Izixhumanisi zokhuni zihlanganisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokudlulisa ingcindezi, ukushuba kanye namathonya asemaceleni phakathi kwezakhi zokhuni. Amalunga acindezelwe nacindezelwe, amapulaki, amanotshi, ama-garter, amalunga anamathiselwe namafindo kuboniswa embhalweni.
1. Uxhumano lucindezelwe
Uma ubuso be-elementi eyodwa buxhumene nobuso benye i-elementi, futhi uma ukuhlanganiswa kuvikelwe ngokumelene nokunyakaza kwe-lateral, noma uma ubuso be-elementi eyodwa buxhumene ne-elementi yobude, kwanele ukufaka ama-wedge ukuvimbela ukunyakaza kwe-lateral endaweni yengxenye, noma ukunamathisela ama-leeches ngaphandle. Uma kusetshenziswa amapulagi amancane, izimbobo ezilingana kuzo kufanele zikhishwe ezindaweni ezicindezelwe (fig. 1 kanye 2). Ngakho-ke, amakholomu aqondile okwakhiwa kwelathisi - ikakhulukazi uma emincane kunamabhande - indawo yawo egcwele icwiliswa ebhandeni cishe 2 cm futhi ivikelwe ngokufihla ucezu lokhuni ngengxenye engunxantathu (fig. 3).
Izithombe 1–3. Ukuxhumana okucindezelwe kwezinto zokhuni.
Uma ukucindezelwa okuvumelekile okuhambisana nezintambo kudluliwe, izingcezu zokhuni oluqinile noma amaphrofayili ensimbi afakwa (isib.4). Ngokufanayo, ukunwetshwa kwendawo ecindezelweyo yamakholomu ngamanye kungafinyelelwa ngokufaka izinyawo (isib.5). Emkhiwaneni.6ukuxhumeka kokuma okuqondile ngezigaba zomshado ezigcwele kubonisiwe, ukuqhubeka okutholakala ngaphezu kwayo. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuqina okuthile kokuxhuma, imichilo yensimbi emise okwe-T kufanele ibekwe. Uma amakholomu ezingodo eziyindilinga noma eziphendukile ziqhubeka, futhi ekuhlanganyeleni kwazo kukhona ukucindezeleka ngenxa yokugoba noma ukusonteka, kuyadingeka ukudonsa lezi zingcindezi ngama-garters okhuni noma ensimbi abekwe eceleni, usebenzisa izipikili noma izikulufa.
Izithombe4-6. Ukuthuthukisa nokuqhubeka kwezixhumanisi ezicindezelweyo.
Ngokuvamile kulula ukumboza umhlangano ngomkhono we-tubular. Ukuze uvimbele imicu ukuthi ingacindezelani ekubunjweni kwayo, ngaphambi kokutshala ingxenye engaphezulu yekholomu, ungqimba lwe-semi-moist, oluhlanganiswe kahle udaka lukasimende. Uma izakhi zinwebeka ngokuvundlile noma zihlangana nge-engeli, kufanele zivikelwe ngokumelene nokunyakaza kwama-leeches noma imicu yensimbi eyisicaba, futhi ngokumelene nokusonteka ngezingodo zamakhona asikiwe (isg.8futhi9). Ukuxhuma abalala ku-scaffolding, izihlathi ezimbili zokhuni, eziboshwe ngezikulufa, zisetshenziswa. Lolu hlobo lokwakha lungathwala izikhathi zokugoba (Fig.10). Prav, okungukuthi _ishidi elithi oblique lisetshenziswa uma ukwakheka kusekelwa, futhi asikho isikhala esanele sezinto ezingazodwana ukuze zisekelwe (isb. ukuxhumeka kwe-cornice ngaphezu kwezibopho zophahla) (isib.11futhi12). Ukuze ukwazi ukudlulisa amandla aphezulu aqinile, ama-spacers kwesinye isikhathi abekwa phakathi kwezindawo zokuxhumana.
Izithombe 7–11. Izingxenye, ama-garters namashidi.
2. Cep
Ipulaki isebenza ngokukhethekile ukuze kuvikeleke indawo efanayo yezinto ezimbili zokhuni. Ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, kufanele abambe izakhi endaweni yazo. Emkhiwaneni. 13 ikhombisa ukuxhunywa kokuma mpo kanye nama-diagonal anezimbali eziyisikafula eziphindwe kabili. Ngaphansi kwekhanda lesikulufu namantongomane, amashimu osayizi 8/8 kuya kokuthi 10/10 cm kanye nogqinsi 8-10 mm abekwe. Izikulufu kufanele ziqiniswe kuze kusetshenziswe amandla azo aqinile entanyeni, ukuze kudluliselwe amandla amakhulu kakhulu angqubuzanayo endaweni yokuxhumana yezakhi, ngenxa yomphumela wengcindezi eqinile. Ngale ndlela, ama-node aqinile ayakhiwa.
