Haɗin katako sun haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban na watsa matsa lamba, tashin hankali da tasirin gefe tsakanin abubuwan katako. An nuna mahaɗin da aka danna da masu tsauri, matosai, notches, garters, manne da faranti na haɗin gwiwa a cikin rubutun.
1. An danna haɗin haɗin
Idan fuskar wani abu ya kasance yana hulɗa da fuskar wani nau’in, kuma idan abun ya kasance amintacce a kan motsi na gefe, ko kuma idan fuskar wani abu yana da dangantaka da wani abu mai tsayi, ya isa a sanya ƙugiya don hana motsi na gefe a kan sassan sassan, ko kuma haɗa lemun tsami daga waje. Idan an yi amfani da ƙananan matosai, ya kamata a cire ramukan da suka dace daga saman da aka matse (fig.1kuma2). Sabili da haka, ginshiƙan ginshiƙan gine-gine na lattice - musamman ma idan sun fi ƙunci fiye da bel - suna raguwa tare da cikakken saman su.2 cma cikin bel ɗin kuma a tsare shi ta hanyar ɓoye wani yanki na itace tare da sashin triangular (fig.3).
Hotuna 1–3. Abubuwan haɗin katako da aka danna.*
Idan an ƙetare matsi da aka halatta daidai gwargwado ga zaruruwa, ana saka guntuwar katako ko bayanan bayanan ƙarfe na ƙarfe (fig.4). Hakazalika, ana iya samun faɗaɗa saman matsewar ginshiƙai ɗaya ta hanyar saka ƙafafu (fig.5). A cikin fig.6An nuna haɗin haɗin tsaye tare da cikakkun sassan bikin aure, wanda ci gaba da shi ke sama da shi. Don cimma wani tsayin daka na haɗin kai, dole ne a sanya sassan ƙarfe na T-dimbin yawa. Idan ginshiƙan katako na zagaye ko juyawa suna ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma a cikin haɗin gwiwa akwai damuwa saboda lanƙwasa ko karkatarwa, wajibi ne a shafe waɗannan matsalolin tare da katako na katako ko karfe da aka sanya a gefe, ta amfani da kusoshi ko screws.
Hotuna4-6. Abubuwan haɓakawa da ci gaba da danna hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa.
Yawancin lokaci ya dace don rufe taro tare da suturar tubular. Don hana zaruruwa daga dannawa da juna a kan abun da ke ciki, kafin dasa shuki na sama na ginshiƙan, wani Layer na tsaka-tsalle mai laushi, daɗaɗɗen ** turmi ciment** Idan abubuwan sun shimfiɗa a kwance ko sun haɗu a kusurwa, ya kamata a kiyaye su a kan motsi tare da leches ko ɗigon ƙarfe na lebur, kuma a kan karkata tare da yanke katakon kusurwa (fig.8kuma9). Don haɗa masu barci a kan kullun, ana amfani da kunci na katako guda biyu, wanda aka ɗaure tare da sukurori. Irin wannan ginin yana iya ɗaukar lokacin lanƙwasawa (Fig.10). Prav, i.e. oblique sheet ana amfani dashi lokacin da aka goyan bayan abun da ke ciki, kuma babu isasshen sarari don kowane abubuwan da za’a tallafawa (misali haɗin cornice sama da haɗin ginin) (fig.11kuma12). Domin samun damar isar da ƙarfin juzu’i mafi girma, ana sanya masu sarari a wasu lokutan tsakanin wuraren hulɗa.
Hotuna 7–11. Kayan aiki, garters da zanen gado.*
2. Cap
Filogi yana aiki na musamman don tabbatar da matsayin juna na abubuwan katako guda biyu. A lokacin taro, dole ne ya riƙe abubuwa a matsayinsu. A cikin fig. 13 yana nuna haɗin kai tsaye da diagonals tare da wreath biyu. A ƙarƙashin dunƙule kai da goro, an sanya shims na girman 8/8 zuwa 10/10 cm da kauri 8-10 mm. Ya kamata a ƙarfafa sukurori har sai an yi amfani da ƙarfin ƙarfin su a cikin wuyansa, don canja wurin mafi girman yiwuwar juzu’i zuwa wuraren tuntuɓar abubuwan, saboda tasirin matsa lamba mai ƙarfi. Ta wannan hanyar, an ƙirƙiri ƙugiya masu ƙarfi.
