Ukulungiselelwa ngokupheleleyo kwendlu kufaka nequmrhu lokufudumeza. Ukufudumeza okuphakathi sesona sisombululo sanamhlanje neseluncedo kakhulu. Ukuba endlwini sinokufudumeza okunjalo, kusala kuphela ukugcinwa kwenethiwekhi yemibhobho kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza. Kanti kukho nenye into - ukhuseleko lweendonga ngaphezu kwerediyetha kumabala amnyama othuthu olutsha.
Ukubala imfuno yokufudumeza akwaneli ukwazi ikhalori yesixhobo sokufudumeza, kuba elo bali lixhomekeke nakwezinye izinto ezininzi ezifana, umzekelo, indlela yemimoya, amandla okugquma kweendonga njl. Ukubala kunzima (kwaye akuniki isiphumo esichaneke kakhulu), ngoko ke kwitheyibhile kunikwe idatha enolwazi ngobushushu obufunekayo. Kufuneka kwaziwe nokuba xa kusetyenziswa amafutha aqinileyo ilahleko yobushushu iba 20–50%, yaye xa kusetyenziswa umbane, amafutha angamanzi ngerhasi 10 20%.
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha enikiweyo, kunokulinganiselwa nemilinganiselo yobushushu efunekayo yokufudumeza amagumbi anemimandla neendawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukufudumeza ngegesi
Nangona ukufudumeza ngegesi kusemazantsi exesha langoku yaye kungabizi, kusekho iingozi ezininzi ekuphatheni izixhobo zegesi nakufakelo lwazo. Kakade ke, oko kusebenza kuphela xa ezo ngozi zingaziwa kakuhle okanye ziphathwa ngokungakhathali. Kuyaziwa kakuhle ukuba inani lokonzakala alikho likhulu ezindleleni nasefektri, koko likhulu kanye emakhayeni. Phakathi kwezi ngozi, uninzi lwenziwa kukusetyenziswa kwegesi nezixhobo zegesi ngendlela engafanelekanga. Umgaqo othi »zenzele ngokwakho« xa kuziwa kwigesi awunqweneleki nje kuphela, koko kwiimeko ezininzi nawo ungqongqo uyalelwa! Kodwa esi salelo asithethi ukuba umenzi-msebenzi wasekhaya akufuneki nokuzixakekisa ngalo »mbandela« konke konke. Ngokuchasene noko, kucetyiswa nokuba awazi nalo mmandla apho kufuneka ubuchule obuthile. Ngoko uya kuziqonda lula iingozi ezikhoyo aze akwazi ukugqiba de kufikephi apho anokulungisa nokugcina khona ukufakelwa kwegesi ngokwakhe.
Nangona isenzo esonakalisayo segesi sikhulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuneso sombane, igesi ayikho ngobuqhophololo obunjalo, kuba ingozi yayo ibonakala ngokulula nangokukhawuleza. Namhlanje kusetyenziswa iindidi ezintathu zegesi: igesi evela kuthungelwano lwesixeko, ebizwa ngokuba yigesi yasedolophini okanye ekhanyayo, igesi ekhutshelwa emhlabeni ize ithuthwe ngemibhobho isiswe kubathengi, igesi yendalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ipropane-butane, ethuthwa kwiibhotile zentsimbi ize ngokufutshane ibizwe nge РВ–gas
Iimpawu eziphambili zala magesi zinikwe kwitheyibhile elandelayo:
Irhasi Ubunzima obuthelekisekayo bomoya Amandla obushushu
(0 - 1) i-ikilokhalori/m3
Irhasi yasedolophini 0,64 3600 - 4000
Ugesi wendalo 0,62 9000 - 9900
РВ - irhasi 1,89 27000 - 29300
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba silandele ezi miyalelo zilandelayo: ukuba sive ivumba legesi, AKUVUMELEKANGA NGQONGQO ukuvula isibane sombane, ukutshisa umlilo, ukungena egumbini unezihlangu ezineebhloko, ukuvula okanye ukuvala iplagi, ukuvula ifeni! Iibhotile zentsimbi zegesi ye-PB azivumelekanga ukusetyenziswa okanye ukugcinwa kumagumbi angaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba okanye kufuphi neengcango neefestile, kuba loo gesi, kuba inzima kunomoya, ayinakususwa nangokungenisa umoya. Ukuba kukho urhano lokuba igesi ivuzile kwenye indawo, kufuneka kususwe izihlangu kuze kungene egumbini, kuvulwe ngononophelo nangokucothayo iingcango neefestile.
