ZVINOITIKA PAKUREMEDZWA KWAKAZVIMBA
Kushanduka kwezvinhu pasi pesimba rekushushikana chiitiko chakaoma zvikuru, saka chinofanira kurerutswa nenzira dzakasiyana kuti chinzwisiswe. Imwe yeiyi kurerutsa ndeyekufungidzira kuti mitoro inoiswa zvishoma nezvishoma, sezvinoitwa semuenzaniso nemasampuli pakuedza kwekudhonza nekutsikirira.
Kana danda resimbi rakatakurwa nekudhonzerwa rikaiswa pamutoro unokwira zvishoma nezvishoma uye dilatation ℇ yarwo ichiyerwa, tinowana dhayagiramu inoratidzwa pamufananidzo.
_1= Muganhu wekuenzana kwechiyero _2 =Muganhu wekuchinjika 3 =Muganhu wezasi wekuyerera 3’= Muganho wepamusoro wekutanga kuyerera
Pakutanga, kuwedzera uku kudiki zvikuru uye kunoenderana nekushushikana, sezvinodiwa nemutemo waHooke. Kubva pane imwe nhanho yekushushikana, kuenderana kunopera uye kuwedzera kunokura nekukurumidza. Nzvimbo chaiyo yemuganhu uyu wekuenderana inonetsa kuverenga. Kunyanya kuyerwa kwakanyatsojeka, ndipo panowanikwa yakaderera. Kune zvinhu zvakawanda, iri pa δ=0, uye mutemo waHooke unongomirira chete kufungidzira kwekutanga kuzvibata kweelastic, nhengo yekutanga mukuwedzera kweTaylor kweshoko ℇ=ℇ (δ) padhuze nekwakabva maoko. Kana tsvimbo yaregedzwa mutoro, zvinoonekwa kuti, kana kushushikana kwakanga kusiri kukuru zvakanyanyisa, kukanganisika kunonyangarika zvinoenderana nemutemo waHooke. Asi izviwo zvinochinja kana kukurudzirwa kunodarika kushushikana kwakati kuri pedyo nemuganhu weproportionality, unonzi muganhu weelasticity; ipapo kukanganisika kwese kunosanganisira chikamu cheelastic (chinodzokera) nechikamu chisiri elastic (chisingadzoki). Kunyange muganhu weelasticity haukwanisi kutsanangurwa chaizvo, unowanikwa pasi zvakanyanya kana kururama kwekuyerwa kwakakwira.
Zvisinei, sezvo iine kukosha kukuru kwehunyanzvi, nekuti inoumba muganhu wekukosha munenge mukuverenga kwese kwesimba rezvinhu, uye panguva imwechetewo muganhu panotanga kukuvara kusingachinji, pakuedza masampuli inotsanangurwa zvakanyanya neimwe tsika yakagamuchirwa, saka, semuenzaniso, semuganhu 0,2% kunoratidzwa kushushikana uko kuwedzera kusingachinji kunosvika 0,2%.
Pakarepo mushure mekudarika muganhu wekuchinjika, deformation inokura nokukurumidza uye inogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama; panenge patinenge tine kudzvinyirira kunoramba kuri pedyo nekugadzikana, tsvimbo inoramba ichireba. Kudzvinyirira uku kunonzi muganhu wekuyerera.
Pama hydraulic machines ekuyedza zvinhu, zvakare zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mushure mekutanga kwekuyerera pane kuderera kwesimba kunooneka zvakanyanya kana kushoma, sezvinoratidzwa padhayagiramu nemutsetse wakaputsika; ipapo maximum inonzi upper yield limit, uye constant yield stress inozotevera inonzi lower yield limit.
Mushure mekunge asvika pakurebwa kwakati, kunenge kusiri elastiki zvachose, kushushikana kunotanga zvakare kukwira, zvinhu zvinooma. Munharaunda iyi yemutoro panobuda kuderera kunoonekwa kwechikamu chemuchinjikwa chetanda nekuda kwekudzvinyirirwa kwepadivi (kusiri elastiki), uye kufamba kunotevera kwechati yekushushikana nekukuvadzika kunoenderana zvikuru nekuti pakuverenga kushushikana simba rekudhonza P rinoshanda patanda rinopatsanurwa nechikamu chekutanga Fo here kana kuti nechikamu chiripo F. Pazvinangwa zvehunyanzvi, kushushikana P/F ndiko kunokosha. Kushushikana uku kunosvika pahuwandu hukuru, hunonzi simba rezvinhu, uye kana huwandu uhwu hwapfuura, danda rinotetepa zvikuru pane imwe nzvimbo rotyoka. “Kushushikana chaiko” P/F kunokwira kusvika pakutyoka.
Maitiro emamwe masimbi anotsauka zvikuru pane zvakatsanangurwa pano. Kuyerera hakuwanzooneki, uye kuoma kunotanga pakarepo mushure mekupfuura muganhu weelasticity.
Muzvinhu zvine brittle (dombo, girazi, kongiri) kuumbika kusiri kweelastic kunowanzova kudiki, uye kutokura kudiki chete kunototungamirira kukukundikana. Kukura kwese kunoitika muchinhu kusvika pakukundikana ndicho chiyero chekukwanisa kutambanuka (zvinopesana: brittleness) kwechinhu, uye panyaya yesimbi izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyatsorongeka mumamiriro ehunyanzvi. Zvisinei, sezvo kukanganisika kunowedzera pedyo chaipo nekukundikana kuchinyanya kuungana munzvimbo yechikamu chakamanikana, ukoshi hwakasiyana hwekukura panguva yekukundikana hunowanikwa, zvichienderana nekuti pakureba kwekuyeresa panosarudzwa chikamu chikuru here kana chidiki chetsvimbo, saka kuti kuwanikwe mhedzisiro imwe chete uye inofananidzwa inofanira kutangwa kare konivhenisheni yakati. Kukura pakukundikana kunowanzoyerwa nenzira yekuti pashongwe yakatenderera ine dhayamita d, usati waita bvunzo, kureba kwekuyeresa l = 10 d kunoiswa mucherechedzo uye kubva pakurebesa kwayo ∆l kukura pakukundikana ℇSl= ∆1/1 kunoverengwa.
Kana zvichidikanwa kuongorora matanda echikamu chakasiyana, kureba kwekuyera kunooneswa maererano nedhayamita yedanda remaumbirwo edenderedzwa rine nzvimbo imwe chete yechikamu chemuchinjikwa.