Hotuna 12–15. Sheets, matosai da haɗin ƙaho.*
Idan rafters na rufin ba su tsaya a kan tudu ba, ana yin ɗaurin su tare da cokali mai yatsa ko toshe tare da cikakken rami (fig. 14). A wasu lokuta, matosai suna fuskantar lankwasa daidai da alkiblarsu, misali. a matsayin filogi a tsakiyar kan giciye na tsarin mezzanine (fig. 15). Dole ne a bar ganuwar da ke kusa da tsagi tare da kauri mai dacewa don kauce wa splashing na itace.
3. Sashe
Ƙididdiga tana aiki don yin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsi na sanduna waɗanda ke haɗuwa da diagonal. Gine-gine na yau da kullun yana wakilta da front notch, wanda jikinsa a-b shine sandar kusurwar waje, yayin da kusurwa bac yawanci ya fi 90o (fig. 16). Ta wannan hanyar, ana samun mafi kyawun yanayin ƙarfin lantarki don bevel da bakin kofa. Ƙimar ga a:
a ≤ 50o, zurfin daraja t = 0,25h
a ≥ 60o, zurfin daraja t = 0,17h
Tsakanin sasanninta50game da i60ana yin tsaka-tsakin layi. Idan a ya gaza50o, yin amfani da yanke sanda zai fi kyau idan an yi amfani da biyu yanke (fig.17). Rashin amincewa ga wannan hanyar haɗin kai ya dace, tun da yake ba a saba da daidaiton da ake bukata a cikin ginin ba.
Hoto16. Geometry na incisor na gaba.
Ƙarƙashin ƙarfi a saman a-e don itace mai laushi bai kamata ya wuce ba900kPa. Matsakaicin tsayin tsayin gaba ya kamata ya kasance15 cm. Idan tsayin ya iyakance, ana amfani da _cut a tsakiya, wato, yanke rear. Saboda juyawa da sanduna, murkushe gida da tsarin raguwa na itace, zai iya faruwa cewa an watsa karfi kawai zuwa gaban yanke kuma haɗin gwiwa yana buɗewa a baya; sakamakon shi ne eccentric loading na helix. Wannan yana faruwa zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta akan haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙima a tsakiya, wanda ke aiki kamar haɗin gwiwa kuma lokacin juya sanda ya keɓance ƙirƙirar babban eccentricity. Ga yankan baya, akwai haɗari cewa haƙori zai fito fili (musamman a yanayin tsaga saboda raguwar itace) ta yadda bevel ɗin ya zame.
Hotuna 17–20. Bambance-banbance na notches da filogi maras nauyi.*
Don guje wa yanke mai zurfi sosai, ana ƙara ƙarfafa gefe da abubuwan da ake sakawa (fig. 19). Har ila yau, ban da daraja, wani ɓangare na ƙarfin yana watsawa ta hanyar garters da aka ƙusa a bangarorin biyu; ta wannan hanyar, kumburin yana samun wani tsayayyen ƙarfi dangane da ƙarfin gefe. Ba a ba da shawarar katsewa sau uku ba, tunda an keɓe rigar rigar da kuma watsawar ƙarfi a lokaci guda akan saman gaba uku.
4. Slanted toshe
Idan aka kwatanta da ƙima, filogi mai karkata (Fig. 20) yana da fa’ida cewa haɗin yana nuna taurin kai ga tasirin gefe. A gefe guda, gini mai nauyi, rage juriya da haɓaka haɓaka, musamman a manyan kusurwoyi masu alaƙa, ba sa nuna cewa an ba da shawarar amfani da su.
5. Tsattaccen haɗi
Ana amfani da garters da aka yi da itace ko karfe don rufe iyakar da aka nuna zuwa tashin hankali; na ƙarshe sun fi tsada, amma saboda mafi kyawun bayyanar su da ƙarin aminci idan akwai manyan sojoji, sun fi dacewa. A cikin fig. 21 yana nuna haɗin sanda mai ɗaure fuska biyu, wanda aka yi da katako na katako guda uku da kwakwalwa a cikin haɗin gwiwa.
- Hoton 21. Dangantaka mai tsauri tare da garters na katako da kwakwalwa.
