Malumikizidwe amatabwa amaphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana zotumizira kukakamiza, kukangana ndi kukopana pakati pa zinthu zamatabwa. Malunjidwe oponderezedwa ndi olimba, mapulagi, notchi, ma garter, zomata ndi mfundo zomata zikuwonetsedwa m’mawu.
1. Kulumikizana kukanikizidwa
Ngati nkhope ya chinthu chimodzi ikugwirizana ndi nkhope ya chinthu china, ndipo ngati msonkhanowo uli wotetezedwa motsutsana ndi kayendedwe ka lateral, kapena ngati nkhope ya chinthu chimodzi ikugwirizana ndi chinthu chotalika, ndikwanira kukhazikitsa ma wedges kuti ateteze kusuntha kwa lateral pa chigawocho, kapena kulumikiza leeches kuchokera kunja. Ngati mapulagi ang’onoang’ono agwiritsidwa ntchito, mabowo omwe amalowamo ayenera kuchotsedwa pamalo oponderezedwa (mkuyu 1 ndi 2). Choncho, mizati yowongoka ya zomanga za lattice - makamaka ngati ndi yopapatiza kuposa malamba - malo ake onse amalowetsedwa mu lamba ndi pafupifupi 2 cm ndikutetezedwa pobisa matabwa omwe ali ndi gawo la katatu (mkuyu 3).
*Zithunzi 1–3. Malumikizidwe oponderezedwa a zinthu zamatabwa.
Ngati kukakamizidwa kovomerezeka kwa ulusi kupitilira, zidutswa zamitengo yolimba kapena chitsulo C-mbiri zimayikidwa (mkuyu.4). Momwemonso, kukulitsa kwa mizati yopanikizidwa kutha kutheka poyika mapazi (mkuyu.5). Mu mkuyu.6kugwirizana kwa ofukula ndi zigawo zonse zaukwati zikuwonetsedwa, kupitiriza komwe kuli pamwamba pake. Kuti mukwaniritse kulimba kwina kwa kulumikizanako, zitsulo zokhala ngati T ziyenera kuyikidwa. Ngati mizati ya matabwa ozungulira kapena otembenuzidwa ikupitirira, ndipo mu mgwirizano wawo pali zovuta chifukwa cha kupindika kapena kupindika, m’pofunika kuyamwa zovutazi ndi matabwa kapena zitsulo zamatabwa zomwe zimayikidwa pambali, pogwiritsa ntchito misomali kapena zomangira.
Zithunzi4-6. Zowonjezera ndi kupitiliza kwa maulalo opanikizidwa.
Nthawi zambiri zimakhala bwino kuphimba msonkhanowo ndi manja a tubular. Pofuna kupewa ulusi kuti usakanikizane wina ndi mzake pa kapangidwe kake, musanabzale kumtunda kwa ndime, wosanjikiza wa theka-lonyowa, wopangidwa bwino simenti matope. Ngati zinthuzo zikuchulukirachulukira kapena zikakumana pakona, ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisasunthike ndi mikwingwirima kapena timizere tachitsulo chathyathyathya, komanso motsutsana ndi kupindika ndi zipika zangodya (mkuyu.8ndi9). Kulumikiza ogona pa scaffolding, masaya awiri amatabwa, omangiriridwa ndi zomangira, amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kumanga kwamtunduwu kumatha kutengera nthawi yopindika (mkuyu.10). Prav, i.e. oblique sheet imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kapangidwe kake kamathandizira, ndipo palibe malo okwanira kuti zinthu zamtundu uliwonse zithandizire (monga kulumikizana kwa cornice pamwamba pa zomangira padenga) (mkuyu.11ndi12). Kuti athe kufalitsa mphamvu zolimba kwambiri, ma spacers nthawi zina amayikidwa pakati pa malo olumikizana.
*Zithunzi 7–11. Zigawo, garters ndi mapepala.
2. Cep
Pulagi imagwira ntchito yokhayo kuti iteteze mgwirizano wazinthu ziwiri zamatabwa. Pakusonkhanitsa, ayenera kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe zili m’malo awo. Mu mkuyu. 13 ikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwa zoyima ndi ma diagonal okhala ndi nkhata zomata kawiri. Pansi pa wononga mutu ndi nati, mashimu akulu 8/8 mpaka 10/10 cm ndi makulidwe 8-10 mm amaikidwa. Zomangirazo ziyenera kumangika mpaka mphamvu zawo zolimba pakhosi zitagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuti asunthire mphamvu zokulirapo zomwe zingatheke kumalo olumikizana ndi zinthu, chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamphamvu. Mwanjira iyi, ma node okhwima amapangidwa.
