Ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj thiab cov polyplastics
Thaum ub, chemistry raug suav tias yog »khawv koob dub«, tiam sis niaj hnub no peb ntsib nws txhua qhov chaw, txawm nyob hauv tsev neeg thiab. Peb paub tias nrog »Crnim bikom« lossis lwm yam tshuaj ntxuav peb tuaj yeem ntxuav khaub ncaws yooj yim. Ntau tus kuj paub tias tetraethyl lead ua rau tus lej octane ntawm roj av nce. Tau kawg, cov kev paub ntawd tsis ua rau ib tus neeg dhau los ua ib tug kws tshuaj. Kom peb ib nrab dhau los ua li ntawd, cia peb paub cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry:
Cov khoom uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua lwm yam khoom, uas muaj yam ntxwv sib txawv, los ntawm cov txheej txheem lub cev yooj yim (xaiv, tshuaj ntsuam, hlau nqus thiab lwm yam) hu ua sib tov. Cov khoom uas yog homogeneous tag nrho, uas tsis tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom muaj yam ntxwv sib txawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim zoo li ntawd, hu ua compound.
Cov kev sib xyaw yog tsim los ntawm cov molecule uas muaj cov ntsiab, uas raug txuas nrog cov kev sib txuas tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Cov kev sib txuas no tsis pub kom tawg yooj yim. Kev rhuav tshem, txiav cov kev sib txuas no yuav tsum muaj zog loj dua, lossis kev cuam tshuam tshuaj. Ces cov molecule tawg ua cov atoms ntawm cov ntsiab. Tau ntev ntev xav tias atoms tsis tuaj yeem muab faib ntxiv lawm. Nyob rau peb lub xyoo pua no tau lees paub qhov kev xav yav dhau los tias atoms muaj cov particles me dua ntxiv, uas sib txawv ntawm ib leeg ob leeg ntawm qhov loj thiab ntawm tus hluav taws xob them. Cov particles me tshaj plaws uas muaj qhov zoo tshaj yog proton uas muaj nqi zoo, neutron uas tsis muaj nqi, thiab electron uas muaj nqi tsis zoo.
Hauv txhua yam sib txuas ntawm 92 yam ntuj tso, tsuas yog 15 txog 20 yam xwb thiaj koom tes.
Peb ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov ntsiab los ntawm kev piv seb lawv hnyav npaum li cas zaus tshaj lub atom ntawm lub ntsiab uas lub teeb tshaj plaws hydrogen (raws li kev txhais tshiab los ntawm 1/12 atom carbon.
Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus twg yuav sib txuas tau nrog lwm qhov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntau npaum li cas los tau. Peb suav tau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev khi ib lub hydrogen atom ua ib qho kev khi ib leeg. Yog li ntawd, hydrogen atom yog ib-valent. Ib atom uas nrog ib lub hydrogen atom ua ib lub compound kuj yog ib-valent. Yog tias ib lub ntsiab khi ob, peb, plaub thiab lwm yam hydrogen atoms ces nws yog ob-, peb-, plaub- thiab lwm yam valence. Octavalence yog qhov valence siab tshaj plaws uas ib lub ntsiab tuaj yeem muaj. Txawm li ntawd los, muaj qee cov ntsiab uas muaj ntau hom valence; lawv yog cov valence hloov tau.
Cov pawg loj ntawm cov tshuaj yog cov inorganic thiab cov organic compounds. Hauv cov organic compounds muaj carbon, hos hauv cov inorganic - tshwj tsis yog qee kis tsawg - tsis muaj carbon.
Yog vim li cas thiaj muaj ntau yam organic compounds yog nyob rau hauv qhov muaj peev xwm uas cov atoms ntawm carbon sib txuas nrog ib leeg, yog li tsim tau cov saw carbon. (Lub npe organic compounds los ntawm lub qub kev to taub tias tsuas yog cov tsiaj ciaj sia thiaj tsim tau lawv.)
