Itace mai yiwuwa, kusa da dutse, abu na farko wanda mutum ya yi kayan aiki da kayan haɗi. Taimakon farko na mutumin da ba zai iya zama wani abu ba in ban da kulake, gungumen azaba, reshe ko ƙaya, wanda asalinsa ya ɓace a ƙarni na baya.
Itace ba kawai yana da fa’ida akan sauran kayan a baya ba, har yanzu yana da fifiko a matsayin kayan da aka fi amfani dashi a yau. Duk da haka, a matsayin kayan aiki - musamman bayan bayyanar robobi - an danne shi, saboda yawancin kayan aikin “kayan itace”, irin su kayan aiki na kayan aiki, jikin grater, da dai sauransu, ana yin su da robobi a yau. A yau, an fi amfani da itace a matsayin kayan aiki, farawa daga tsarin rufin zuwa kwarangwal na jiragen sama, daga bangon bangare zuwa siffofi na katako.
Ganewa da amfani da itace
Da farko kallo, yana da sauƙi don kewaya tsakanin kayan katako. Duk da haka, wannan ba haka bane: ganewa, rarrabawa, amfani da aiki tare da itace yana buƙatar wasu ilimin sana’a.
Lokacin da mutum ya yi aiki a karkashinsa, mutum ya ci karo da itace kamar katako, watau samfurin da aka gama da shi. Irin waɗannan kayan sune slat, katako, katako, alluna da faranti. Duk waɗannan kayan ana iya yin su da itace mai laushi ko wuya. Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan kayan, duka ta fuskar sarrafawa da karko, yana da girma.
itace mai laushi
Za’a iya gane itace mai laushi ta filaye mafi girma, a fili tsarin rauni da sauƙi. Kusan itace mai laushi da aka fi amfani dashi shine fir. Itacen fir yana da haske kuma ana iya siffa shi da kyau. Ana yin ƙofofi, tagogi, firam da sauransu daga gare ta a ciki da wajen gidan. Dattawan sun kasance suna cewa itace mai laushi yana tare da mu duk tsawon rayuwarmu, farawa daga yin shimfiɗar jariri zuwa akwatin gawa.
Hardwood
Tsarin katako ya fi girma, ya fi girma da nauyi. Decimeter cubic ɗaya na itacen ƙaƙƙarfan nauyi 830 g, kuma ƙarar itace mai laushi iri ɗaya kawai 450 g. Zaɓuɓɓukan katako suna rarraba sosai kuma suna nuna layi mai kyau. Hardwood ya fi tsaga kuma yana da ƴan tsaga. Kyakkyawan misali don nuna halaye na katako shine rike tsintsiya, kayan aiki na kayan aiki daban-daban da parquet. Bishiyoyi masu ganyaye masu kama da allura, maras koraye, suna da laushi, kuma a tsakanin bishiyun bishiyu, Birch, poplar, willow da linden ana ɗaukarsu taushi.
Danshi, bushewa da nakasar itace
Busasshiyar itace kawai da ƙasa da13%danshi. Itace tana dauke da danshi ba kawai idan aka sarrafa shi nan da nan bayan an sare shi ba - ana yawan fada cikin raha cewa “wani tsuntsu ya rera waka a kan wannan bishiyar kwanan nan” - amma kuma a lokacin da akwai yiwuwar ya sha danshi a lokacin ajiya.
An sani cewa itace hygroscopic, amma da sauri sha ruwa a hankali ƙafe daga gare ta. Bayan yankan, itace mai laushi dole ne ya tsufa aƙalla shekaru biyu, kuma itace mai ƙarfi na tsawon shekaru huɗu, don bushewa don sarrafa shi. Tabbas, wannan shine lamarin lokacin da ake yin bushewa a cikin yanayin kyauta, watau ta halitta. Yanzu akwai na’urorin kwamfuta na zamani da na’urorin bushewa da ke tafiyar da aikin bushewar itace, kuma lokacin bushewar itace mai inganci ya ragu sau da yawa.
Lokacin da ruwa ya ƙafe daga itacen rigar - musamman ma lokacin da ya bushe kuma ya jika sau da yawa a jere - itacen yana da mahimmanci, yana “aiki”. Ana iya fahimtar wannan idan an yi la’akari da cewa danshin da itace ke sha zai iya kaiwa i130%daga busassun al’amarin itace.
Nakasawa ya dogara ne akan wurin, yana kallon sashin giciye na itace, daga inda aka yanke katako. Don kada fahimtar nakasawa ta kasance ba cikakke ba saboda wasu sharuɗɗa, bari mu fara fahimtar kanmu da sunayen sassan da ke cikin tsarin itace, ta amfani da hoton.1.
Hoto1: Tsarin Bishiya
A cikin hoton2an nuna yadda alluna da katakon da aka yanke daga sassa daban-daban na tarkace suke gurɓatacce. Abu mafi mahimmanci na itace shine: ƙarar itacen rigar yana raguwa a sakamakon bushewa. A saboda wannan dalili, lokacin yin abubuwa daga itace, abubuwan ya kamata su kasance da kyau “daidai” kuma a yanka su zuwa girman girman dan kadan maimakon karami.
Misali daya a bayyane: Matar gida ta zuba ruwa a cikin wani kwandon katako wanda ya ruguje har itacen ya kumbura sannan kwalwar ta daina zubar da ruwa. Allon yana sha ruwa yana kumbura sosai har tsagewar ta “rufe” kuma kwalwar ta daina zubewa.
