Qaphela malunga nomxholo kunye nokhuseleko: Esi sisicatshulwa semfundo koovimba, hayi ingcaciso yobugcisa esebenzayo, iprojekthi okanye imiyalelo yomsebenzi. Amanani kunye namanani athatyathwe kwinqaku lokuqala kwaye akufuneki atolikwe njengokuqinisekiswa ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje. Ukukhethwa, ukuvavanywa, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-samente kufuneka kuhambelane nemiyalelo yomenzi, imimiselo esebenzayo kunye nokuyila injineli efanelekileyo. Iifoto ziyimifanekiso kwaye ayimeli iiprojekthi eziqinisekisiweyo ze-Savo Kusić.
Isamente ayiyonxalenye yomnikelo omtsha wenkampani. Ujoliso lwangoku lwemveliso lubandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neminyango yesiko. Ngeprojekthi ethile, ungathumela isicelo sekowuti.
Idatha gabalala
Iisamente zizibophelelo zehydraulic: emva kokuxutywa namanzi, ziyaqina zibe bubunzima bamatye ngokuhamba kwexesha, zombini phantsi kwamanzi nasemoyeni. Kwimeko yesibini, ukunyanga ngokupheleleyo kufezekiswa kuphela xa udaka lugcinwa lufumile ngexesha lokunyanga, ngakumbi kwiintsuku zokuqala.
Ukuqina okucacileyo nokunokulinganiswa kufuneka, naphakathi kwehlobo, kuqale kuphela emva kokuxutywa ngokufanelekileyo kwesamente. Ngokwemigangatho ekhankanywe kumbhalo wokuqala, ukuqala kokuqina kufuneka kubonakale ngaphambi kweyure enye emva kokwenza i-samente slurry. Ukuphela kokubambisana kwiqondo lokushisa ukusuka ku-18 ukuya ku-21 °C kwenzeka, njengomthetho, kungekho ngaphambili kunesine kwaye kungadlulanga iiyure ze-12.
Xa usebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ukuqina kufuneka kubambeke kancinci kangangoko xa kuthelekiswa nokuqina kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo, ngelixa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukukhawulezisa kwawo kufuneka kuthintelwe.
Ubunzima besamente obuqinileyo kufuneka buzinzile kumthamo. Amandla akufanele anciphe ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yokubunjwa kwesamente okanye impembelelo yeqabaka, ulwelo kunye nezinye izinto. Iintanda ezibangelwa kukucutheka kodaka kunye nekhonkrithi zinokuthintelwa ngumsebenzi ofanelekileyo kunye nenkathalo, kwaye ubungakanani bokufezekiswa kwezi meko buxhomekeke kubume beteknoloji yesamente.
Ukwenzela imisebenzi yekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo kunye nokwakhiwa kweebhulorho, ngokwenqaku lokuqala, kuphela iisimenti ezisemgangathweni kunye neesamente ze-aluminate zexabiso eliphezulu zingasetyenziswa. Kwakhona kuchazwe ukuba umntu kufuneka asebenzise iisamente eziveliswa phantsi kweliso lamaziko ukugcina imigangatho kunye nophawu lwazo. Ngeenjongo ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neendlela ezilayishwe kakhulu zekonkile, iisamente ezisemgangathweni ziyacetyiswa.
Xa kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumana ikhonkrithi ekumgangatho ophezulu ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, umzekelo xa usenza iimfumba, isamente ye-alumina iyaqwalaselwa. Ukubunjwa kwayo kuhluke kakhulu kwi-samente yasePortland, kwaye i-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) ilawula ukwakheka kweekhemikhali.
*Umzekeliso — umgubo wesamente yealumina.
Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zesamente
Itheyibhile yokuhlalutya yeesamente zorhwebo ibonisa idatha malunga nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zeentlobo zomntu ngamnye. Ibonisa ukuba isiqulatho sekalika kwisamente yasePortland evuthuzayo isezantsi ngokubanzi kunesamente yasePortland yakudala, ngelixa ukunyibilikisa isamente iqulethe ikalika encinci. Iisamente ze-portland ezimhlophe zifunyenwe ngomxholo wentsimbi ephantsi kakhulu.
Itheyibhile egciniweyo — uhlalutyo lweesamente zorhwebo olusuka kwinqaku lokuqala.
Izimvo malunga neyona nto ifanelekileyo yokwakhiwa kwesamente, nokuba kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi okanye kwimisebenzi ethile yokwakha, ihlala itshintsha kwaye iyahluka. Uhlalutyo lwemichiza yodwa aluboneleli ngolwazi olupheleleyo. Ibonisa umthengi, ukuba akukho zivumelwano ezikhethekileyo, nokuba imigangatho okanye iimeko ezongezelelweyo zazihlonishwa ngexesha lokuvelisa kunye nokuba ukubunjwa kwesamente kungaphakathi kwemida eqhelekileyo okanye kuyaphambuka kubo.
