Udibaniso lwamaplanga lubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye neempembelelo ezisecaleni phakathi kwezinto zokhuni. Amalungu acinezelweyo naxinzelelweyo, iiplagi, iinotshi, iigarter, amalungu ancamatheleyo kunye neepleyiti zeqhina zibonisiwe kumbhalo.
1. Uqhagamshelo lucinezelwe
Ukuba ubuso besinye isici budibene nobuso benye into, kwaye ukuba indibano ikhuselekile ngokuchasene nokunyakaza kwecala, okanye ukuba ubuso besinye isici budibene ne-longitudinal element, kwanele ukufaka i-wedges ukuthintela ukunyakaza kwecala kwindawo yecandelo, okanye ukudibanisa i-leeches evela ngaphandle. Ukuba iiplagi ezincinci zisetyenzisiwe, imingxuma apho ingena khona kufuneka ikhutshwe kwiindawo ezicinezelekileyo (umzobo 1 kunye 2). Ngoko ke, iikholamu ezithe nkqo zezakhiwo zeeleti - ngakumbi ukuba zincinci kuneebhanti - indawo yazo epheleleyo ifakwe kwibhanti malunga 2 cm kwaye ikhuselekile ngokufihla isiqwenga somthi ngecandelo elingunxantathu (umkhiwane 3)
*Imifanekiso 1–3. Udibaniso olucinezelweyo lweziqalelo zomthi.
Ukuba uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lwe-perpendicular kwi-fibers lugqithisiwe, iinqununu zokhuni oluqinileyo okanye i-C-profiles yensimbi ifakwe (umkhiwane.4). Ngokufanayo, ukwandiswa komphezulu ocinezelweyo weentsika ezizimeleyo kunokufezekiswa ngokufaka iinyawo (umkhiwane.5). Kumkhiwane.6uxhulumaniso oluthe nkqo kunye namacandelo omtshato apheleleyo abonisiwe, ukuqhubela phambili okubekwe ngaphezu kwayo. Ukuze ufezekise ukuqina okuthile koxhulumaniso, iintambo zetsimbi ezine-T kufuneka zibekwe. Ukuba iintsika zokhuni ezijikelezileyo okanye ezijikiweyo ziyaqhubeka, kwaye ekudibaneni kwazo kukho uxinzelelo ngenxa yokugoba okanye ukugoba, kuyimfuneko ukufunxa ezi zixinzelelo ngeentsimbi zokhuni okanye zentsimbi ezibekwe ecaleni, usebenzisa izikhonkwane okanye izikhonkwane.
Imifanekiso4-6. Iinyuso kunye nokuqhubekeka kwamakhonkco acinezelweyo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kulungele ukugubungela indibano ngomkhono we-tubular. Ukuze kuthintelwe iintsinga ukuba zicinezele omnye komnye ekuqulunqweni, ngaphambi kokutyala indawo ephezulu yekholomu, umaleko we-semi-fumile, uhlanganiswe kakuhle i-cement mortar. Ukuba izinto zinwenwela ngokuthe tye okanye zidibana nge-engile, kufuneka zikhuselwe xa zihamba ngeeleetshi okanye imicu yentsimbi ecaba, kunye nokujijwa ngezigodo ezisikiweyo zekona (umkhiwane.8kwaye9). Ukudibanisa abalali kwi-scaffolding, izihlathi eziphindwe kabini zokhuni, ziboshwe nge-screws, zisetyenziswa. Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lunokwamkela amaxesha okugoba (Fig.10). Prav, oko kukuthi i-oblique sheet isetyenziswe xa ukubunjwa kuxhaswe, kwaye akukho ndawo yaneleyo yezinto ezizimeleyo ezinokuthi zixhaswe (umzekelo.11kwaye12). Ukuze ukwazi ukuhambisa imikhosi ephezulu yobunzima, izikhewu ngamanye amaxesha zibekwe phakathi kweendawo zokunxibelelana.
*Imifanekiso 7–11. Amacandelo, iigarters kunye namaphepha.
2. Cep
Iplagi isebenza kuphela ukukhusela indawo ehambelanayo yezinto ezimbini zokhuni. Ngexesha lokuhlanganisa, kufuneka abambe izinto kwindawo yazo. Kumkhiwane. 13 ibonisa ukudibanisa okuthe nkqo kunye nediagonal enezithsaba eziphindwe kabini zescaffolding. Ngaphantsi kwentloko yesijivu kunye namantongomane, iishim zobukhulu 8/8 ukuya 10/10 cm kunye nobukhulu 8-10 mm zibekwe. Izikrufu kufuneka ziqiniswe de kusetyenziswe amandla awo okuqina entanyeni, ukuze kudluliselwe awona mandla akhukhulayo anokubakho kwiindawo zokudityaniswa kwezinto, ngenxa yempembelelo yoxinzelelo olunamandla. Ngale ndlela, ii-node eziqinileyo zenziwe.