Kufuneka ngokusesikweni kujongwe iincedo zemibhobho, umbhobho werabha kunye neendawo zokuqhagamshela zegesi ye-PB, kwakunye nokusebenza kweevalvu. Akukho nanye kwezi ndawo ekufuneka ivuze igesi. Ukujonga ukuvuza ngomlilo KUYINGOZI KOBOMI yaye ngenxa yoko KUYALUNGU! Ukuhlola singakwenza ngokuthambisa iindawo ezikrokrelekayo ngamanzi anesepha eninzi. Ukuba kuvela amaqamza, luphawu oluqinisekileyo lokuba loo ndawo ivuza igesi.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba isitovu sethu segesi sihlale sicocekile. Ukungcola okutshileyo, ukongeza ekonakaliseni inkangeleko entle yesitovu, kuchaphazela nokutsha kwegesi, yaye kunokude kube ngunobangela wokucima komlilo nokuqhekeka kumbhobho wokubonelela. Eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yesitovu segesi sisitshisi okanye »lula«. Lula, eneneni, sisibane sikaBunsen, esisebenza ngokuvumela igesi ukuba idlule ngomlomo omncinane wokuphephetha, nangona uxinzelelo lwegesi luphakame kancinci kuphela kunoxinzelelo lomoya ojikelezileyo. Ngenxa yecandelo elincinane lomlomo wokuphephetha, igesi ingena ngesantya esiphezulu kumxube oneemingxuma ezininzi ecaleni. Ngenxa yesantya esikhulu sokuhamba kwegasi, umoya ojikelezileyo ufunxwa, oko kukuthi umoya wokuqala. (sl. 1, icala lasekhohlo).
UMFANEKISO 1
Ngemingxuma ekwintloko yelula, ke ngoko, sele kugalela umxube wegesi nomoya, kwaye apha iphinda ifunxe umoya osuka kwindalo engqongileyo (esele ungumoya wesibini). Ngenxa yolu xutywano kabini kuveliswa ilangatye likaBunsen elingenomsizi. Ilangatye litshisa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phantse linganiki konke konke ukukhanya, kanti umbindi walo uluhlaza ngokugqamayo. Ukuba kumxube kukho umoya omninzi, ke ukutsha kuba kungazinzi, kukho umsizi, yaye umbala welangatye uba lutyheli. Ukuba kumxube kukho igesi eninzi, yaye isantya sokuphuma siphezulu, ngoko igesi iya kuphuma kwindawo evulekileyo ngokukhawuleza kunokukwazi ukutsha ize «izikwe» entlokweni yelula, ilangatye licime. Le yimeko eyingozi kakhulu, kuba nangona ilangatye licimile, igesi iyaqhubeka iphuma. Kodwa akukho ngaphantsi kobungozi imeko apho ngenxa yesantya esisezantsi kakhulu sokuphuma kuvela ukubuyela kwelangatye kumxubi, apho litsha ngokuqhekeza nangeziqhushumbisi ezincinane (umz. 1, icala lasekunene). Isizathu sesantya esiphezulu kakhulu sokuphuma kwerhasi sinokuba kukwandiswa kwe-duvaljka okanye ukunyuka koxinzelelo, kanti isantya esisezantsi kakhulu - ukuvaleka kwe-duvaljka okanye ukuncipha koxinzelelo. Ukulawulwa koxinzelelo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ivalvu yokunciphisa kwaye lo msebenzi kufuneka unikelwe kwingcali. Ukutshintshwa kwe-duvaljka eyandisiweyo nako kunokwenziwa kuphela yingcali. I-duvaljka evalekileyo inokusuliswa kwaye kufuneka icocwe ngokugqobhoza ngocingo oluthambileyo (lobhedu). Kule nto kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umngxuma we-duvaljka ungandiswe, idayimitha yawo ingamakhulu ambalwa eemilimitha kuphela. Kwi-lule kubekwe ii-duvaljka ezimbini. I-duvaljka ephezulu isebenzela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo, yaye esezantsi ilangatye elincitshisiweyo. Ukunikezelwa kwerhasi ukusuka kumbhobho ukuya kwi-duvaljka kwenziwa ngevalvu enesimo sekhoni (umz. 2, inxalenye ephezulu).
