Itace ta ƙunshi jini, gangar jiki, rassan da ganye. Kullun yana wakiltar babban taro na itace da sihiri50-90 %kubaturensa; veins da rassan gyarawa10-50 %taro na itace.
Asalin sassan bishiyar
Akwai sassa na asali masu zuwa a cikin itace: zuciya, pith, cambium da haushi. Bawon shine gefen bishiyar, wanda ya bambanta da zuciya. Tsakanin bawon da ramin akwai zobe na sirara, wanda ido bai gani ba ana kiransa cambium. Kwayoyin cambium, ta hanyar rarraba, kowace shekara suna raba ƙwayoyin zuciya a cikin kututturen bishiyar, da ƙwayoyin haushi a wajen bishiyar. Tun da cambium yana ba da ƙarin ƙwayoyin zuciya fiye da ƙwayoyin haushi, akwai ƙarin zukata fiye da haushi.
Zuciya ita ce mafi darajan bangaren bishiyar; yana tsakanin zuciya da haushi. Zuciyar tana cikin tsakiyar bishiyar. Ya ƙunshi nau’i mai laushi, mai laushi, wanda ke da ƙananan kayan aikin injiniya. Lokacin da akwai zukata a cikin alluna, laths ko katako, to wannan abu yana samun tsagewa akan lokaci. Saboda haka, don abubuwa masu mahimmanci, ba a yarda da kasancewar zuciya a cikin kayan ba.
Manyan yankan itace guda uku
Za a iya samun madaidaicin wakilcin itace idan aka lura da shi a sassa uku: transverse, radial and tangential.
Transverse section shine wanda aka nufa da kutuwar bishiyar, Radial section yana tafiya tare da bishiyar yana wucewa ta cikin zuciya, tangential shine wanda ke tafiya tare da bishiyar a wajen zuciya (fig. 1).
Siffa.1. Manyan yankan itace guda uku:1- tangential;2- radial;3- transverse.
Shekaru, farkon itace da marigayi
A kan giciye na bishiyar, za ku iya ganin da’ira, wanda ke karuwa daga tsakiya zuwa gefe, kuma wanda ake kira zoben shekara-shekara (shekaru). Kowane zobe na shekara-shekara ya ƙunshi rufin ciki da na waje. Layin ciki ana kiransa da thearly wood, sannan kuma ana kiransa Layer late wood. An kafa itacen farko a cikin bazara, kuma marigayi - a lokacin rani. Itacen farko yana da ƙura, ya ƙunshi nau’i mai laushi, ruwa yana ratsa shi tare da narkar da abubuwa masu ma’adinai, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga abincin bishiyar. Late itace ya ƙunshi sel masu kauri waɗanda ke ɗauke da kayan aikin injiniya.
*Siffa.2. Maƙasudin haskoki akan sassa masu jujjuyawa, radial da tangential:1- haushi;2- hali;3- shekaru;4- zuciya;5kuma6- m medullary haskoki.
A kan sashin radial, ana ganin yadudduka na shekara-shekara a cikin nau’i na madaidaiciya madaidaiciya, a kan sashin tangential - a cikin nau’i mai lankwasa.
Core haskoki
A kan sassan juzu’i, radial da tangential, ban da yadudduka na shekara-shekara, ana iya ganin core rays (Fig.2). A kan sashin giciye, suna da nau’i na kunkuntar kunkuntar, a kan sashin tangential - layin duhu tare da kunkuntar iyakar. Ana amfani da hasken wuta don gudanar da ruwa da iska ta cikin gangar jikin bishiyar a madaidaicin hanya, da kuma adana abubuwan gina jiki. Yawan haskoki masu mahimmanci a cikin nau’ikan itace daban-daban sun bambanta kuma sun kai kimanin3000kan1 cm2, kuma a cikin spruce143000. A cikin nau’in conifer, ainihin haskoki sun mamaye3-10 %, da bishiyoyi masu ganye9-36%daga ƙarar ƙwayar itace.
Core haskoki sun ƙunshi sel, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin injin, saboda abin da suke ƙara tsaga itace.
Core tabo da rarraba nau’in itace
A wasu nau’ikan itace, misali. Ana iya ganin tabo masu launin fari ko launin ruwan kasa a sashin giciye na alder, Birch, yew, chub, da hornbeam. Wadannan tabo suna haifar da kwari ko sanyi suna lalata cambium, kuma ana kiran su core spots. Wadannan tabo mai mahimmanci suna rage ƙarfin injin na itace. Ana iya raba kowane nau’in itace zuwa rukuni hudu:
- Ajiye nau’in ( itacen oak, goro, farar itacen ɓaure, Pine, cedar, larch, da sauransu);
- Nau’in da balagagge itacen zuciya (beech, Linden, spruce, fir, na kowa Siberian da Caucasian fir, da dai sauransu);
- Nau’i masu asali da balagaggen itacen zuciya (ash na yau da kullun, elm, da sauransu);
- Bakujave jinsi (Birch, aspen, black and white alder, hornbeam, maple, chestnut, maple, etc.).
Core, sapwood da tayal
A cikin nau’in nau’in itace mai laushi, ana kiran ɓangaren tsakiya mai launin duhu core, kuma ɓangaren launi mai haske - bulja. A cikin nau’in nau’in itace tare da itacen zuciya mai girma, tsakiyar ɓangaren ɓangaren yana da ƙananan adadin danshi fiye da na gefe. A cikin bishiya mai girma, sapwood yana hidima don gudanar da ruwa da tara abubuwan gina jiki. A cikin wasu nau’in itace, ana iya ganin sapwood sau biyu a cikin sashin giciye. Wannan ba komai ba ne illa matakin farko na rubewar itace da naman gwari na musamman ke lalata itace.
Ƙarfin injin ɗin sapwood bai bambanta da ainihin ba, amma yana da rauni da juriya ga ruɓewa. Tare da girma na bishiyar, sapwood a hankali yana motsawa cikin itacen zuciya. A cikin wannan sauye-sauye, a cikin tasoshin nau’in ganye, da kuma a cikin trachea na conifers, ƙwanƙwasa na musamman, wanda ake kira tiles, ya bayyana, kuma ramukan da envelopes na sel suna cike da salon salula da kayan cirewa.
Tiles suna cika abubuwan da ke cikin zuciya, suna sa ta zama mara kyau ga ruwa. Sabili da haka, ana amfani da srcica don yin ganga, tankuna na katako, da dai sauransu. A lokaci guda, zuciyar da ke dauke da tayal yana da wuyar gaske don yin ciki tare da maganin antiseptics. Wannan kuma ya shafi bishiyar kudan zuma, wacce ke da tushen karya, wanda aka haifar da ita a sakamakon kamuwa da bishiyar da fungi da ke lalata ta yayin girma.
Don ci gaba da jigon, duba labaran kan danshin itace da bushewar itacen halitta. Idan kuna shirin sabon kayan haɗin gwiwa, duba gilashin itacen al’ada ko aika buƙatar ƙima.