M’kukonza nyumba yonse mumaphatikizidwanso kuonetsetsa kuti pali kutentha. Kutenthetsa pakati ndi njira yamakono kwambiri komanso yopindulitsa kwambiri. Ngati m’nyumba muli kutenthetsa kotereku, chotsalira ndi kusamalira netiweki ya mapaipi ndi zida zotenthetsera. Ndipo pali china chinanso - kuteteza makoma pamwamba pa ma radiator kuti asamakhale ndi madontho akuda a fumbi lowotchedwa.
Kuti tiwerenge kufunika kwa kutentha, sikokwanira kudziwa mphamvu ya chotenthetsera, chifukwa kuwerengera kumeneku kumadaliranso zinthu zina zambiri monga, mwachitsanzo, njira ya mphepo, mphamvu yotsekereza ya makoma ndi zina zotero. Kuwerengera kumakhala kovuta (ndipo sikupereka zotsatira zolondola kwambiri), choncho patebulo zaperekedwa zambiri zofotokozera za kutentha kofunikira. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta olimba, kutayika kwa kutentha kumakhala 20–50%, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi, mafuta amadzimadzi ndi gasi 10 20%.
Malinga ndi deta yoperekedwa, zingatheke kuyerekezanso kuchuluka kwa kutentha kofunikira potenthetsa zipinda za ma area osiyanasiyana ndi malo osiyanasiyana.
Kutenthetsa ndi gasi
Ngakhale kutentha ndi gasi ndi kwa masiku ano ndipo ndi kotsika mtengo, pali zoopsa zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida za gasi ndi kuziika kwake. Inde, izi zimachitika makamaka ngati zoopsazo sizidziwika bwino kapena anthu amaziona mosasamala. Amadziwika bwino kuti chiwerengero cha kuvulala sichikhala chachikulu kwambiri m’misewu ndi m’mafakitale, koma m’nyumba zokhalamo. Pakati pa ngozi zimenezi zambiri zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito gasi ndi zida za gasi mosadziwa. Lamulo la “dziyendere wekha” pa gasi silingolimbikitsidwa ayi, koma nthawi zambiri limaletsedwanso mwamphamvu! Koma choletsachi sichitanthauza kuti munthu wa m’banja sangasamalire konse “tabu” imeneyi. M’malo mwake, n’bwino kuti adziwenso gawo ili limene pamafunika luso lina. Choncho adzatha kuzindikira bwino zoopsa zomwe zilipo ndiponso kusankha mmene angakonzekerere ndi kusamalira yekha kuyika kwa gasi mpaka pati.
zowononga kwambiri kwa gasi kumaposa kangapo mphamvu ya magetsi, komabe gasi si wachinyengo kwambiri, chifukwa ngozi yake imazindikirika mosavuta komanso msanga. Lero pali mitundu itatu ya gasi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito: gasi wochokera mu netiweki ya mzinda, wotchedwa gasi wa mzinda kapena wowala, gasi wotengedwa m’nthaka ndi kuperekedwa kwa ogula kudzera m’mapayipi, gasi wachilengedwe, ndipo potsiriza, propan-butan, yomwe imanyamulidwa m’mabotolo achitsulo ndipo mwachidule imatchedwa РВ–gas
Makhalidwe akuluakulu a gasi amenewa aperekedwa mu tebulo lotsatirali:
Gasi Kulemera kwapadera kwa mpweya poyerekeza Mphamvu ya kutentha
(0 - 1) kilokalori/m3
Gasi wa mumzinda 0,64 3600 - 4000
Gasi wachilengedwe 0,62 9000 - 9900
РВ - gaasi 1,89 27000 - 29300
Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti titsatire malangizo awa: ngati timva fungo la gasi, NDIKO KWALELEKEDWA KWAMBIRI kuyatsa magetsi amagetsi, kuyatsa moto, kulowa m’chipindamo ndi nsapato zokhala ndi ma blokeje, kulumikiza kapena kuzimitsa pulagi, kuyatsa fani! Mabotolo achitsulo a gasi ya PB n’koletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kusunga m’malo otsika pansi pa mulingo wa nthaka kapena pafupi ndi zitseko ndi mawindo, chifukwa gasi pambuyo pake, chifukwa ndi lolemera kuposa mpweya, silingachotsedwe ngakhale mwa kupeperetsa mpweya. Ngati pali kukaikira kuti gasi yatayikira penapake, chotsani nsapato n’kulowa m’chipindamo, tsegulani zitseko ndi mawindo mosamala ndi pang’onopang’ono.