Kwicala elisezantsi le-lule kukho isikrufu sokulungelelanisa ilangatye. Ngaso sinokuhlengahlengisa ukuya kwinqanaba elithile umgama phakathi kwesitshisi nenxalenye esezantsi yesitya, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokutshintsha indawo ye-lule, kuyatshintsha kwakhona indawo ephakathi kwekhaya levalvu kunye ne-lule, nto leyo echaphazela kakhulu isiphumo sokufunxa-ngokufakwa kwesixube. Ngokuphakamisa igridi yokutsha, i-lule inokushenxiswa lula iye phezulu ize ikhutshelwe ngaphandle. Iindawo ezivalekileyo ze-lule, igridi nesigqumathelo, zingacocwa ngebrashi eqinileyo kususwe uthuthu kunye neentsalela zokutya ezitshileyo. Emva kokucoca iindawo kufuneka zihlanjwe kakuhle ngesicoci, yaye kuphela emva kokoma ngokupheleleyo zibuyiselwe endaweni yazo (umz. 2, embindini).
Ebusika ukufudumeza ikhitshi kunokusonjululwa ngelangatye lesitovu. Oku kubonakala kuluncedo kwaye kunoqoqosho kuphela ngokwembonakalo. Eneneni, ngokutshiswa kweemitha eziyikubhikhi enye zerhasi kuveliswa 600 iigram zamanzi kwigumbi ngendlela yomphunga wamanzi. La manzi ahlala phezu kwefenitshala, ehlise kuyo aze ayingcolise, yaye ayingozi empilweni. Ngaphandle koku, umoya egumbini uya kusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza, yaye ngaloo ndlela neoksijini. Ukunqongophala kweoksijini kunokubangela intloko ebuhlungu nokutyhefa okuncinane. kodwa kaninzi kuyenzeka nokuba umxholo weoksijini osehlileyo ungonelanga ekutsha, ngoko ilangatye licime, kanti ukuphuma kwerhasi kuyaqhubeka.
UMFANEKISO 2
Kwezi meko abantu abasegumbini babekwe emngciphekweni wokutyhefa. Ukuba akukho mntu egumbini, xa kungena umntu aze avule ukukhanya kombane kunokugqabhuka isakhiwo sonke. Ngenxa yoko, xa uphuma efulethini, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuba unikezelo lwerhasi luvalwe ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka sikhankanye ukuba kwizixhobo ezinkulu zerhasi kusetyenziswa oko kubizwa ngokuba ziibharaki zerhasi ecocekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-Bunsen-burner azinaxube yokuqala nomoya kwaye ngenxa yoko umbala wedangatye kuzo mthubi-bhidi.
Ukufudumeza ngokuhamba komoya
Rhoqo kusetyenziswa igesi ukufudumeza. Ngelishwa, izixhobo zokufudumeza ngemitha zinengxaki kakhulu, yaye ngenxa yoko sizicebisa kancinci, kodwa sicebisa ukufudumeza ngekhonvekshini. (Ikhonvekshini – ukuhamba komoya ofudumeleyo). Inzuzo yeli ziko legesi kukuba umoya ofunekayo ekutshiseni kunye neemveliso zokutsha zitsalwa zingene zisuka ngaphandle, aze amafutha atshileyo akhutshelwe ngaphandle kwegumbi. Ngoko ke, esi sithando asifuni tshimini; endaweni yoko kufuneka kube ludonga olunye olukhululekileyo lwegumbi oludibana nomoya ongaphandle, kuba ikhontvekhtha inokufakwa kuphela eludongeni olunjalo.
