Te mahi ki ngā matū me ngā kirihou
I mua, i whakaarotia te matū he »makutu pango«, engari i ēnei rā ka tūtaki tātou ki a ia i ia takahanga, tae atu hoki ki roto i te kāinga. E mōhiotia ana ka taea e tātou te horoi ngā kākahu mā te »Crnim bikom« mā ētahi atu horoi rānei. He mea mōhiotia ki te tokomaha ka piki te tau oktane o te penehīni nā te tetraethyl lead. Ko te tikanga, kāore ēnei mōhiotanga e hanga i te tangata hei tohunga matū. Kia iti noa tō tātou whakatata atu ki tērā, kia mātau ki ngā pūtake o te matū:
Ko te matū ka taea te wāwāhi ki ētahi atu matū, he rerekē ō rātou āhuatanga, mā ngā tikanga ā-tinana māmā (te kōwhiri, te tatari, te aukume me ērā atu) ka kīia he ranunga. Ko taua matū tino ōrite katoa, kāore e taea te wawahi mā ngā tikanga māmā pērā ki ngā wāhanga he rerekē ō rātou āhuatanga, ka kīia he pūhui.
He mea hanga ngā pūhui i ngā rāpoi ngota e whakakotahitia ana mai i ngā huānga, ā, e herea ana e ētahi here matū motuhake. Kāore aua here e whakaae kia motu māmā noa. Ko te whakangaro, te wahanga i aua here, ka tono i ngā kaha nui ake, arā, i ngā wawaotanga matū. Ka wāwāhia ngā rāpoi ngota ki ngā ngota o ngā huānga. I roa e whakaponotia ana kāore e taea te wehe atu anō i ngā ngota. I tō tātou rautau kua whakamanahia te whakapae o mua e hangaia ana ngā ngota i ētahi atu matūriki taketake iti ake, he rerekē tētahi ki tētahi i te rahi me te utu hiko hoki. Ko ngā matūriki taketake tino pai ko te proton kua utaina pai, ko te neutron kūpapa me te electron kino.
I roto i ngā pūhui katoa o ngā huānga māori 92, ko te 15 anake ki te 20 o ngā huānga ka whai wāhi.
Ka whanganga e mātou te taumaha o ngā ngota o ngā huānga mā te whakataurite kia hia ngā wā he taumaha ake i te ngota o te huānga māmā rawa, arā te hauwai (e ai ki te whakamāramatanga hou, i te 1/12 o te ngota waro.
Kāore tētahi o ngā huānga e taea te whakakotahi ki tētahi atu huānga i roto i ngā rahinga matapōkere, ahakoa he aha. Ka whakaarohia te āhei o te here matū o te ngota hauwai hei kotahi-momoroto. Nō reira, he kotahi-valent te ngota hauwai. Ko te ngota e waihanga pūhui ana me tētahi ngota hauwai kotahi anō hoki he kotahi-valent. Ki te herea e tētahi huānga e rua, e toru, e whā, me ērā atu ngota hauwai, kātahi ko ia he rua-, toru-, whā- me ērā atu valence. Ko te valence waru te valence tino nui rawa atu e taea ana mō tētahi huānga. Heoi anō, kei reira ētahi huānga he maha ō rātou valence, arā, he valence rerekē.
Ko ngā rōpū matua o ngā pūhui ko ngā pūhui koretake me ngā pūhui pararopi. Kei roto i ngā pūhui pararopi te waro, engari i ngā pūhui koretake - haunga ētahi torutoru - kāore he waro.
Ko te take o te nui o ngā pūhui waro kei te āheinga o ngā ngota waro ki te here tētahi ki tētahi, arā, ki te hanga i ngā mekameka waro. (I ahu mai te ingoa pūhui waro i te whakaaro o mua e mea ana nā ngā rauropi ora anake aua pūhui e taea te hanga.)
He matū mōrearea te KISELINE, he tino whakangaro hoki, ā, ki te kiri, ki te puku rānei ka puta he whara nui, he rite ki te weranga. Ka māmā te mōhio ki ngā waikawa mā te pepa litamete, nā te mea ka whero te litamete kikorangi i te waikawa. I te mahi me ngā waikawa me mau ngā mōwhiti haumaru me ngā karapu rapa. Ki te taka tētahi pata waikawa ki tō tātou kiri ahakoa te tūpato - me muru tuatahi ki te tauera maroke, katahi ka horoi ki raro i te wai rere, ā, i te mutunga me whakakore ngā toenga waikawa mā te otinga houra bikarbonate (ahua 1).
ATA 1
Ko ngā TAKUTA he hua tauhohenga o ngā waikura konganuku me te wai. E kīia ana ko ngā alkalī ngā taketake he rewa-wai, ā, he pānga pirau tō rātou. He māmā te mōhio ki a rātou, nā te mea mā tā rātou pānga ka kikorangi te litamū whero. He tino matū pirau. He uaua ake te whakaora i ngā whara nā rātou i ngā whara nā ngā waikawa. He ōrite ngā ture H&S ki ērā mō ngā waikawa. I te wharanga me horoi te kiri ki te waikawa waimeha (hei tauira, te waikawa winika).
