IZIMVO EZIVELA EKUTHWALENI OKUMILE
Ukuguquka kwempahla ngaphansi kwethonya lengcindezi kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho kufanele kwenziwe kube lula ngezindlela ezahlukene ukuze kuqondakale. Okunye kwalokhu kwenza kube lula wukucabanga ukuthi imithwalo ifakwa kancane kancane, njengoba kwenziwa, isibonelo, ngamasampula ekuhlolweni kokudonsa nokucindezela.
Uma induku yensimbi elayishwe ekudonsweni ibekelwa umthwalo okhula kancane kancane futhi kulinganiswe ukwelulwa kwayo ℇ, kutholakala idiyagramu eboniswe esithombeni.
_1= Umkhawulo wokulinganiselwa kobunjalo _2 =Umkhawulo wokunwebeka 3 =Umkhawulo ongezansi wokugeleza 3’= Umkhawulo ophezulu wokukhiqiza
Ekuqaleni ukunwebeka kuncane kakhulu futhi kuhambisana nengcindezi, njengoba kudingwa umthetho kaHooke. Kusukela engcindezini ethile ukunwebeka kuyeka ukulingana ngokulinganayo bese kukhula ngokushesha. Indawo eqondile yalomkhawulo wokulingana kunzima ukuyinquma. Lapho ukulinganisa kunembe kakhulu, kuba sezingeni eliphansi. Ezintweni eziningi lilele ku-δ=0, futhi umthetho kaHooke ngaleso sikhathi umelela kuphela ukusondela kokuqala ekuziphatheni okunwebekayo, ilungu lokuqala ekuthuthukisweni ochungechungeni lukaTaylor lomsebenzi ℇ=ℇ (δ) eduze nokuqala kwezixhumanisi. Uma induku yehliswa umthwalo, kuqashelwa ukuthi, uma ingcindezi ingazange ibe nkulu kakhulu, ukuguquka kuyanyamalala ngokuhambisana nomthetho kaHooke. Kodwa nalokhu kuyashintsha uma kudlulwa ingcindezi ethile elele eduze komkhawulo wokulinganisa, okubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo wokunwebeka; lapho-ke ukuguquguquka okuphelele kuhlanganisa ingxenye enwebekayo (ebuyayo) nengxenye enganwebeki (ehlala unomphela). Nomkhawulo wokunwebeka awukwazi ukunqunywa ngokunembile, utholakala wehle kakhulu uma ukunemba kokulinganisa kukhulu.
Nokho, njengoba inokubaluleka okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba imelela umkhawulo wokubaluleka cishe kuzo zonke izibalo ekumelaneni kwezinto, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ibe ngumkhawulo lapho kuvela khona umonakalo wokuqala ongapheli, ekuhloleni amasampula ichazwa ngokuqinile ngesivumelwano esamukelwe, ngakho-ke, isibonelo, njengomkhawulo 0,2% kubizwa lowo mthwalo lapho. ukwelulwa okungunomphela kufinyelela 0,2%.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokweqa umkhawulo wokunwebeka, ukukhubazeka kukhula ngokushesha futhi kungabonakala ngeso lenyama; emthwalweni ocishe uhlale ungenaguquko induku iyaqhubeka nokweluleka. Lo mthwalo ubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo wokugeleza.
Emishinini ye-hydraulic yokuhlola izinto kungabuye kuqapheleke, ngemva kokuqala kokugeleza, ukwehla okubonakalayo okungaphezulu noma okungaphansi kokucindezeleka, njengoba kukhonjiswe kugrafu ngomugqa ophukile; lapho-ke ubukhulu obukhulu bubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo ongaphezulu wokugeleza, kanti ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo kokugeleza okuvela kamuva kubizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo ongaphansi wokugeleza.
Ngemva kokuba sekufinyelelwe ukunwebeka okuthile, okucishe kube ngokuphelele okungasagobeki, ingcindezi iqala ukukhuphuka futhi, impahla iyaqina. Kulesi sigaba somthwalo kuba nokuncipha okuphawulekayo kwesigaba esinqamulayo senduku ngenxa yokuncipha eceleni okungasagobeki, futhi ukuqhubeka komdwebo wengcindezi nokuguquka kuncika ikakhulukazi ekutheni lapho kubalwa ingcindezi amandla okuqina P asebenza endukwini ahlukaniswa ngesigaba sokuqala Fo noma ngesigaba samanje F. Ngezinjongo zobuchwepheshe uthakaselwa ingcindezi P/F. Le ngcindezi idlula emandleni amakhulu, okubizwa ngamandla empahla, futhi uma lelo nani eliphezulu selidlulile, induku iyancipha kakhulu endaweni eyodwa bese iyaphuka. ,,Ingcindezi yangempela“ P/F ikhuphuka kuze kube sekuphukeni.
Ukuziphatha kwezinye izinsimbi kwehluka kakhulu kulokho okuchazwe lapha. Ukugeleza kuvame ukungavezi kakhulu, kanti ukuqina kuqala ngokushesha ngemva kokudlula umkhawulo we-elastic.
Ezintweni eziqhekekayo (itshe, ingilazi, ukhonkolo) izinguquko ezinganwebeki ngokuvamile zincane kakhulu futhi nokwelulwa okuncane kuphela sekudala ukwehluleka. Ukwelulwa okuphelele into eyifikelayo kuze kube ukwehluleka kuwumlinganiselo wokweluleka (okuphambene: ubuthakathaka bokuphuka) wento, futhi ngokensimbi kubekelwa ngokunembile emibhalweni yobuchwepheshe. Nokho, njengoba ngaphambi nje kokwehluleka ukuguquka okwengeziwe kugxila endaweni enesigaba esinciphile, kutholakala inani elihlukile lokwelulwa ekwehlulekeni, kuye ngokuthi ubude bokukala buthathwa kuyingxenye enkulu noma encane yenduku, ukuze kutholakale imiphumela engacaciswanga futhi engaqhathaniseka komunye nomunye kumele kusengaphambili kwamukelwe umhlangano othile. Ukwelulwa ekwehlulekeni kuvame ukukalwa ngokuthi endukwini eyindilinga enobubanzi d ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kumakwe ubude bokukala l = 10 d bese kusukela ekwelulekeleni kwayo ∆l kubalwe ukwelulwa ekwehlulekeni ℇSl= ∆1/1.
Uma kudingeka kuhlolwe izinti ezinokuphambuka okwehlukile, ubude bokulinganisa bunqunywa ngokuya ngedayamitha yenduku eyicylinda eyindilinga enendawo efanayo yesigaba esiphambanweni.