Ukuqala kunye nesiphelo sokubopha
Ukuba ukusekwa kwesamente kuqala ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe ikhonkrithi, kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukuphuhliswa kwamandla e-samente kunye nekhonkrithi ngokwayo. Ukuze kuthintelwe iimeko ezinjalo, inqaku lokuqala licebisa ukuba kuthathwe rhoqo iisampulu zovavanyo kunikezelo olungenayo kunye novavanyo oluphuculweyo kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi “cookies”, ngendlela echaziweyo.
Ngokwemigangatho ekhankanywe kumbhalo wokuqala, uvavanyo lwe-bonding kufuneka lwenziwe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakathi kwesamente, amanzi kunye nomoya ukusuka ku-18 ukuya ku-21 °C. Lo mqathango ubalulekile ekuvavanyeni iziphumo, kuba njengoko izinga lokushisa liyancipha, ixesha lokudibanisa landa, kwaye njengoko ukushisa kukhula, kunciphisa. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, umzekelo ngexesha lokwakhiwa kweendlela zekhonkrithi, uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwenziwa ehlotyeni kwiqondo lokushisa ukusuka 30 ukuya 35 °C.
Umzekeliso — ufakelo kunye nomgangatho womxube wesamente.
Ukucutheka kunye nokudumba kwesamente
I-slurry ye-Cement, exutywe kunye nomthamo omkhulu wamanzi afunekayo kwikhonkrithi yezakhiwo zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo, zoma ngexesha lokumisela ngaphandle kokudala imikhosi ebalulekileyo ekuqiniseni kwayo. Iqondo lokumisa lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesamente, ubuninzi bokuxuba amanzi, ukushisa kwekhonkrithi kunye nezinye iimeko.
Xa usebenzisa isamente entsha kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, iintanda kunye neentanda ziye zabonwa ngenxa yokomisa kwimozulu eshushu, eyomileyo kunye nomoya. Emva kokuseta, isamente iyancipha ukuba iyoma, ngelixa isamente egcinwa ifumile idumba.
Umzekeliso — iintanda kumphezulu wesamente.
Umqathango wesamente ngexesha kunye nokugcinwa
Iisamente ezishushu
Kuhlala kubuzwa ukuba ngaba iisamente ezifudumeleyo, umzekelo amaqondo obushushu ukusuka 30 ukuya 80 °C, mabi kunesamente ukusuka kubushushu ukusuka 10 ukuya 30 °C. Ngokombhalo wokuqala, iqondo lobushushu lesamente ngokwayo alibalulekanga kangako ukuba liphathwa ngobungcali, okt ukuba ikhonkrithi entsha inobushushu obuqhelekileyo be-25 °C.
Kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba i-samente efudumeleyo ivela kwi-clinkers entsha engazange ipholiswe kwaye ingazange iguge, okanye ingaba ubushushu bayo benziwe kuphela ngexesha lokusila. Kwizakhiwo ezibalulekileyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe isamente ekudala ubuncinci iveki.
Ukufana
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lomgangatho wesamente kukuhambelana kweempawu zemveliso kwithuba elide, kunye nokuphucuka okuthe gqolo nangokuthe ngcembe komgangatho.
Uzinzo lokugcina
Uvavanyo lwe-samente yasePortland, i-samente yasePortland evuzayo, i-smelting kunye ne-aluminate cement ibonise, xa kuziwa kwi-samente yanamhlanje, ukuba ukugcinwa okomileyo kwi-silo yesityalo se-samente okanye kwiingxowa emagumbini omileyo, kunye neenyanga eziliqela zokugcina kwiingxowa ezikhethekileyo kunye namagumbi okusebenza okomileyo, akuchaphazeli kakhulu amandla okusebenza.
Ukuba iingxowa zifakwe ixesha elide kwaye isamente idibene, kuya kuba yinto efanelekileyo yokuvavanya isamente emva koko. Xa ugcinwa kwiishedi, ukhuseleko emvuleni nasemoyeni luyimfuneko. Ukuba ukugcinwa okunjalo kuthatha iinyanga eziliqela, iingxowa kufuneka zikhuselwe kuwo onke macala ngephepha lokuphahla okanye izinto ezifanayo. Iingxowa zebhituminous zephepha okanye iitanki ezisisigxina zikhankanywe njengezisombululo ezingcono.
Umzekeliso — izisele zokugcina isamente.