Ubushushu obuveliswa kwikonvekhtha yegesi budluliselwa emoyeni ojikelezileyo ngenkqubo yesigqubuthelo sesithando yaye umoya, phantsi kwempembelelo yobushushu, wenza intshukumo ejikelezayo. Eyona nto ifanelekileyo kukubeka ikhonvekhtha phantsi kweefestile, kuba kuloo ndawo umoya obandayo ungena egumbini yaye ngenxa yoko nefuthe lokufudumeza liba lelona likhulu. Impembelelo yobushushu ethe ngqo yekhonvekhtha ngemitha yokushisa incinci ngokwentelekiso.
Igumbi lokutsha lekonvetha yegesi livalwe ngokupheleleyo, (oko kuthetha ukuba alixhomekekanga kumoya wegumbi), umoya ofunekayo wokutsha ufumaneka ngaphandle, yaye iimveliso zokutsha ziphuma ngombhobho omabini ukuya kwindawo evulekileyo. Ukubuyela komsinga akunakwenzeka, kuba iigesi zomsi ziphuma, yaye umoya ungena phantsi koxinzelelo olufanayo, okanye inkqubo yenzeka kwindawo yoxinzelelo olufanayo. Ngale ndlela, umoya olungileyo kunye nobushushu beemveliso zokutsha sele kuqinisekisiwe kwangaphambili (umz. 2, ezantsi ngasekunene).
Ivalvu yekonvekhtha yegesi inokulawulwa yaye isixhobo sinento ebizwa ngokuba sisicimi sokunqongophala kwerhasi. isitshisi sebhabhathane nesicimi sedangatye sokutshisa. Inxalenye ephezulu yegqunyo lekonvekhtha yegesi idla ngokuba nomngxuma. Inqanaba lokusebenza kakuhle kwekonvekhtha lilungile kakhulu kwaye limalunga 80 - 85% yaye ke linokusetyenziswa nasekufudumezeni amagumbi amakhulu (30-40 m2). Kwigumbi elinye kunokufakwa nee-konvekhtha ezininzi ukuba kuyimfuneko. Kwiibhloko okanye kwiipaneli zezakhiwo zezithili ezintsha, sele ngexesha lokwenziwa kwale misebenzi kwenziwa imingxuma ye-konvekhtha. Oku nako kubonisa ukuba ukufudumeza ngekonvekhtha kufudumeza lwangoku.
Imfuneko yokufakwa kwekonvektara yiphepha-mvume lokwakha elifanelekileyo, yaye ukufakela kunokwenziwa kuphela yinkampani okanye ingcibi enikwe uqeqesho olo.
Kufuneka sithi kwakhona ukuba ukufudumeza ngegesi kudla kakhulu ioksijini yegumbi. Ukuba umoya ofanelekileyo awuqinisekiswanga, ngenxa yokunqongophala kweoksijini ilangatye liya kucima, yaye igesi eyityhefu iya kuqhubeka iphumelele egumbini. (Kwizixhobo ezintsha sele kufakelwa neevalvu zolawulo ezithi, xa ilangatye licima, zivale unikezelo lwerhasi).
Ngokuqinisekileyo ukufudumeza ngombane kubonelela ngentuthuzelo ephezulu kakhulu, kodwa nako kuyabiza kakhulu. Izixhobo zokufudumeza zombane ezisuka kwi 220 V kunye ne 0,5 ukuya kwi 10 kW zingasetyenziswa kuphela ngokungqongqo ngokwemigaqo. Ukufakwa (ukunyuswa) kunye nokugcinwa kwezi zixhobo ngumsebenzi wabachwephesha kuphela. Ngaphandle kokuba iindlela zale mihla zokufudumeza zisetyenziswa ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwiimveliso zasekhaya kusasetyenziswa kakhulu indlela yesintu yokufudumeza ngezitovu. Apha kuqukwa nezitovu zeoli yokufudumeza, kuba zona zahluka kwizitovu zamalahle kuphela ngokuba zifakwa kancinci kwaye ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Ukuze kufudunyezwe ngokwezoqoqosho kuyimfuneko ukwazi umthamo wobushushu weefuweli ezithile, isixa somoya esifunekayo sokutsha, kunye nendawo efunekayo yokugcina ifuweli. La maxabiso anikwa luluhlu lwethu olulandelayo. Xa kuhlalutywa ezi datha kunokugqitywa nokuba »ifuweli ebizayo ayibizi«.