Mwachidongosolo muyenera kuyang’ana zolumikizira za mapaipi, payipi ya rabara ndi zolumikizira za gasi wa PB, komanso ntchito ya mavavu. Palibe gawo limodzi mwa zigawozi lomwe liyenera kutulutsa gasi. Kuyesa kutayikira ndi lawi NKOOPSA KWAMBIRI PA MOYO ndipo chifukwa chake NDIKOLOLEZEDWA KAPENA! Titha kuyang’ana potenga mbali zokayikitsa ndi madzi ambiri a sopo. Ngati mabubulu ayamba kuoneka, ndi chizindikiro chodalirika kuti gawo limenelo likutulutsa gasi.
Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti stove yathu ya gasi ikhale yoyera nthawi zonse. Zonyansa zapsa, kuwonjezera pa kuwononga mawonekedwe a stove, zimakhudzanso kuyaka kwa gasi ndipo ngakhale zingayambitse kuzima kwa lawi ndi ming’alu mu chubu chodyetsera. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la stove ya gasi ndi burner kapena »chubu«. Chubucho, kwenikweni, ndi nyali ya Bunsen yomwe imagwira ntchito pothandiza gasi kudutsa mu kamphuno kakang’ono, ngakhale kuti kuthamanga kwa gasi kumakhala kokwera pang’ono kuposa kuthamanga kwa mpweya wozungulira. Chifukwa cha kakang’ono ka kamphuno, gasi amalowa mwachangu kwambiri mu chosakanizira chomwe chili ndi mabowo angapo m’mbali. Chifukwa cha liwiro lalikulu la kayendedwe ka gasi, mpweya wozungulira umayamwa, womwe umatchedwa mpweya woyambirira. (chith. 1, mbali yakumanzere).
CHITHUNZI 1
Kudzera m’mitsempha yomwe ili pa mutu wa lulu, kusakaniza kwa gasi ndi mpweya kukupitirira, ndipo pano kumayamwanso mpweya wina wochokera kunja (wotsatira). Chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kawiri kumeneku pamapangidwa lawi la Bunsen lopanda mwaye. Lawilo limawotcha ndi mtundu wabluu pang’ono popanda kupereka kuwala pafupifupi konse, ndipo pakati pake pamakhala wobiriwira kwambiri. Ngati mu kusakaniza muli mpweya wochuluka, kuwotcha kumakhala kosakhazikika, pamakhala mwaye, ndipo mtundu wa lawi umakhala wachikasu pang’ono. Ngati mu kusakaniza muli gasi wambiri, ndipo liwiro lotuluka ndi lalikulu, ndiye gasi utuluka mu mpweya wotseguka mofulumira kuposa momwe angawotchedwere ndipo udzadzisiyanitsa ndi mutu wa lulu ndipo lawi lidzazima. Izi ndi zoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale lawi lazima, gasi ukupitiriza kutuluka. Koma sizicheperapo zoopsa ngati, chifukwa cha liwiro laling’ono kwambiri lotuluka, lawi limabwerera mu chosakanizira ndipo kumeneko limawotcha ndi phokoso la kuphulika pang’ono (fig. 1, mbali ya kumanja). Chifukwa cha liwiro lalikulu kwambiri lotuluka kwa gasi kungakhale kukulirakulira kwa chubu cholowera kapena kupanikizika kwakukulu, ndipo liwiro laling’ono kwambiri - kutsekeka kwa chubu cholowera kapena kupanikizika kochepa. Kuwongolera kupanikizika kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito valavu yochepetsera ndipo ntchitoyi iyenera kuperekedwa kwa katswiri. Kusintha chubu cholowera chokulitsidwa kumathanso kuchitidwa ndi katswiri yekha. Chubu cholowera chotsekeka chingathe komanso chiyenera kutsukidwa podzola ndi waya wofewa (wa mkuwa). Pamenepa muyenera kusamala kuti musakulitse dzenje la chubu cholowera, lomwe m’mimba mwake muli zochepa chabe za khumi za millimeter. M’lulu muli chubu ziwiri zolowera. Chubu chapamwamba chimagwira ntchito pa ntchito yabwinobwino, ndipo chapansi pa lawi lochepa. Kupereka gasi kuchokera pa chitoliro kupita ku chubu cholowera kumachitika kudzera pa valavu ya koni (fig. 2, gawo la pamwamba).
