IZIGANEKO PHAKATHI KOMTHWALO OMILEYO
Ukuguquka kwezinto phantsi kwempembelelo yoxinzelelo yinto enzima kakhulu, ngoko kufuneka yenzelwe lula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze iqondakale. Enye yezi ndlela zokwenza lula kukucinga ukuba imithwalo isetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe, njengoko kusenziwa, umzekelo, ngeesampulu kuvavanyo lokutsalwa nokucinezelwa.
Ukuba intonga yentsimbi elayishwe ngokutsalwa ibekelwa kumthwalo onyuka kancinci kwaye kulinganiswe ukwandiswa kwayo ℇ, kufumaneka idiyagram eboniswe kumfanekiso.
_1= Umda wokulingana _2 =Umda wokunwebeka 3 =Umda ongezantsi wokunikezela 3’= Umda ophezulu wokuhamba kweplastiki
Ekuqaleni ukwandiswa kuncinci kakhulu kwaye kulingana noxinzelelo, njengoko umthetho kaHooke ufunelela. Ukususela kuxinzelelo oluthile, ulingano luyaphela yaye ukwandiswa kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Indawo echanekileyo yalo mda walingano kunzima ukuyifumanisa. Okukhona umlinganiselo uchaneke ngakumbi, kokukhona ufumaneka usezantsi. Kuninzi lwezinto, usekwi δ=0, yaye umthetho kaHooke umele ke kuphela uqikelelo lokuqala lokuziphatha okunwebekayo, ilungu lokuqala lophuhliso kuthotho lukaTaylor lomsebenzi ℇ=ℇ (δ) kufutshane nemvelaphi yeekhonkrithi. Xa intonga ikhululwa emthwalweni, kuqatshelwa ukuba, xa uxinzelelo belungelulo kakhulu, nokuguquka kuyanyamalala ngokuhambelana nomthetho kaHooke. Kodwa nalo nto iyatshintsha ukuba kugqithiswe uxinzelelo oluthile olusondele kumda wobungakanani obulinganayo, oko kukuthi umda wokuqina; ngelo xesha, ukonakala okupheleleyo kubandakanya inxalenye enokuqina (ebuyayo) kunye nenxalenye enganqini (esisigxina). Nawo umda wokuqina awunokumiselwa ngokuchanileyo, ufumaneka usesezantsi ngakumbi ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ukuchaneka kwemilinganiselo kukhulu kangakanani.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko inentsingiselo enkulu yobugcisa, kuba imele umda wobaluleko kuzo zonke iibalo phantse kwizibalo zonke zokuxhathisa izinto, yaye ngaxeshanye nomda apho kuvela khona umonakalo wokuqala osisigxina, kuvavanyo lweesampulu ichazwa ngokungqongqo ngengqungquthela eyamkelweyo, ngoko, umzekelo, njengomda 0,2% kuchazwa olo xinzelelo apho. ukudilatheyisha okusisigxina kufikelela 0,2%.
Ngokukhawuleza emva kokugqitha komda wokunwebeka, ukuwohloka kuyakhula ngesiquphe kwaye kunokubonwa ngeliso lenyama; phantsi koxinzelelo oluphantse luhlale lungatshintshi intonga iyaqhubeka isoluleka. Olu xinzelelo lubizwa ngokuba ngumda wokuhamba.
Kumatshini we-hydraulic wokuvavanya izinto, emva kokuqalisa kokuhamba kunokuphawulwa nokwehla koxinzelelo okucacileyo ngakumbi okanye kuncinci, njengoko kubonisiwe kwigrafu ngomgca oqhawukileyo; ngoko ke owona maxabiso makhulu ubizwa ngumda ophezulu wokuhamba, yaye uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lokuhamba oluthi emva koko lube khona lubizwa ngumda ophantsi wokuhamba.
Emva kokuba kufikelelwe ekudilatateni okuthile, phantse okungasebenziyo ngokwe-elasticity, uxinzelelo luqala kwakhona ukwanda, izinto ziyaqina. Kulo mmandla womthwalo kubakho ukuncipha okubonakalayo kwesikhundla esinqamlezayo sesithanda ngenxa yokutsalwa kwecala (okungekho elastic), yaye ukuqhubeka kwejiyagram yoxinzelelo nokuguquka kuxhomekeke kuqala kuko ukuba xa kubalwa uxinzelelo amandla okutsala P asebenza kwintonga ahlulwa ngendawo yokuqala Fo okanye ngendawo yangoku F. Kwiinjongo zobugcisa uxinzelelo P/F lunomdla. Olu xinzelelo ludlula kumda omkhulu, obizwa ngokuba ngamandla ezinto, yaye xa lo mda udlulile, intonga iyancipha kakhulu kwenye indawo ize iphuke. „Uxinzelelo lokwenene“ P/F lukhula de kube kukophuka.
Ukuziphatha kwezinye iintsimbi kuphambuka kakhulu koko kuchazwe apha. Ukuhamba kweplastiki kaninzi akubonakali, yaye ukuqina kuqala kwangoko emva kokudlula komda welastiki.
Kwizinto ezibuthathaka/ezarhaxwayo (ilitye, iglasi, ikhonkrithi) iinguqulelo ezingelulo-elastiki zincinci kakhulu ngokubanzi, kwaye ukophuka kwenzeka sele kukho ukolula okuncinane. Ukolula okupheleleyo into ehla kulo ide yophuke ngumlinganiselo wokukwazi ukoluleka (ngokuchaseneyo: ubuthathaka) kwento, yaye kulentsimbi kubekwa ngokuchanileyo kwiimfuno zobugcisa. Noko ke, njengoko kanye phambi kokophuka ukuqhubeka kokuguquka kugxile kummandla wendawo enqamlezo encitshisiweyo, kufunyanwa ixabiso elahlukeneyo lokolula ekophukeni, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ubude bokulinganisa buthathela ingqalelo inxenye enkulu okanye encinane yentonga, ukuze kuveliswe iziphumo ezicacileyo nezithelekisekayo kufuneka kwangaphambili kwamkelwe isivumelwano esithile. Ukolula ekophukeni ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa ngokumakisha kuqala ubude bokulinganisa l = 10 d kwintonga engqukuva enobubanzi d phambi kovavanyo, ize ukusuka ekwandeni kwayo ∆l kubalwe ukolula ekophukeni ℇSl= ∆1/1.
Ukuba kuyafuneka kuvavanywe imivalo enecandelo elihlukileyo, ubude bokulinganisa bumiselwa ngokwe-dayamitha yentonga yesilinda esingqukuva enendawo efanayo yecandelo elinqamlezileyo.