj dua thiab hnyav dua. Ib lub cubic decimeter ntawm cov ntoo ntxhib hnyav 830 g, thiab tib lub ntim ntawm cov ntoo mos xwb 450 g. Hardwood fibers yog densely faib thiab qhia cov kab zoo. Hardwood yog ib qho nyuaj rau phua thiab muaj tsawg splinters. Ib qho piv txwv zoo los qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntoo tawv tawv yog ib lub broom kov, tuav ntawm ntau yam cuab yeej thiab parquet. Tsob ntoo nrog rab koob zoo li nplooj, evergreen, yog mos, thiab ntawm cov ntoo deciduous, birch, poplar, willow thiab linden yog suav tias yog mos.
Moisture, ziab thiab deformation ntawm ntoo
Tsuas yog cov ntoo qhuav uas muaj tsawg dua 13% noo noo yog tsim rau kev ua haujlwm. Ntoo muaj noo noo tsis tsuas yog thaum nws ua tiav tam sim ntawd tom qab poob - nws yog feem ntau hais jokingly tias “ib tug blackbird nyuam qhuav hu nkauj ntawm tsob ntoo no” - tab sis kuj yog thaum nws muaj sij hawm los nqus noo noo thaum lub sij hawm cia.
Nws paub tias ntoo yog hygroscopic, tab sis sai sai absorbed dej maj mam evaporates los ntawm nws. Tom qab txiav, ntoo mos yuav tsum muaj hnub nyoog tsawg kawg yog ob xyoos, thiab ntoo tawv rau plaub xyoos, thiaj li qhuav txaus rau kev ua haujlwm. Ntawm chav kawm, qhov no yog rooj plaub thaum ziab yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv dawb tej yam kev mob, i.e. lawm. Tam sim no muaj cov tshuab computer niaj hnub thiab cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws uas tswj cov txheej txheem ziab ntoo, thiab lub sijhawm kom qhuav ntoo kom zoo tau txo ob peb zaug.
Thaum dej evaporates los ntawm cov ntoo ntub dej - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws qhuav thiab ntub ob peb zaug ua ke - ntoo yog deformed, nws “ua haujlwm”. Qhov no nkag siab yog tias koj dais hauv siab tias cov dej noo absorbed los ntawm ntoo tuaj yeem ua rau 130% ntawm cov teeb meem qhuav ntawm ntoo.
Deformation feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov chaw, saib ntawm ntu ntu ntawm ntoo, los ntawm qhov chaw txiav ntoo. Yog li ntawd qhov kev nkag siab ntawm deformation tsis nyob twj ywm tsis tiav vim qee cov ntsiab lus, cia peb xub paub peb tus kheej nrog cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas tsim cov qauv ntoo, siv daim duab 1.
Image 1: Ntoo qauv
Daim duab 2 qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas cov planks thiab beams txiav los ntawm ib tug neeg qhov chaw ntawm lub hull yog deformed. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntoo yog: qhov ntim ntawm cov ntoo ntub dej tsawg zuj zus vim qhov ziab qhuav. Vim li no, thaum ua cov khoom los ntawm cov ntoo, cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum zoo “tsim” thiab txiav rau qhov loj me me es tsis txhob me me.
Ib qho piv txwv pom tseeb: tus poj niam hauv tsev nchuav dej rau hauv ib lub qhov ntoo uas tau vau kom cov ntoo swells thiab lub trough nres cov dej. Lub rooj tsavxwm absorbs dej thiab swells ntau heev kom cov kab nrib pleb “kaw” thiab lub trough tsis to lawm.
- Daim duab 2: Deformation ntawm ntoo thaum ziab *
Fibers, knots thiab resilience
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntoo yog tias nws tiv taus ntau dua nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov fibers, tab sis splits tau yooj yim, thaum nws tawg yooj yim perpendicular mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm fibers. Qhov kev tiv thaiv nws txawv heev nyob ntawm qhov ceev thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov fiber ntau. Dense fibers provide greater resistance, and in the place of loose and unevenly distributed fibers, the resistance decreases.
Sawn ntoo txiav lengthwise nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov nplej, tshwj tsis yog thaum lub cav yog warped los yog phua. Qhov chaw uas cov ceg loj hlob yog cim los ntawm pob, thiab twists thiab tig los ntawm fibers.