Pa gawo lakumunsi la chubu pali skrubu yosintha lawi. Ndi iye tingasinthe mpaka pang’ono mtunda pakati pa chowotcha ndi gawo lakumunsi la chophikira, koma tiyenera kusamala kuti posintha malo a chubu, malo ake okhudzana ndi nyumba ya valavu amasinthanso, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya jekeseni-kuyamwa ya chosakanizira. Pokweza gridi ya kuyaka chubu lingasunthidwe mosavuta mmwamba ndi kutulutsidwa. Mbali zotsekeka za chubu, gridi ndi chivindikiro, zingayeretsedwe ndi burashi yolimba kuchotsa soot ndi zotsalira za chakudya chapsa. Pambuyo poyeretsa mbalizo ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi chinthu chochapira ndipo pokhapokha zikauma bwino zikhazikitsidwe m’malo mwake (chith. 2, pakati).
M’nyengo yozizira kutenthetsa khitchini kungathetsedwe ndi lawi la stove. Izi zikuwoneka zoyenera ndi zachuma kokha pa maso. Mwachitsanzo, powotcha kiyubiki mita imodzi ya gasi amapanga 600 magalamu a madzi m’chipindamo mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi ya madzi. Madzi amenewa amamatira pa mipando, amayenda pa iyo ndi kuiyipitsa, komanso ndi owopsa ku thanzi. Kuwonjezera pa izi, mpweya mu chipindamo udzatha msanga, motero ndi oksijeni. Kuperewera kwa oksijeni pang’ono kungayambitse mutu ndi poizoni wochepa. koma nthawi zambiri zimachitikanso kuti kuchuluka kwa oksijeni kochepa sikokwanira pa kuyaka, lawi lizima, ndipo kutuluka kwa gasi kumapitiriza.
CHITHUNZI 2
M’mikhalidwe yotereyi, anthu omwe ali m’chipindacho ali pangozi ya poizoni. Ngati m’chipindacho mulibe munthu, akangolowa ndi kuyatsa kuwala kwa magetsi nyumba yonse ingaphulike. Chifukwa chake, potuluka m’nyumba, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pa kutsekedwa mosakayikira kwa mpweya wa gasi. Tiyenera kutchulanso kuti pa zida zazikulu za gasi amagwiritsa ntchito otchedwa oyatsira a gasi yoyera. Mosiyana ndi oyatsira a Bunsen, alibe kusakanikirana koyambirira ndi mpweya ndipo chifukwa chake mtundu wa lawi lawo umakhala wachikasu.
Kutentha kwa convection
Kaŵirikaŵiri gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakutentha. Tsoka ilo, zida zotenthetsera za infraradiation n’zovuta kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake sitizilimbikitsa kwambiri, koma m’malo mwake timalimbikitsa kutentha kwa convection. (Convection – kuyenda kwa mpweya wotentha). Ubwino wa chitofu cha gasi chimenechi ndi wakuti mpweya wofunikira pa kuyaka ndi zinthu za kuyaka zimalowetsedwa kuchokera kunja, ndipo mpweya wowotcha umatengedwa kunja kwa chipindacho. Choncho, chitofucho sichifuna chimney, koma chimafunikira khoma limodzi laulere la chipindacho lomwe limakhudza mpweya wakunja, chifukwa konvekaitha ingayikidwe pa khoma lotere lokha.