KISELINE yog cov khoom muaj kev puas tsuaj txaus ntshai uas ua rau muaj qhov txhab loj, zoo ib yam li qhov kub nyhiab, rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis hauv plab. Peb tuaj yeem paub cov kua qaub yooj yim siv ntawv litmus, vim litmus xiav yuav hloov liab thaum ntsib kua qaub. Thaum ua haujlwm nrog kua qaub, tsom iav tiv thaiv thiab hnab looj tes roj hmab yog qhov tsim nyog. Yog tias txawm ceev faj lawm los tseem muaj ib tee kua qaub poob rau peb daim tawv nqaij - xub so nws nrog daim ntaub qhuav, ces ntxuav hauv dej ntws, thiab thaum kawg neutralize cov kua qaub seem nrog cov tov soda-bikarbone (slika 1).
DUAB 1
BAZES yog cov khoom tshwm sim los ntawm cov oxide hlau nrog dej. Alkalies hu ua cov bases uas yaj tau hauv dej thiab muaj kev xeb. Lawv yooj yim pom tau, vim lawv ua rau litmus liab hloov ua xiav. Lawv yog cov khoom xeb heev. Cov qhov txhab uas lawv ua kho tau nyuaj, nyuaj dua li cov qhov txhab uas kua qaub ua. Cov cai HTZ zoo ib yam li ntawm kua qaub. Thaum raug mob, daim tawv nqaij yuav tsum ntxuav nrog kua qaub diluted (piv txwv kua txiv ntoo qaub).
COV KUAJ SOLI tsim los ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm cov hauv paus thiab cov kua qaub. Lawv ua rau tawv nqaij tsawg heev lossis yuav luag tsis ua rau tawv nqaij. Txawm li ntawd los thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov soli yuav tsum ceev faj, vim qee yam muaj tshuaj lom.
Cov tshuaj hauv tsev neeg
Nws twb tau paub ntev lawm, tshwj xeeb yog thaum khaws cia cov khoom noj.
Cov khoom siv rau kev khaws cia tuaj yeem faib ua:
1. Cov tshuaj uas tib lub sijhawm muab saj thiab khaws tau cov khoom: qab zib, ntsev, vinegar, roj, citric acid, tartaric acid.
2. Cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tua cov kab mob me me: šalitra, glutamic acid, stipsa, kua txiv qaub dawb, salicyl, benzoic acid thiab sodium benzoate.
3. Cov khoom jelly, xim thiab txuj lom.
Qab zib. Los ntawm kev ntxiv 55% qab zib (qab zib =C12H22O11) rau ib yam khoom (ntawm plum, raspberi, aprikot, pear, txiv apples) yam tsis ntxiv lwm yam tshuaj, peb tau khaws cia nws tag nrho (slatko). Tsis pom zoo kom ntxiv ntau dua 55% qab zib, vim qab zib yuav pib crystallize. Tus nqi qis dua 50% qab zib tsis khaws cia tau. Thaum ntxiv qab zib rau cov khoom noj uas muaj kua qaub, tsuas yog yuav tsum rhaub luv luv xwb, vim qab zib yuav tawg puas.
Ntsev. Ntsev hauv chav ua noj (sodium chloride, NaCl) kuj muab saj thiab tib lub sijhawm khaws cia. Lub peev xwm khaws cia los ntawm qhov hygroscopicity ntawm ntsev (nqus noo). Yog tias nqaij raug ntsev, ntsev yuav txuas ib co dej tsis yog tsuas ntawm nqaij xwb tabsis kuj ntawm kab mob thiab yog li rhuav lawv. Lwm yam kab mob me me kuj tsis tuaj yeem nyob tau yam tsis muaj dej.
Šalitra. (Kalijum-nitrat, KNO3). Hmoov ntsev, iab, dawb, muaj muaju. Nws yog nruab nrab. Rau kev khaws 2,5 kg nqaij peb yaj 0,5 grams ntawm potassium nitrate rau hauv 100 g dej kub. Cov nqaij txiav me me raug ntub nrog cov tshuaj no. Yuav tsum ceev faj txog kev ntsuas kom raug, vim nyob rau ntau dua qhov ntau potassium šalitra iab heev thiab lom.
