Inothi mayelana nokuqukethwe nokuvikeleka: Lona umbhalo wezemfundo ongowomlando, hhayi imininingwane yobuchwepheshe evumelekile, imiyalelo yephrojekthi noma yomsebenzi. Izibalo nezibalo kuthathwe esihlokweni sokuqala futhi akufanele kuhunyushwe njengokuqinisekiswa ngezindinganiso zanamuhla. Ukukhethwa, ukuhlolwa, ukugcinwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kukasimende kufanele kuhambisane nemiyalelo yomkhiqizi, imithethonqubo esebenzayo kanye nomklamo kanjiniyela oqeqeshiwe. Izithombe ziyimifanekiso futhi azimeli amaphrojekthi aqinisekisiwe we-Savo Kusić.
Usimende awuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha wenkampani. Ukukhiqiza kwamanje kugxile ngamafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso. Ngephrojekthi ethile, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
Idatha evamile
Osimende bahlanganisa amanzi: ngemva kokuxutshwa namanzi, baqina abe yitshe eliqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphansi kwamanzi nasemoyeni. Esimweni sesibili, ukuphulukiswa okuphelele kufinyelelwa kuphela uma udaka lugcinwa lumanzi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi ezinsukwini zokuqala.
Ukuqina okuveza ngokucacile nokulinganisekayo kufanele, ngisho namaphakathi nehlobo, kuqale kuphela ngemva kokuxutshwa kahle kukasimende. Ngokwezindinganiso ezishiwo embhalweni wokuqala, ukuqala kokuqina kufanele kubonakale kungakapheli ihora elilodwa ngemuva kokwenza usimende slurry. Ukuphela kokubopha ngezinga lokushisa elisuka ku-18 ukuya ku-21 °C kwenzeka, njengomthetho, kungakapheli okune futhi kungakedluli amahora angu-12.
Uma usebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukuqina kufanele kubambezeleke kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqina ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile, kuyilapho emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukusheshisa kwakho kufanele kukhawulwe.
Isisindo sikasimende esiqinile kufanele sizinze ngevolumu. Amandla akufanele ehle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokwakheka kukasimende noma ithonya lesithwathwa, uketshezi nezinye izici. Imifantu edalwe ukushwabana kodaka nokhonkolo ingagwenywa ngokusebenza nokunakekelwa okufanele, futhi izinga lezi zimo okungahlangatshezwana nalo lincike esimweni sobuchwepheshe bukasimende.
Emisebenzini kakhonkolo eqinisiwe kanye nokwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, ngokuya nge-athikili yasekuqaleni, amasimende ajwayelekile kuphela namasimende e-aluminum anenani eliphezulu angasetshenziswa. Kuphinde kuthiwe umuntu kufanele asebenzise usimende ukukhiqizwa kwawo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezikhungo ukuze kugcinwe amazinga futhi anophawu lwazo. Ngezinjongo ezikhethekile, njengemigwaqo kakhonkolo elayishwe kakhulu, kusimende abaziwayo abasezingeni bayanconywa.
Uma kudingekile kakhulu ukuthola ukhonkolo wekhwalithi ephezulu ngesikhathi esifushane, isibonelo uma wenza izinqwaba, usimende we-alumina uyacatshangelwa. Ukwakheka kwayo kuhluke kakhulu kusimende wase-Portland, futhi i-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) ibusa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali.
Umfanekiso — usimende oyimpuphu we-alumina.
Ukwakheka kwekhemikhali kukasimende
Ithebula lokuhlaziya lamasimende ezentengiselwano libonisa idatha yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kohlobo ngalunye. Kubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe komcako kusimende wase-Portland ovundile ngokuvamile kuphansi kunosimende wase-Portland wakudala, kuyilapho usimende wokuncibilikisa uqukethe umcako omncane nakakhulu. Amasimende e-white portland atholakala ngensimbi ephansi kakhulu.
Ithebula lengobo yomlando — ukuhlaziya usimende wentengiso kusukela ku-athikili yoqobo.
Imibono mayelana nokwakheka okufanele kakhulu kukasimende, ukusetshenziswa okuvamile noma imisebenzi ethile yokwakha, ivamise ukushintsha futhi ihluke. Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kukodwa akunikezeli ulwazi oluphelele. Ibonisa umthengi, uma zingekho izivumelwano ezikhethekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindinganiso noma izimo ezengeziwe zazihlonishwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuthi ngabe ukwakheka kwe-samente kungaphakathi kwemingcele evamile noma kuphambuka kubo.