Izithombe 12–15. AmaSpredishithi, amapulaki nezimpondo zokuxhuma.
Uma imishayo yophahla ingahlali phezu kwe-ridge, ukubopha kwabo kwenziwa ngemfoloko noma ipulaki ene-slot egcwele (fig. 14). Kwezinye izimo, ama-plugs avezwa ukugoba ngokuqondana nendawo yawo, isb. njengepulaki emaphakathi emigqeni enqamulayo yezakhiwo ze-mezzanine (umkhiwane 15). Izindonga ezizungeze i-groove kufanele zishiywe nobukhulu obufanele ukuze kugwenywe ukushaywa kwezinkuni.
3. Isigaba
I-notch isebenza ukwenza uxhumano oluqinile olungathatha ingcindezi yezinduku ezihlangana ngokudayagonali. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile simelelwa inotshi yangaphambili, umzimba wayo a-b uyipali lekhona elingaphandle, kuyilapho i-engeli bac ivame ukuba nkulu kuno-90o (fig. 16). Ngale ndlela, izimo ze-voltage ezivumayo kakhulu ze-bevel kanye nomngcele ziyafinyelelwa. Amanani we-a:
a ≤ 50o, ukujula kwenotshi t = 0,25h
a ≥ 60o, ukujula kwenotshi t = 0,17h
Phakathi kwama-engeli 50o kanye 60o kwenziwa ukuhumusha ngomugqa. Esimeni lapho a ingaphansi kuka-50o, ukusetshenziswa kwesigaba se-rod kuzoba ngcono uma i-notch ekabili isetshenziswa (Fig. 17). Ukungathembi le ndlela yokuxhuma kuyafaneleka, njengoba ukunemba okudingekayo ekwakhiweni akuvamile ukutholwa.
Isithombe 16. Frontal notch geometry.
Ukucindezelwa kokugunda endaweni a-e ngokhuni lwe-coniferous akufanele kudlule 900 kPa. Ubude obuncane be-overhang yangaphambili kufanele bube ngu-15 cm. Uma ubude bunomkhawulo, ukusika phakathi, okungukuthi, ukusika kusetshenziswa. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezinti, ukuchotshozwa kwendawo kanye nenqubo yokunciphisa izinkuni, kungenzeka ukuthi amandla adluliselwa kuphela phambi kokusika futhi ukuhlanganyela kuvula ngemuva; umphumela ukulayishwa kwe-eccentric kwe-helix. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokwezinga elincane ekuxhumekeni okunenotshi emaphakathi, esebenza cishe njengejoyinti futhi lapho uphendulela induku ayifaki ukudalwa kwe-eccentricity enkulu. Ngokusikwa ngemuva, kunobungozi bokuthi izinyo lizophuka (ikakhulukazi uma kunemifantu ngenxa yokushwabana kokhuni) ukuze i-bevel ishelele.
Izithombe 17–20. Izinhlobonhlobo zamanotshi namapulaki atshekile.
Ukuze ugweme ukusikeka okujule kakhulu, ukuqiniswa okusemaceleni nokufakiwe kuyengezwa (fig. 19). Futhi, ngaphezu kwe-notch, ingxenye yamandla idluliselwa ngama-garters abethelwe ezinhlangothini zombili; ngale ndlela, i-node ithola ukuqina okuthile ngokwemibandela yamandla aseceleni. Ukusika kathathu akunconyiwe, njengoba iyunifomu kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni ezintathu ezingaphambili akufakiwe.
4. Ipulaki etshekile
Uma kuqhathaniswa nenotshi, ipulaki ethambekele (Fig. 20) inenzuzo yokuthi uxhumano lubonisa ukuqina okukhulu ngokumelene namathonya ahlangene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa okunzima kakhulu, ukunciphisa ukumelana nokukhubazeka okwandayo, ikakhulukazi kuma-angles amakhulu okuxhumana, akubonisi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kunconywa.
5. Uxhumano oluqinile
Ama-garters enziwe ngokhuni noma ngensimbi asetshenziselwa ukumboza iziphetho ezivezwe ekucindezelekeni; lezi zamuva zibiza kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo okungcono kanye nokuphepha okwandisiwe uma kwenzeka amandla amakhulu, zifaneleka kakhulu. Emkhiwaneni. 21 ikhombisa ukuxhunywa kwenduku ebambene kabili, eyenziwe ngama-garter amathathu okhuni kanye nobuchopho emalungeni.