Ka hua mai ngā TOTE i te tauhohenga o ngā turanga me ngā waikawa. He iti noa, kāore rānei, tō rātou kai i te kiri. Heoi, me āta whakahaere ina mahi ki ngā tote, nā te mea he paitini ētahi.
Ngā matū i roto i te kāinga
E roa kē nei e mōhiotia ana, otirā i te tiaki i ngā hua kai.
Ka taea te wehe i ngā rongoā tiaki ki:
1. Ngā matū e tuku ana i te kakara me te tiaki i ngā hua i te wā kotahi: te huka, te tote, te winika, te hinu, te waikawa rēmana, te waikawa waina.
2. Ngā matū mō te whakangaro i ngā rauropi nohinohi: šalitra, glutaminska kiselina, stipsa, krečno mleko, salicil, benzoeva kiselina me te natrijum-benzoat.
3. Ngā rauemi pīhītihi, ngā tae me ngā mea kakara.
Huka. Mā te tāpiri i te 55% huka (huka =C12H22O11) ki tētahi hua (o te paramu, te rōpere, te āpere, te pea, te āporo) kāore he tāpiri matū kē atu, kua tino tiakina, kua rongoatia hoki (slatko). Neke atu i te 55% huka kāore e taunakitia kia tāpirihia, nā te mea ka mātotoru, ka kōataata te huka. Ko te uara iti iho i te 50% huka kāore e tiaki. Ina tāpirihia te huka ki ngā kai kawa, me tunu poto noa iho, nā te mea ka puta te hekenga o te huka.
Salt. Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) also gives flavor and at the same time preserves. The preserving ability comes from the hygroscopic nature of salt (it absorbs moisture). If meat is salted, the salt binds a certain amount of water not only from the meat but also from the bacteria and thus destroys them. Other microorganisms cannot survive without water either.
Kāhua tote. (Kāiuma nātari, KNO3). He paura mā, tote, kawa, he kirikiri. He kūpapa. Mō te whakapū i te 2,5 kg mīti ka rewa ai mātou i te 0,5 karamu o te kāiuma nitarate ki te 100 g o te wai wera. Ka whakamākūkūngia te mīti tapatapahi ki tēnei otinga. Me tūpato ki te inenga tika, nō te mea i ngā rahinga nui he tino kawa, he paitini hoki te kāiuma kāria.
Ko te waikawa glutamic (waikawa amino-pirovinske, waikawa amino-glutaric, НООС-СН2-СН2–СН(NH)2–СООН he waikawa amino e kitea ana i te tata ki ngā pūmua katoa. Ka whakamahia mō te whakarite i ngā kōpani kukū o ngā hupa, ngā supo ranu (Podravka, Knorr me ērā atu), arā mō te tiaki i te mīti. Mō 1 kg mīti ka tangohia 5 g o te waikawa glutamic kua whakarewahia.
Ko te stipsa (pāhare pāporo–konumohe–haurōpata, KAl(SO4)2 ka whakamahia i te āhua parakore mō te whakamau, arā mō te whakakaha i te hanganga o ngā hua ngohengohe, ngā huawhenua, kia kore ai e marara, e pakaru i te wā o te whakamau. Mō 1 kg hua, arā huawhenua rānei, ka whakamahia te 1,4 g o te stipsa.
Miraka rēmana. He ōrite tōna pānga ki te alūmā; ka whakarewahia te 0,5 kg o te kōkawa kua tahuna ki roto i te 5 rita wai, ā, ka waiho kia tū mō tētahi pō, kātahi ka whakamakukuhia ma te āta whakawāwā (ka whiua atu tata ki te 2/3 o te otinga mā), ā, i roto i tēnei miraka rēmana [Ca(OH)2] ka rukuhia te hua rākau, te huawhenua rānei mō te 15-20 mmeneti, ā, ka mutu ka horoia ki te wai māhana.
Waikawa rēmana. He tino whānui te waikawa rēmana i te ao tipu. Ka kitea i te nuinga o ngā hua rākau katoa (waikawa oksi–propan–trikarbonska, C6H8O7) Ka memeha ngā tioata kakara-kore, tae-kore o te waikawa rēmana i te wai mahana. Ki te 1 kg o ngā hua, e hiahiatia ana 1 ki 2g o te waikawa.
Te waikawa waina. Kāore he tae, kāore he kakara (C4H6O6), ā, kei roto tōna tote pāhare pāporo i te waina. He ōrite te pānga o tēnei waikawa ki tō te waikawa rēmana.
Waikawa winika. He matū kāore ōna tae, he koi te haunga, he tino waikawa, he kaihaehae hoki (СН3СООН). He tino hoariri ki te pokepokea me te huakita. I runga ake i tētahi kukū motuhake, i te taiao waikawa, kāore e taea e ngā huakita te ora. Nō reira he maha tonu te whakamahi i te waikawa winika hei tiaki kai. Ka kitea i ngā toa i ngā kukū rerekē (ngā kaha rerekē). Mō te 1 kg o tētahi hua, e hiahiatia ana tata ki te 2-3 deka rita o te otinga winika 10%–noa. Ka whakangaro te waikawa winika i te tini o ngā konganuku (rino, konumohe, parahi, konutea). Ko te pūhui i hua mai i te waikawa winika me te parahi, te konutea rānei, he paitini, nō reira ko tētahi ipu anake i hangaia ki te karāhe, ki te uku, ki te emeri, ki te kirihou, ki te rākau rānei ka taea hei tākai mō te waikawa winika.