Zithunzi 12–15. Mapepala, mapulagi ndi malumikizidwe a nyanga.
Ngati denga la denga silikukhazikika pamtunda, kumangirira kwawo kumachitika ndi mphanda kapena pulagi yokhala ndi slot yodzaza (mkuyu 14). Nthawi zina, mapulagi amawululidwa kuti azipinda molunjika kumayendedwe awo, mwachitsanzo. monga pulagi pakati pazitsulo zopingasa za nyumba za mezzanine (mkuyu 15). Makoma ozungulira poyambira ayenera kusiyidwa ndi makulidwe oyenera kuti matabwa asamamenyedwe.
3. Chigawo
Mzerewu umagwira ntchito yolumikizana mwamphamvu yomwe ingatenge kukakamizidwa kwa ndodo zomwe zimakumana ndi diagonally. Chomangira wamba chimayimiridwa ndi notch yakutsogolo, yomwe thupi lake a-b ndi mtengo wa ngodya yakunja, pomwe ngodya bac nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kuposa 90o (mkuyu 16). Mwanjira iyi, mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yamagetsi ya bevel ndi poyambira imatheka. Makhalidwe a a:
a ≤ 50o, kuzama kwa notch t = 0,25h
a ≥ 60o, kuya kwa notch t = 0,17h
Pakati pa ngodya 50o ndi 60o kumasulira kwa mzere kumachitidwa. Ngati a ndi yocheperapo 50o, kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la ndodo kudzakhala bwino ngati double notch ikugwiritsidwa ntchito (Mkuyu 17). Kusakhulupirira njira yolumikizira iyi ndikoyenera, chifukwa kulondola kofunikira pakumanga sikumakumana nthawi zambiri.
Chithunzi 16. Frontal notch geometry.
Kumeta ubweya wa ubweya pamwamba a-e pa mtengo wa coniferous sayenera kupitirira 900 kPa. Kutalika kocheperako kwa mbali yakutsogolo iyenera kukhala 15 cm. Ngati kutalika kuli kochepa, kudula pakati, ndiko kuti, kudula kumbuyo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa ndodo, kuphwanya kwa m’deralo ndi ndondomeko yochepetsera nkhuni, zikhoza kuchitika kuti mphamvuyo imaperekedwa kokha kutsogolo kwa odulidwa ndipo cholumikizira chimatsegula kumbuyo; chotsatira chake ndi kutsegula kwa helix mozungulira. Izi zimachitika pang’onopang’ono pa kulumikizana ndi notch pakati, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati cholumikizira ndipo potembenuza ndodoyo sikuphatikiza kupanga kwakukulu. Pakudulidwa kwa msana, pamakhala chiopsezo kuti dzino lithyoledwa (makamaka ngati ming’alu ya nkhuni ikuchepa) kotero kuti bevel imatsetsereka.
Zithunzi 17–20. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma notche ndi mapulagi opendekera.
Kuti mupewe mabala ozama kwambiri, zolimbikitsa zam’mbali ndi zowonjezera zimawonjezeredwa (mkuyu 19). Komanso, kuwonjezera pa mphako, mbali ya mphamvu imafalikira kudzera mu garters kukhomeredwa mbali zonse; mwanjira iyi, mfundoyo imapeza kukhazikika kwina mwa mawu amphamvu zam’mbali. Kucheka katatu sikovomerezeka, chifukwa kuphatikizika kwa mphamvu ndi nthawi imodzi pa malo atatu akutsogolo sikuphatikizidwa.
4. Pulogalamu yokhotakhota
Poyerekeza ndi notch, pulagi yotsatiridwa (Mkuyu 20) ili ndi ubwino kuti kugwirizana kumasonyeza kuuma kwakukulu kutsutsana ndi zochitika zam’mbali. Kumbali ina, kumanga kolemera, kuchepetsa kukana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonongeka, makamaka pamakona akuluakulu ogwirizanitsa, sizikusonyeza kuti ntchito yawo ikulimbikitsidwa.
5. Kulumikizana kolimba
Magalasi opangidwa ndi matabwa kapena zitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba malekezero omwe akukumana ndi mavuto; zotsirizirazo zimakhala zokwera mtengo kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo abwino ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka ngati pali mphamvu zazikulu, ndizoyenera kwambiri. Mu mkuyu. 21 ikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwa ndodo yolimba pawiri, yopangidwa ndi ma garter atatu amatabwa ndi ubongo m’malo olumikizirana.