Imifanekiso 12–15. Amashiti, iiplagi kunye noqhagamshelo lwempondo.
Ukuba iiplanga zephahla aziphumli kwi-ridge, ukubopha kwabo kwenziwa ngefoloko okanye iplagi ene-slot epheleleyo (umkhiwane 14). Kwezinye iimeko, iiplagi zibonakaliswe ukugoba i-perpendicular ukuya kwicala labo, umz. njengeplagi phakathi kwi-crossbar yezakhiwo ze-mezzanine (umkhiwane 15). Iindonga ezijikeleze i-groove kufuneka zishiywe ngobunzima obufanelekileyo ukuphepha ukutshiza kweenkuni.
3. Icandelo
I-notch isebenza ukwenza uxhumano oluqinileyo olunokuthi luthathe uxinzelelo lweentonga ezidibana nge-diagonally. Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lumelwe inotshi yangaphambili, umzimba wayo a-b uyipali yekona engaphandle, ngelixa i-engile bac idla ngokuba nkulu kuno-90o (fig. 16). Ngale ndlela, ezona meko zilungileyo zombane kwi-bevel kunye nomda ziyafezekiswa. Amaxabiso e-a:
a ≤ 50o, ubunzulu benotshi t = 0,25h
a ≥ 60o, ubunzulu benotshi t = 0,17h
Phakathi kwee-engile 50o kunye 60o ukuguqulwa komgca kwenziwa. Kwimeko apho a ingaphantsi kwe-50o, ukusetyenziswa kwecandelo lentonga kuya kuba ngcono ukuba inotshi ephindwe kabini isetyenziswe (Umfanekiso 17). Ukungathembi le ndlela yoqhagamshelo kuyathetheleleka, njengoko ukuchaneka okuyimfuneko kulwakhiwo akusoloko kufunyanwa.
Umfanekiso 16. Frontal notch geometry.
Uxinzelelo lokucheba kumphezulu a-e kwiplanga le-coniferous akufuneki lidlule 900 kPa. Obona bude buncinane be-overhang yangaphambili kufuneka bube 15 cm. Ukuba ubude bulinganiselwe, i-cut in the middle, oko kukuthi, i-rear cut isetyenziswa. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kweentonga, ukutyunyuzwa kwendawo kunye nenkqubo yokunciphisa iinkuni, kunokwenzeka ukuba amandla adluliselwe kuphela phambi kokunqunyulwa kunye nokudibanisa kuvula ngasemva; isiphumo kukulayishwa kwe-eccentric ye-helix. Oku kwenzeka ngowona mgangatho uncinci kuqhagamshelo kunye nenotshi embindini, esebenza malunga nekhonkco kwaye xa ujika intonga ayibandakanyi ukuyilwa kwe-eccentricity enkulu. Ngokusikwa ngasemva, kukho umngcipheko wokuba izinyo liya kwaphuka (ingakumbi kwimeko yokuqhekeka ngenxa yokuncipha kokhuni) ukuze i-bevel ityibilike.
*Imifanekiso 17–20. Ukwahluka kweenotshi kunye neeplagi ezichetyiweyo.
Ukuze ugweme ukusika okunzulu, ukuqiniswa kwecala kunye nokufakwa kongezwa (umkhiwane 19). Kwakhona, ukongeza kwinotshi, inxalenye yamandla idluliselwa ngee-garters ezibethelelwe kumacala omabini; ngale ndlela, i-node ifumana ukuqina okuthile ngokubhekiselele kumandla asecaleni. Ukusikwa kathathu akukhuthazwa, njengoko ukugqithiswa kwamandla afanayo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngaxeshanye kwimigangatho emithathu engaphambili akubandakanywa.
4. Iplagi echetyiweyo
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-notch, iplagi edibeneyo (Umfanekiso 20) inenzuzo yokuba uxhulumaniso lubonisa ukuqina okukhulu ngokuchasene neempembelelo zecala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakhiwa okunzima, ukunciphisa ukuchasana kunye nokunyuka kokukhubazeka, ngokukodwa kwii-angles ezinkulu zokudibanisa, akubonisi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo kunconywa.
5. Uqhagamshelwano oluqinileyo
Iigarters ezenziwe ngomthi okanye intsimbi zisetyenziselwa ukugubungela iziphelo ezivezwe kwingcinezelo; ezi zokugqibela zibiza kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yenkangeleko yazo engcono kunye nokhuseleko olwandisiweyo kwimeko yamandla amakhulu, zifanelekile. Kumkhiwane. 21 ibonisa ukudityaniswa kwentonga ephindwe kabini, eyenziwe ngeegarters ezintathu zokhuni kunye nobuchopho kumalungu.
*Umfanekiso 21. Iqhina eliqinileyo kunye neegatha zomthi kunye nengqondo.