Glutaminskiy kisel (amino–pirovinskiy kisel, amino-glutarskiy kisel, НООС-СН2-СН2–СН(NH)2–СООН yog ib qho amino acid uas muaj nyob ze li txhua yam protein. Siv rau kev ua cov concentrate ntawm ntau yam kua zaub, kua ntim (Podravka, Knorr thiab lwm yam), los sis rau kev khaws nqaij. Rau 1 kg nqaij siv 5 g ntawm glutaminskiy kisel uas yaj lawm.
Stipsa (poov tshuaj–aluminium–sulfate, KAl(SO4)2 siv hauv daim ntawv ntshiab rau kev khaws cia, uas yog rau ua kom cov qauv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo mos dua thiab zaub tawv, kom thaum khaws cia nws tsis txhob tawg lossis puas. Rau 1 kg kg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo, lossis zaub, siv 1,4 g stipsa.
Mis txiv qaub. Nws muaj tib yam kev ua li alum 0,5 kg peb yaj 5 litres dej thiab cia nws sawv ib hmos, ces ua tib zoo nchuav tawm qhov ntshiab (txog li 2/3 ntawm cov kua ntshiab) thiab hauv mis txiv qaub no [Ca(OH)2] peb tsau txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis zaub txog 15-20 m feeb thiab thaum kawg yaug nrog dej sov.
Citric acid. Citric acid muaj dav heev nyob hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm nroj tsuag. Nws pom muaj nyob ze li txhua yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Oksi–propan–trikarbonska kiselina, C6H8O7) Cov siv lead ua tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj xim ntawm citric acid yaj tau zoo hauv dej sov. Rau 1 kg ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav tsum muaj 1 txog 2g ntawm cov kua qaub.
Tartaric acid. Tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab (C4H6O6), uas nws cov ntsev potassium muaj nyob hauv cawv txiv hmab. Qhov kev ua ntawm cov kua qaub no zoo ib yam li citric acid.
Acetic acid. Ib yam tsis muaj xim, muaj ntxhiab ntse, muaj kua qaub heev thiab ua kom noj hniav / ua kom corrode (СН3СООН). Nws yog yeeb ncuab loj ntawm pwm thiab kab mob. Thaum siab tshaj ib theem ntawm kev tsom, hauv qhov chaw kua qaub, kab mob tsis tuaj yeem nyob tau. Vim li ntawd acetic acid siv ntau heev rau kev khaws cia. Hauv khw nws muaj nyob rau ntau theem kev tsom (muaj zog). Rau 1 kg ntawm ib yam khoom, tsuas yog xav tau kwv yees li 2-3 decilitre ntawm 10%–ntawm kua tshuaj acetic acid. Acetic acid rhuav tshem tau ntau yam hlau (hlau, aluminium, tooj liab, zinc). Lub compound uas tsim tau nrog tooj liab lossis zinc yog tshuaj lom, yog li ua ntim rau acetic acid tsuas siv tau lub thawv ua iav, ceramics, enamel, yas lossis ntoo xwb.
Salicylic acid yog hmoov dawb, zoo li koob, ua kua muag txias, tsis muaj ntxhiab ( C6H4(OH)COOH). Nws yog tshuaj lom rau hlwb, thiab ua rau tua kab mob thiab spore. Yog siv ntau dhau, nws kuj lom rau tib neeg lub cev, yog li ntawd rau kev khaws cia thiaj siv tsawg, nrog cov ntau npaum uas tau txhais meej. Rau 1 kg txiv hmab txiv ntoo, siab tshaj plaws ntxiv 0,8 g.
Benzoic acid yog ib yam khoom dawb, mos zoo li txhob lo lo ntxhuav, zoo li koob lossis zoo li daim phiaj, ua muaju (Н6С5СООН). Nws tua kab mob thiab cov noob kab mob tau zoo heev. Thaum siv ntau, nws kuj ua phem rau lub cev, yog li ntawd rau 1 kg ntawm cov khoom tsuas ntxiv 0,5 grams xwb.