Ukuqala nesiphetho sokubopha
Uma ukumiswa kukasimende kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ukhonkolo ubekwe, kungase kuthinte kabi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kasimende kanye nokhonkolo ngokwawo. Ukuze ugweme izimo ezinjalo, i-athikili yoqobo incoma ukuthathwa njalo kwamasampula okuhlola ekulethweni okungenayo kanye nokuhlola okuthuthukisiwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “amakhukhi”, ngendlela echaziwe.
Ngokwezindinganiso ezishiwo embhalweni wokuqala, ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa kufanele kwenziwe ngokwesilinganiso lokushisa usimende, amanzi nomoya ukusuka ku-18 ukuya ku-21 °C. Lesi simo sibalulekile ekuhloleni imiphumela, ngoba njengoba izinga lokushisa liyancipha, isikhathi sokubopha siyanda, futhi njengoba izinga lokushisa landa, liyancipha. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, isibonelo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ekhonkolo, ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwenziwa ehlobo ezingeni lokushisa elisuka ku-30 ukuya ku-35 °C.
Umfanekiso — ukufakwa nokulinganisa kwengxube kasimende.
Ukuncipha nokuvuvukala kukasimende
Udaka lukasimende, oluxutshwe nenani elikhulu lamanzi adingekayo kukhonkolo lwezakhiwo zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe, loma ngesikhathi sokusetha ngaphandle kokudala amandla abalulekile ekuqiniseni okusimbozayo. Izinga lokumisa lincike ohlotsheni lukasimende, inani lamanzi okuxuba, izinga lokushisa likakhonkolo nezinye izimo.
Uma usebenzisa usimende omusha ezintweni ezakhayo ezihlukahlukene, ukuqhekeka nokuqhekeka kwabonwa ngenxa yokomisa esimweni sezulu esishisayo, esomile nesinomoya. Ngemva kokusetha, usimende uyashwabana uma woma, kuyilapho usimende ogcinwa unomswakama ukhukhumala.
Umdwebo — ukuqhekeka endaweni kasimende.
Isimo sikasimende ngesikhathi nokugcinwa
Osimende abafudumele
Kuvame ukubuzwa ukuthi ingabe amasimende afudumele, isibonelo amazinga okushisa asuka ku-30 ukuya ku-80 °C, mabi kakhulu kunosimende ukusuka kumazinga okushisa asuka ku-10 ukuya ku-30 °C. Ngokombhalo wasekuqaleni, izinga lokushisa likasimende ngokwalo alibaluleki kangako uma liphathwa ngokomsebenzi, okungukuthi, uma ukhonkolo omusha unezinga lokushisa elivamile elingu-25 °C.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi usimende ofudumele uvela kuma-clinker amasha angapholiswanga futhi angagugi, noma ukuthi izinga lokushisa kwawo lakhiwe kuphela ngesikhathi sokugaya. Emabhilidini abalulekile, kuyanconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe usimende oseneminyaka okungenani isonto.
Ukufana
Isici esibalulekile sekhwalithi kasimende ukufana kwezakhiwo zomkhiqizo esikhathini eside, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo nokuhamba kancane kwekhwalithi.
Ukuqina kwesitoreji
Ukuhlolwa kukasimende wase-Portland, usimende wase-Portland ovundile, usimende wokuncibilika kanye nosimende we-aluminate ubonise, uma kuziwa kusimende wesimanje, ukuthi isitoreji esomile esiseleni sesitshalo sikasimende noma ezikhwameni emakamelweni omile, kanye nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokugcina ezikhwameni ezikhethekile nasemagunjini okusebenza omile, akuthinti kakhulu amandla esimende.
Uma izikhwama zipakishwe isikhathi eside futhi usimende unqwabelene, kungaba umqondo omuhle ukuhlola usimende kamuva. Lapho ugcinwa emashedeni, ukuvikelwa emvuleni nasemoyeni kuyadingeka. Uma isitoreji esinjalo sihlala izinyanga ezimbalwa, izikhwama kufanele zivikelwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngephepha lokuphahla noma izinto ezifanayo. Izikhwama zephepha ezinebhitumini noma amathangi ahlala njalo acashunwe njengezixazululo ezingcono.
Umfanekiso — izisele zokugcina usimende.