Ko te waikawa salicylic he puehu ma, he rite ki ngā ngira, he kōataata, kāore he kakara (C6H4(OH)COOH). He paihana pūtau, ā, ka whakangaro i ngā huakita me ngā kākano. I te nui ake o te rahinga, he paitini anō ki te tinana tangata, nō reira ka whakamahia hei tiaki kai i roto i ngā rahinga iti, kua tino whakaritea. Ki te 1 kg o te hua ka tāpirihia te nui rawa o 0,8 g.
He mā, he hiraka, he rite ki te ngira, he pereti rānei te waikawa benzoic, he matū tioata (Н6С5СООН). He tino pai ki te whakangaro i ngā huakita me ngā pua. I ngā rahinga nui ka kino hoki ki te tinana, nō reira ka tāpirihia he 1 kg karamu anake ki te 0,5 o te hua.
Kāpia
He nui ngā whakapiringa waihanga e kaha haere ana te tango i te mākete. Engari me kaua tātou e tinihangatia e te ingoa “whakapiri ao-whānui”. He pai ēnei whakapiringa, engari ehara i te mea ao-whānui; mō ētahi rawa anake ka pai te piri, mō ētahi ka ngoikore.
Ka whakarārangitia e mātou ētahi o ngā whakapiri tino hira, e wātea ana i te mākete ā-rohe, me te tohu hoki ko ēhea ngā rauemi e tino pai ana te whakapiri mā aua whakapiri.
Glue, (bone, hide) is used for bonding paper, wood, textiles, cellophane, as well as for bonding these to skin and glass.
Ko Вenzol te whakarewa o te polistirol, arā ko tōna whakapiringa. I tua atu i te whakapiri tahi o ngā papa polistirol, mā te benzol ki te polistirol ka whakapirihia te pleksiglas, te celluloid me te cellophane.
Ka whakamahia te karāhe wai mō te whakapiri i te karāhe me ngā rauemi mārō, pērā i te bakelite ki te papanga, te pepa, ngā konganuku, te porukere me te uku, arā, hoki mō ēnei ki waenganui i a rātou.
He whakarewa, arā he whakapiri mō te plexiglass, te hloroforrn. Ka taea te whakapiri i te Plexiglas ki te karaehe, ki te uku, ki te porohīni, ki te polistirol me te celuloid mā te hloroforrn.
Ka whakapiri a Boropor i te rapa ki te rapa, te rapa ki te maitai, te kiri, te karaehe, te kōrangaranga, te rākau, te pueru. Waihoki te kiri ki te maitai, ā, he ngoikore ake ki te karaehe me te rākau.
Ka whakamahia angitu te piripiri »univerzalno« Oho mō te whakapiri karāhe, poroselana, rākau, poliplast, me te konganuku.
Ka whakamahia te Risopren (rapa waihanga) matua mō te whakapiri i te rapa me te hiako. E taunakitia ana hoki mō te whakapiri i te linoleum, te podolit, ngā papa vinaz, me te parquet ki runga raima.
Ka whakamahia a Savanol mō te whakapiri i te kiri, te rapa, te ultrapasa, te tapisona, te papanga, te rākau, te salonite me te pepa rino piauau.
Neostik un te kāpia »universal«. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakapiri i ngā rauemi rerekē; te hiako, te rākau, te rapa, te papanga me ērā atu.
Ko Drvofix he kāpia mō te rākau, mō ngā papa rākau (panel, iverica me ērā atu) o te styrofoam ki te rākau, mō te parquet ki ngā papa rākau me ērā atu.
Teleol (neoprene). He whakapiri mō te whakapiri i te hiako, te rapa, ngā papanga kirihou, te kāpia, te rākau, ngā papa papa PVC, me ērā atu.
Krautoxin (Kunstsoff aus der Tube). He whakapiri e rua ōna wāhanga, ka whakakotahitia tuatahitia ngā wāhanga e rua, kātahi ka whakamahia i roto i te hawhe hāora. Ka whakapiri i te konganuku, te kōhatu, te karaehe, te porohana, ngā poliplast wera-ārai (bakelite) me ērā atu.
Ko ngā whakapiringa epoksi, pērā i: ARALDIT (Huiterangi), ЕРON (Shell), EPILOX (Buna-werke), EPORESIT (Hungary), ka kitea i ētahi wā i te mākete, i te āhua paura, whakapiri, rākau iti, emulsion rānei. He whakapiringa pai, otirā mō te whakapiri i te konganuku ki te konganuku, ki te rapa, ki te hiako me ērā atu mea.
Ko Desmodur, ko Desmoden hoki he kāpia polyurethane, ka whakamahia i te whakapiri i te konganuku ki te rapa, ā, i te konganuku ki te konganuku hoki.