Cov kua nplaum
Muaj ntau hom kua nplaum hluavtaws, uas tab tom nce zuj zus hauv kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob cia lub npe »kua nplaum siv tau rau txhua yam« dag peb. Cov kua nplaum no zoo tab sis tsis yog rau txhua yam; tsuas lo tau zoo rau qee yam ntaub ntawv, hos rau qee yam ces lo tsis zoo.
Peb yuav nthuav tawm ob peb yam kua nplaum tseem ceeb tshaj, uas tuaj yeem nrhiav tau hauv kev lag luam hauv teb chaws, nrog lus ceeb toom tias cov ntaub ntawv twg thiaj lo tau zoo tshaj nrog cov kua nplaum ntawd.
Taut, (ua los ntawm pob txha, ua los ntawm tawv) siv rau kev lo ntawv, ntoo, ntaub, cellophane, thiab tseem siv rau kev lo cov no rau tawv thiab iav.
Benzol yog tus neeg yaj polystyrene, los sis yog nws cov kua nplaum. Dhau ntawm kev lo cov phaj polystyrene ua ke, nrog benzol cov ntaub pleksiglas, celluloid thiab cellophane kuj lo tau rau polystyrene.
Dej iav siv los gluing iav thiab cov ntaub ntawv tawv, xws li bakelite nrog ntaub, ntawv, hlau, porcelain thiab ceramic, los yog cov no rau ib leeg.
Hloroforrn yog ib yam tshuaj yaj, los sis kua nplaum rau plexi-iav. Plexiglas tuaj yeem lo nrog chloroform rau iav, ceramics, porcelain, polystyrene thiab celluloid.
Boropor lo roj hmab rau roj hmab, roj hmab rau hlau, tawv, iav, porculan, ntoo, ntaub. Kuj lo tawv rau hlau, thiab tsis zoo npaum li ntawd rau iav thiab ntoo.
Lub kua nplaum Oho »universal« siv tau zoo rau kev nplaum iav, porcelain, ntoo, poliplast, hlau.
Risopren (roj hmab hluavtaws) siv feem ntau rau kev lo roj hmab thiab tawv. Rau kev lo linoleum, podolit, vinaz phaj, parquet rau pob zeb kuj tseem pom zoo siv.
Savanol siv rau kev lo tawv, roj hmab, ultrapas, ntaub pua plag, textiles, ntoo, salonite thiab daim hlau galvanized.
Neostik un »univerzalno« kua nplaum. Nws siv tau rau kev nplaum ntau yam ntaub ntawv; tawv, ntoo, roj hmab, ntaub thiab lwm yam.
Drvofix yog kua nplaum rau ntoo, cov laug cam ntoo (panel, iverica thiab yam li ntawd), styrofoam nrog ntoo, parquet rau cov hauv paus ntoo thiab yam li ntawd.
Teleol (neoprene). Kua nplaum rau txuas tawv, roj hmab, cov khoom yas, ntaub, ntoo, ntaub pua plag PVC thiab lwm yam.
Krautoxin (Kunstsoff aus der Tube). Yog ib lub nplaum ob feem, uas ob feem xub muab sib tov thiab ces siv tau hauv ib nrab teev. Nws lo hlau, pob zeb, iav, plooj (porculan), thermostable poliplastics (bakelit) thiab lwm yam.
Cov kua nplaum epoksi, xws li: ARALDIT (Switzerland), ЕРON (Shell), EPILOX (Buna-werke), EPORESIT (Hungary), tshwm rau qee lub sijhawm hauv khw, ua hmoov, muab tshuaj txhuam, pas nrig me me, emulsion. Lawv yog kua nplaum zoo heev, tshwj xeeb yog siv rau kev lo hlau nrog hlau, lossis roj hmab, tawv thiab lwm yam.
Desmodur, desmoden yog cov kua nplaum polyurethane, siv rau kev nplaum hlau nrog roj hmab, los sis hlau nrog hlau.