Ana haɗe maƙallan ƙarfe: kawai tare da ƙididdige sukurori, dowels tare da sukurori (fig. 22), dowels waɗanda aka riveted ko welded zuwa karfe, ko screws na itace. Kowane ɓangaren haɗin katako yana hakowa daban bisa ga samfurin da ya dace. Daidaiton hakowa da hannu bai wadatar ba.
Hotuna 22–23. Karfe garters da ƙulla tare da karkatacce cinya.*
Ba za a iya amfani da takalmin gyaran kafa na yau da kullun don gine-ginen manne ba. Wannan shi ne inda haɗin gwiwar cinya diagonal ke shiga cikin wasa a jere na farko. Akan abubuwan da za a haɗa, rabon da ke tsakanin tsayin bevel ɗin da tsawon wanda bevel ɗin ya shimfiɗa ya zama aƙalla 1:5 zuwa 1:8. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana da mahimmanci a ɗauka a matsayin ƙananan ƙira kamar yadda zai yiwu don sassan abubuwan da za a haɗa su.
- Hoton 24. Yanke bevels na katako.*
Hoto 23 yana nuna manyan taruka guda biyu da aka riga aka yi tare da zobo. Matsin da ake buƙata don gluing an ƙirƙira shi ta skru. Hakanan ana amfani da haɗin kai tare da bevels (haɗin fuska, fig. 24).
Hoto 25 yana nuna haɗin tsakanin mashaya diagonal biyu da kuma bel biyu (kayan da ke kwance a cikin jirage iri ɗaya) tare da ƙarfafawa da sakawa na gefe. Don haɗin kai tsakanin ƙarin sassa da bel (load oblique zuwa zaruruwa) ana buƙatar adadin takalmin gyaran kafa fiye da haɗin tsakanin su da diagonal. Domin kwakwalwa su dace, nisa daga cikin abubuwan da aka ƙara dole ne ya fi nisa na sandar filler. Abubuwan da aka cika na katako na katako yawanci ana haɗe su kai tsaye zuwa ga ginshiƙan.
6. Yanke
Hotuna 25–26. Haɗin sandar diagonal da yanke bel.*
Tsarin sanduna (mafi yawa sau biyu) idan an yanke shi da bel, ana ɗaure kai tsaye. Sandunan suna gani sosai har suna isar da ƙarfinsu a tsaye ko a tsaye (ta hanyar lura) zuwa bel. (fig. 26). Hakanan za’a iya shigar da cikakken sandar tashin hankali a cikin sarari tsakanin bel biyu. Yanke a matsayin haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin abubuwa za’a iya amfani da shi kawai a yanayin ƙaramin ƙarfi, wanda sanduna galibi suna da girma saboda dalilai na tsari. Kula cewa sandunan dole ne su kasance da gefuna masu kaifi gaba ɗaya.
7. Haɗin abubuwa tare da faranti na nodal
Idan sanduna da yawa sun hadu a kumburi, ko kuma idan bel ɗin tsarin lattice ya karye sosai, ana amfani da faranti na kumburi don kwaikwayi zanen nodes na tsarin ƙarfe; ta fuskar tattalin arziki, ba koyaushe ake ba su shawarar ba. Karfe kulli faranti ana amfani da karfe girders na madauwari giciye-section, kauri 20 mm, tsawon 80 mm, domin nauyi lodi gada manyan gadoji tare da manyan spans da low tsarin tsawo, wanda kullum lankwasa zuwa babban har karkashin rinjayar ci gaba bushewa na itace. Ana yawan amfani da faranti na haɗin gwiwa.
Bugu da ƙari ga haɗin kai don abubuwan katako da aka jera a nan, akwai kuma adadi mai yawa na haɗin da aka yi da hannu kawai ta hannun kafintoci; mayafi, dacewa, “karma” da sauransu. Tare da waɗannan haɗin gwiwar “guild”, akwai halin karɓar, idan zai yiwu, ƙarfin tashin hankali don guje wa abubuwan da ke motsawa. Idan an tabbatar da irin waɗannan haɗin gwiwar ta hanyar ƙididdigewa, ana ganin cewa sojojin, waɗanda za a iya yarda da su a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin, suna da girman kai. Haɗin kafinta, waɗanda galibi ana ƙera su sosai kuma suna buƙatar ƙwararrun sana’a, ba su dace da yawancin lokuta a yau ba.