Iigidi zensimbi ziqhotyoshelweyo: kuphela ngee-screws ezibaliweyo, ii-dowels ezine-screws (umkhiwane 22), ii-dowels ezifakwe kwi-riveted okanye ezidityanisiweyo kwiintsimbi zetsimbi, okanye izikhonkwane zokhuni. Into nganye yokudibanisa yokhuni iqhutywe ngokwahlukileyo ngokwe template ehambelanayo. Ukuchaneka kokomba ngesandla akwanelanga.
*Imifanekiso 22–23. Iigayi zentsimbi kunye namaqhina anethango elichetyiweyo.
Iibrayisi eziqhelekileyo azinakusetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kweglue. Kulapho udibaniso lwe-diagonal lap ludlala khona kumqolo wokuqala. Kwizinto eziza kudityaniswa, umlinganiselo phakathi komphakamo we-bevel kunye nobude apho i-bevel iyandiswa kufuneka ubuncinane ibe 1:5 ukuya ku-1:8. Ngaphaya koko, kuyimfuneko ukwamkela imilinganiselo emincinci kangangoko ukuze amacandelo ezinto adityaniswe.
*Umfanekiso 24. Iibevels ezenziwe ngomthi.
Umfanekiso 23 ubonisa iindibano ezimbini ze-prefab ezenziwe ngokudityaniswa okuthe tye. Uxinzelelo olufunekayo kwi-gluing lwenziwa ngezikrufu. Ukudibanisa kunye nee-wedge bevels nazo zisetyenziswa (ukudibanisa ubuso, umkhiwane 24).
Umzobo 25 ubonisa uxhulumaniso phakathi kwebhanti ye-diagonal ephindwe kabini kunye nebhanti ephindwe kabini (izinto ezilele kwiindiza ezifanayo) kunye nokuqiniswa kwecala kunye nokufakwa. Ukudibanisa phakathi kweengxenye ezongezelelweyo kunye nebhanti (i-oblique yomthwalo kwiifibers) inani elikhulu leentsimbi lifunekayo kunokudibanisa phakathi kwabo kunye ne-diagonal. Ukuze ubuchopho bulingane, ububanzi beziqwenga ezongezelelweyo kufuneka bube bukhulu kunobubanzi bentonga yokuzalisa. Iintsimbi zokuzalisa izakhiwo zokhuni zivame ukudibaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhanti.
6. Ukusika
*Imifanekiso 25–26. Uqhagamshelo lwentonga yediagonal kunye nokusikwa kwebhanti.
Iintsimbi eziqinileyo (ubukhulu becala kabini) xa zisikwe ngebhanti, ziboshwe ngokuthe ngqo. Iintonga ziqatshelwe kakhulu kangangokuba zigqithisa amandla azo ngokuthe nkqo okanye nge-diagonally (ngokukhangela) kwibhanti. (umkhiwane 26). Intonga epheleleyo yoxinzelelo ingafakwa kwakhona kwisithuba phakathi kwebhanti ephindwe kabini. Ukusika njengonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwezinto lunokusetyenziswa kuphela kwimeko yamandla amancinci, apho imivalo ininzi kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zesakhiwo. Qaphela ukuba iintonga kufuneka zibe nemiphetho ebukhali ngokupheleleyo.
7. Ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezinenodal plate
Ukuba iintonga ezininzi zidibana kwi-node, okanye ukuba iibhanti zesakhiwo se-lattice ziphuka ngokukhawuleza, iipleyiti ze-node zisetyenziselwa ukuxelisa i-node sheets yezakhiwo zetsimbi; ngokwezoqoqosho, azisoloko zicetyiswa. Iipleyiti ze-Steel knot zisetyenziselwa ngeentsimbi zentsimbi ye-circular cross-section, ubukhulu 20 mm, ubude 80 mm, kwiibhuloho ezilayishwe kakhulu zeebhuloho ezinkulu kunye nokuphakama okuphantsi kwesakhiwo, okuqhelekileyo ukugoba kumlinganiselo omkhulu phantsi kwefuthe lokumisa okuqhubekayo kweenkuni. Iipleyiti ezidityanisiweyo zePlywood zihlala zisetyenziswa.
Ukongeza kwidibansi yezinto zokhuni ezidweliswe apha, kukwakho nenani elikhulu loqhagamshelo olwenziwa kuphela ngesandla ngabachweli; isigqubuthelo, ukufaka, “karma” njl Ukuba uxhulumaniso olunjalo luqinisekiswa ngokubala, kubonakala ukuba imikhosi, enokwamkelwa kwimeko ethandwa kakhulu, ithozama kakhulu. Uqhagamshelo lomchweli, oluhlala luyilwa ngononophelo kwaye lufuna umgangatho ophezulu wobugcisa, alusafaneleki kwiimeko ezininzi namhlanje.