*Chithunzi 21. Mgwirizano wolimba ndi ma garters a matabwa ndi ubongo.
Zomangira zitsulo zimamangiriridwa: ndi zomangira zowerengeka zokha, zomata zokhala ndi zomangira (mkuyu 22), zomata kapena zowotcherera ku zomangira zitsulo, kapena zomangira zamatabwa. Chilichonse cholumikizira matabwa chimabowoleredwa mosiyana malinga ndi template yofananira. Kulondola kwa kubowola pamanja sikokwanira.
*Zithunzi 22–23. Zovala zachitsulo ndi zomangira zokhala ndi chilolo chopendekera.
Zomangamanga wamba sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga zomata. Apa ndipamene malumikizano a diagonal lap amayamba kusewera pamzere woyamba. Pazinthu zoti zilumikizidwe, chiyerekezo pakati pa kutalika kwa bevulo ndi kutalika komwe bevulo ikuyenera kukhala 1:5 mpaka 1:8. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kutengera miyeso yaying’ono momwe ndingathere kuti zigawo za zinthu zigwirizane.
*Chithunzi 24. Mphepete mwazitsulo zamatabwa.
Chithunzi 23 chikuwonetsa zophatikiza ziwiri zomangika zomwe zidapangidwa mopendekeka. Kupanikizika kofunikira pa gluing kumapangidwa ndi zomangira. Kulumikizana ndi ma wedge bevel kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito (kulumikizana kumaso, mkuyu. 24).
Chithunzi 25 chimasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa mipiringidzo iwiri ya diagonal komanso lamba wapawiri (zinthu zili mu ndege zomwezo) ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi zolowetsa. Kuti kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo zowonjezera ndi lamba (katundu oblique ku ulusi) chiwerengero chachikulu chazitsulo chimafunika kusiyana ndi kugwirizana pakati pawo ndi diagonal. Kuti ubongo ugwirizane, m’lifupi mwa zidutswa zowonjezera ziyenera kukhala zazikulu kuposa m’lifupi mwa ndodo yodzaza. Kudzaza ndodo zamatabwa nthawi zambiri zimamangiriridwa mwachindunji ku girders.
6. Kudula
*Zithunzi 25–26. Kulumikiza ndodo ya diagonal ndi kudula lamba.
Ndodo zolimba (zambiri ziwiri) zikadulidwa ndi lamba, zimamangidwa mwachindunji. Ndodozo sizimangika kwambiri kotero kuti zimatumiza mphamvu zawo molunjika kapena mozungulira (polemba) ku lamba. (mkuyu 26). Ndodo yokhazikika imatha kukhazikitsidwanso pakati pa lamba wapawiri. Kudula ngati kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa zinthu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha ngati mphamvu yaying’ono, yomwe mipiringidzo imakhala yochuluka kwambiri chifukwa cha zifukwa zapangidwe. Samalani kuti ndodozo zikhale ndi mbali zakuthwa zonse.
7. Kulumikizana kwa zinthu ndi ma nodal plates
Ngati ndodo zingapo zikumana pa mfundo, kapena ngati malamba a latisi amathyoka kwambiri, mbale za node zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsanzira mapepala azitsulo azitsulo; ponena za chuma, sakulimbikitsidwa nthawi zonse. Zitsulo zazitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomangira zitsulo zozungulira, makulidwe 20 mm, kutalika 80 mm, kwa milatho yodzaza kwambiri ya milatho ikuluikulu yokhala ndi mipata yayikulu komanso yotsika yotsika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapindika mokulira chifukwa cha kuyanika kwamitengo pang’onopang’ono. Mambale a plywood nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza kulumikiza zinthu zamatabwa zomwe zalembedwa apa, palinso zolumikizira zambiri zomwe zimangopangidwa ndi manja ndi akalipentala; Chophimba, choyenera, “karma” ndi zina zotero. Ndi mgwirizano wa “gulu” uwu, pali chizolowezi cholandira, ngati n’kotheka, mphamvu zomangirira pofuna kupewa zinthu zomwe zikuyenda. Ngati kugwirizana koteroko kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuwerengera, zikuwoneka kuti mphamvu, zomwe zingavomerezedwe pazochitika zabwino kwambiri, ndizochepa kwambiri. Malumikizidwe a akalipentala, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mwaluso kwambiri ndipo amafuna luso lapamwamba, salinso oyenera nthawi zambiri masiku ano.