Sawn ntoo duab
Yog tias cov ntoo saws dav dav dua piv rau nws cov tuab, mus txog lub thickness ntawm 40 mm nws yog hu ua lub rooj tsavxwm, thiab saum toj no thickness nws yog hu ua board. Yog hais tias cov khoom muaj ib tug square, tsis tu ncua polygonal los yog rectangular cross-section, ces mus txog qhov ntev 10 × 10 nws yog hu ua ib tug lath, thiab saum toj no qhov ntev nws yog hu ua beam. Yog hais tias tus ntoo khaub lig-section muaj ib tug complex duab, xws li, piv txwv li, cov khoom npaj rau cov duab thav duab, ces nws yog hu ua ib tug profiled batten.
Lumber uas tsis pom ntawm sab muaj tsawg kawg yog ib sab nyoos thiab zoo li tsis tuaj yeem haum nruj ntawm ib sab. Planed, txawm li cas los xij, yog npaj tom qab khawb, thiab muaj qhov chaw du, tsis muaj kev sib cais.
Veneer, plywood thiab ntoo panels
Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, veneers, plywood thiab newer panels-boards thiab coated boards yog dav siv.
Veneer
Plywood feem ntau yuam kev hu ua veneer. Feem ntau, veneer yog tsim los ntawm tev cov ntoo loj, uas tig dhau, zoo li unrolling linen. Sawn veneer yog tau los ntawm kev txiav board tom qab board raws tsob ntoo, thiab riam-sliced veneer - los ntawm txiav cov laug cam nrog ib tug riam hla qhov ntev ntawm tsob ntoo. Phaj thickness hloov ntawm 0,6 thiab 1,2 mm.
A veneer yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, tsis muaj pob tw, nrog kev ntxhib los mos zoo nkauj yog veneer rau npog “lub ntsej muag”, thiab tsis zoo nkauj, tejzaum nws puas thiab txuas ntxiv, nplaum ib qho, yog veneer rau sab nraub qaum. Sab nrauv, pom saum npoo ntawm cov rooj tog zaum feem ntau yog npog nrog veneer, thaum lwm hom veneer siv, piv txwv li, rau sab nraum qab ntawm rooj tog.
Plywood
Sprue boards yog tsim los ntawm gluing ob peb qhuav veneer boards rau ib leeg. Yog hais tias kev sib nrig sib qhia ntawm cov fibers yog ib txwm los yog kab pheeb ces kaum, lub zog thiab qhov hnyav yog ob peb zaug siab dua lub zog thiab qhov hnyav ntawm ib lub rooj tsavxwm ntawm tib lub thickness. Lub thickness ntawm daim hlau raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog3-5 mmhauv peb txheej,6-8 mmhauv tsib txheej i9-12 mmnrog rau rau txheej.
veneer thiab plywood tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo tawv thiab yog li hnyav dua li cov laug cam ntawm cov tuab zoo sib xws. Lawv qhov hnyav kuj nce ntxiv vim yog cov kua nplaum.
Vaj huam sib luag boards thiab coated boards
Vaj huam sib luag boards yog tsim los ntawm softwood slats uas yog glued ntawm ob veneer los yog plywood boards, uas tsub kom lub thickness, muab ib tug nyuaj thiab zoo nkauj nto, thiab lawv qhov hnyav thiab lub zog yog me ntsis siab dua softwood boards ntawm tib thickness. Hauv kev lag luam rooj tog, panels tau pom daim ntawv thov dav.
Clad boards yog ntoo boards - plywood, vaj huam sib luag boards, chipboards, hard fiber boards, thiab lwm yam - them nrog yas panels. Lawv muaj ib los yog ob sab du, ci thiab xaiv tau pleev xim rau, piv txwv li nrog ib tug imitation ntawm ib tug ntoo vaj huam sib luag. Lawv tsis pheej yig heev, tab sis vim lawv lub zog, zoo li thiab yooj yim ntxuav, lawv tau pom daim ntawv thov dav.
Hard fiber boards thiab hollow boards
Cov laug cam ua los ntawm cov tawv fibers - fiberboards - yog tsim los ntawm crushed hemp fibers los yog mos ntoo shavings tov nrog dag resin, uas tom qab kev kho cua sov yog nias nyob rau hauv siab siab rau hauv boards. Lawv qhov hnyav tshwj xeeb yog siab thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov boards nyuaj nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag i150%tshwj xeeb nqus dej. Cov laug cam no feem ntau hu ua boards dag.
Cov pab pawg neeg no kuj muaj xws li hollow boards ua los ntawm ib tug lattice tsim ntawm softwood slats, them nrog boards. Txij li thaum lawv tsis tuaj yeem txiav, tsuas yog qee yam khoom xws li lub qhov rooj yog tsim los ntawm cov laug cam.
Ntoo rau qhov rais thiab qhov rooj
Cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog: Ntoo qhov rais ua raws li koj qhov project. · Made-rau-order ntoo thiab ntoo-aluminium qhov rooj. · Xa ib daim ntawv thov.