Kutentha komwe kumapangidwa mu konveka wa gasi kumaperekedwa ku mpweya wozungulira kudzera mu njira ya chivundikiro cha ng’anjo, ndipo mpweya chifukwa cha kutentha umayenda mozungulira. Ndi bwino kwambiri kuyika konveka pansi pa zenera, chifukwa pamalo amenewo mpweya wozizira umalowa m’chipindamo ndipo zotsatira za kutentha zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri. Zotsatira za kutentha za konveka mwachindunji ndi radiation ndizochepa poyerekeza.
The combustion chamber of the gas convector is completely closed (which means it is independent of the room air); the air required for combustion is taken from outside, and the combustion products exit through a double pipe into the open space. Backflow is impossible, because the flue gases exit and air enters under the same pressure, i.e. the process takes place in a space of the same pressure. In this way, a good draft with the heat of the combustion products is ensured in advance (fig. 2, lower right).
Vavu ya gas convector ingasinthidwe ndipo chipangizochi chili ndi chomwe chimatchedwa chitetezo cha kusowa kwa gasi, chowotcha cha butterfly ndi chitetezo cha lawi loyatsira. Gawo lapamwamba la chophimba cha gas convector nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi pobowo. Mlingo wa ntchito yabwino wa convector ndi wabwino kwambiri ndipo uli pafupifupi 80 - 85% ndipo chifukwa chake ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsa zipinda zazikulu (30-40 m2). M’chipinda chimodzi, ngati pakufunika, akhoza kuikidwamo ma convector angapo. Pa ma block kapena ma panel element a nyumba za malo atsopano, mabowo a convector amapangidwa kale pa kupanga zinthu izi. Izi zimasonyezanso kuti kutenthetsa ndi convector ndi kutenthetsa kwamakono.
Chofunikira choyamba kuti muyike konvekitala ndi chilolezo choyenera cha zomangamanga, ndipo kuyika kungachitidwe kokha ndi kampani kapena mmisiri woyenerera pa ntchito imeneyi.
Tiyenera kunenanso kuti kutenthetsa ndi gasi kumagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mpweya wa m’chipindamo. Ngati mpweya wabwino sugwiridwa moyenera, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mpweya lawi lidzazimika, ndipo mpweya woopsa udzapitiriza kutuluka m’chipindamo. (Pa zipangizo zatsopano kale akuikamo ma valve olamulira omwe, ngati lawi lazima, amatseka kuperekedwa kwa gasi).
N’zoona kuti kutenthetsa ndi mphamvu ya magetsi kumapereka chitonthozo chachikulu kwambiri, koma ndiponso ndiko kodula kwambiri. Zida zotenthetsera zamagetsi za 220 V ndi kuchokera pa 0,5 mpaka 10 kW zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha motsatira malamulo mosamalitsa. Kuyika (kukonza) ndi kusamalira zida zimenezi ndi ntchito ya akatswiri okha. Kuphatikiza pa kuti njira zamakono zotenthetsera zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso kwambiri, m’nyumba zokhalamo njira yakale yotenthetsera pogwiritsa ntchito ng’anjo ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri. Apa mulinso ng’anjo za mafuta oyatsira, chifukwa zimasiyana ndi ng’anjo za malasha kokha pa kuti zimayatsidwa kawirikawiri komanso m’njira ina.
Kuti kutentha kukhale kothandiza komanso kosawononga ndalama zambiri, ndikofunika kudziwa mphamvu yotentha ya mafuta osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kofunika pa kuwotcha, komanso malo ofunikira osungiramo mafuta. Za miyeso imeneyi, tebulo lathu lotsatira limapereka zambiri. Pofufuza zambiri zimenezi, tingatsimikizire komanso kuti “mafuta odula ndi otsika mtengo.”