Hoto2: Lalacewar itace lokacin bushewa
Fibers, kulli da juriya
Siffar dabi’ar itace ita ce ta fi juriya a kan hanyar hatsi, amma tana raguwa cikin sauƙi, yayin da yake karyewa cikin sauƙi daidai gwargwado ga hanyar hatsi. Juriya ya bambanta sosai dangane da yawa da daidaito na rarraba fiber. Zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa suna ba da juriya mafi girma, kuma a wurin sako-sako da zaruruwa marasa daidaituwa, juriya yana raguwa.
Ana yanke katakon da aka yanka tsawon tsayin daka zuwa wajen hatsi, sai dai lokacin da gungumen ya karkata ko ya tsaga. Wurin da rassan ke tsiro yana da alamar ƙulli, kuma jujjuyawar da aka yi da zaruruwa.
Siffofin katakon katako
Idan katakon katako ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da kaurinsa, har zuwa kaurin 40 mm ana kiransa allo, sama da wannan kaurin ana kiransa allo. Idan kayan yana da yanki mai murabba’i, polygonal na yau da kullun ko rectangular giciye, to har zuwa girman 10 × 10 ana kiransa lath, kuma sama da waɗannan girman ana kiran shi katako. Idan sashin giciye yana da siffar da ya fi rikitarwa, kamar, alal misali, kayan da aka shirya don firam ɗin hoto, to ana kiran shi batten profiled.
Itacen da ba yanke gefe yana da aƙalla ɗanyen gefe ɗaya kuma don haka ba za a iya haɗa shi tare ba. Planed, duk da haka, ana shirya shi ne bayan gogewa, kuma yana da filaye masu santsi, ba tare da rarrabuwa ba.
Veneer, plywood da katako
A aikace, ana amfani da veneers, plywood da sabbin allunan panel da alluna masu rufi.
Veneer
Plywood sau da yawa kuskure ana kiransa veneer. Yawanci, abin rufe fuska ana yin shi ne ta hanyar bawon manyan bishiyu, waɗanda ake jujjuya su, kamar lilin da ba a kwance ba. Ana samun Sawn veneer ta hanyar yankan jirgi bayan jirgi tare da bishiyar, da kuma abin yankan wuka - ta yankan alluna da wuka a tsayin bishiyar. Kaurin farantin yana canzawa tsakanin 0,6 da 1,2 mm.
Gilashin ba tare da lalacewa ba, ba tare da ƙulli ba, tare da kyawawan rubutu shine sutura don rufe “fuskar”, kuma maras kyau, mai yiwuwa lalacewa da ci gaba, manne ɗaya, shi ne abin rufewa ga gefen baya. A waje, bayyane saman mafi yawan kayan daki an rufe shi da veneer, yayin da ake amfani da wani nau’in veneer, misali, ga bayan kayan daki.
Plywood
Ana yin allunan sprue ta hanyar manna allunan busassun busassun juna da yawa. Idan jagororin juna na zaruruwan sun kasance na al’ada ko diagonal, ƙarfi da nauyi sun ninka ƙarfin da nauyin allo mai kauri iri ɗaya. Kauri daga cikin faranti bisa ga adadin yadudduka ne3-5 mma cikin uku Layer,6-8 mma cikin Layer biyar i9-12 mmtare da yadudduka shida.
Veneer da plywood ana yin su ne kawai daga katako don haka sun fi allunan kauri irin wannan nauyi. Nauyin su ma yana karuwa saboda manne.
Allolin panel da alluna masu rufi
Ana yin allunan panel daga katako mai laushi waɗanda aka liƙa a tsakanin katako guda biyu na veneer ko plywood, wanda ke ƙara kauri, yana ba da wuri mai wuya da kyau, kuma nauyinsu da ƙarfin su ya ɗan fi tsayi fiye da katako mai laushi na kauri ɗaya. A cikin masana’antar kayan aiki, bangarori sun sami aikace-aikacen da yawa.
Gilashin katako sune katako na katako - plywood, panel panels, chipboards, hard fiber allon, da dai sauransu - an rufe su da zanen filastik. Suna da ɗaya ko bangarorin biyu masu santsi, mai sheki da zaɓin fenti, misali tare da kwaikwayi na katako. Ba su da arha sosai, amma saboda ƙarfinsu, kamanninsu da tsabtace ƙasa mai sauƙi, sun sami aikace-aikace mai faɗi.
Allolin fiber masu ƙarfi da alluna mara fa’ida
Allunan da aka yi da zaruruwa masu wuya - allunan fiber - ana yin su ne daga ɓangarorin hemp da aka murƙushe ko shavings na itace mai laushi gauraye da guduro na wucin gadi, wanda bayan jiyya na zafi ana matsawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a cikin allunan. Nauyinsu na musamman yana da girma kuma a cikin yanayin katako mai wuya zai iya kaiwa i150%takamaiman nauyin ruwa. Ana kiran waɗannan allon sau da yawa allunan wucin gadi.
Wannan rukunin allunan kuma ya haɗa da alluna marasa fa’ida da aka yi da ginin katako na katako mai laushi, wanda aka lulluɓe da alluna. Tun da ba za a iya yanke su ba, kawai wasu abubuwa kamar kofofi ana yin su daga waɗannan allunan.
Itace don tagogi da kofofi
Idan kana so ka mayar da ilimin itace zuwa zabin da ya dace na kayan haɗin gwiwa, duba mu gilashin katako, ƙofofin al’ada kuma aika ma’auni ta shafi na lamba.