Isithombe 21. Isibopho esiqinile esinama-garters okhuni nengqondo.
Amagida ensimbi anamathiselwe: kuphela ngezikulufu ezibaliwe, amadowels anezikulufu (fig. 22), amadowels aboshwe noma ashiselwe kumagida ensimbi, noma izikulufu zokhuni. Isici ngasinye sokuxhuma ngokhuni simbozwa ngokwehlukana ngokwethempulethi ehambisanayo. Ukunemba kokubhola ngesandla akwanele.
Izithombe 22–23. Izigqoko zensimbi nothayi abanethanga elitshekile.
Izinsimbi ezivamile azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa okunamathiselwe. Yilapho ukuxhumana kwe-diagonal lap kuqala khona ukudlala kumugqa wokuqala. Ezicini ezizoxhunywa, isilinganiso esiphakathi kobude be-bevel kanye nobude lapho i-bevel inweba khona kufanele okungenani kube 1:5 ukuya kokuthi 1:8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukwamukela izilinganiso ezincane ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze izingxenye zezakhi zihlanganiswe.
Isithombe 24. Ama-wedge wezinto zokhuni.
Isithombe 23 sibonisa amahlanganisela amabili e-prefab enziwe ngokugqagqana okutshekile. Ukucindezela okudingekayo ku-gluing kwenziwa ngezikulufo. Ukuxhumana nama-wedge bevel kuyasetshenziswa (ukuxhumana kobuso, fig. 24).
Umfanekiso 25 ubonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwebha eyidayagonali ekabili kanye nebhande eliphindwe kabili (izakhi zilele ezindizeni ezifanayo) ezinokuqiniswa kwezinhlangothi kanye nokufaka. Ukuze kuxhunywe phakathi kwezingxenye ezengeziwe kanye nebhande (i-oblique yomthwalo emicu) inani elikhulu lama-braces liyadingeka kunokuxhumana phakathi kwabo kanye ne-diagonal. Ukuze ubuchopho bulingane, ububanzi bezingcezu ezengeziwe kufanele bube bukhulu kunobubanzi benduku yokugcwalisa. Izinduku zokugcwalisa zezakhiwo zokhuni zivame ukunamathiselwe ngqo kumagida.
6. Ukusika
Izithombe 25–26. Ukuxhumana kwenduku ye-diagonal nokusikwa kwebhande.
Izinduku eziqinile (izikhathi eziningi ezikabili) uma zisikwa ngebhande, ziboshwa ngokuqondile. Izinduku azikhokhwa kakhulu kangangokuthi zidlulisela amandla azo ngokuqondile noma nge-diagonally (ngokufaka i-notching) ebhandeni. (fig. 26). I-tension rod egcwele ingafakwa futhi esikhaleni phakathi kwebhande eliphindwe kabili. Ukusika njengokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezakhi kungasetshenziswa kuphela esimweni samandla amancane, lapho imigoqo ikhulu kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zesakhiwo. Qaphela ukuthi izinti kufanele zibe nemiphetho ebukhali ngokuphelele.
7. Ukuxhumana kwama-elementi anama-nodal plate
Uma izinti eziningana zihlangana endaweni, noma uma amabhande esakhiwo se-lattice ephuka kakhulu, amapuleti e-node asetshenziswa ngokulingisa amashidi e-node ezakhiwo zensimbi; ngokwezomnotho, azinconywa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amapuleti efindo ensimbi asetshenziswa namagida ensimbi esigaba esiphambanayo esiyindilinga, ukujiya 20 mm, ubude 80 mm, kumabhuloho alayishwe kakhulu amabhuloho amakhulu anobubanzi obukhulu nobude obuphansi besakhiwo, avame ukugoba ngokwezinga elikhulu ngaphansi kwethonya lokumiswa kokhuni okuqhubekayo. Amapuleti ahlangene e-plywood avame ukusetshenziswa.
Ngaphezu kokuxhumeka kwezakhi zokhuni ezibalwe lapha, kukhona nenani elikhulu lokuxhuma okwenziwa ngesandla kuphela ababazi; ukumboza, ukulinganisa, “i-karma” njll. Ngalokhu kuxhumana “kwenhlangano”, kujwayele ukwamukela, uma kungenzeka, amandla acindezelayo ukuze kugwenywe izici ezihamba ngokuhlukana. Uma ukuxhumeka okunjalo kuqinisekiswa ngokubala, kubonakala ukuthi amandla, angamukelwa esimweni esihle kakhulu, anesizotha kakhulu. Ukuxhunywa kombazi, okuvamise ukwakhiwa ngokucophelela okukhulu futhi okudinga izinga eliphezulu lobuciko, akusafaneleki ezimweni eziningi namuhla.