He mea nui nā papahele no ka mea, hāʻawi lākou ʻaʻole wale i ka hana a me ka pale, akā i ka ʻaoʻao nani a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi o ka lumi noho. ʻO ka māhele ʻoi loa o nā papahele i nā ʻano like ʻole loaʻa inā lawe pū ʻia i ka manaʻo ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā papahele a me nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana. Ma kēlā ʻano loaʻa ka māhele aʻe: nā papahele pōhaku (kaldrma), nā screed (uhi), nā papahele o nā tile keramika, nā papahele o nā tile liʻiliʻi, nā papahele o nā tile nui, nā papahele lāʻau a me nā papahele o ka cork, nā papahele o nā lipine uhi, nā papahele o nā mea hana ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia me ka spatula.
Nā koi no nā papahele e pili ana i ka paʻa a me ka pale ʻana i ka mākuʻukū
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā koi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka ikaika kaomi, ka ikaika huki i ka pelu ʻana, a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu no nā uhi i hana ʻia me nā concrete paʻa i DIN 1100. Hiki ke manaʻo nui ʻia kēia mau waiwai he mau koi e pono ai nā papahele ʻoihana i kaumaha nui ʻia. Ma DIN 272 ua hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai liʻiliʻi no ka pōhaku lāʻau (ksilolit) e hiki nō ke pili pū i nā papahele ʻoihana i kaumaha māmā ʻia, a me nā papahele o nā hale noho a me nā hale ʻoihana.
Sl. 1 - Ka pale wai o ka papahele
Nā kūlana no nā papahele ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale wela a me ka pale kani
ʻAʻole pili wale ka hoʻokaʻawale wela i ka papahele, akā i ke kahua holoʻokoʻa o ke kūkulu ma waena o nā papa. Eia naʻe, he mea nui ka pae e hiki ai i ka papahele ke unuhi i ka wela mai nā kānaka e kū ana ma luna ona a i ʻole e neʻe ana ma luna ona. Pēlā pū ma ka pili i ka pale kani, he mea hoʻoholo nui ke kahua holoʻokoʻa o ke kūkulu ma waena o nā papa. Ma kēia mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka papahele — ʻoi loa inā ua hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he screed lana a i ʻole he papahele lāʻau lana.
Kiʻi. 2 - Hoʻokaʻawale kani o ka papahele
Nā kūlana no ka pale ʻana i nā papa mai ke ahi
No nā papahele ma nā wahi kokoke i ke kapuahi, a no nā papahele ma lalo o nā kaupaku ʻoi loa ke piʻi, a pinepine pū i nā hale hana a me nā keʻena hana nui, pono e koi ʻia e hana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ahi-pale a i ʻole he kūpaʻa i ke ahi. Nā ʻikepili hou aʻe ma DIN 4102.
Nā kūlana no ke kūʻē uila o nā papahele
He nui nō ka pilikia i ke kino o ke kanaka mai ka pā ʻana me nā alakaʻi uila i lalo o ka uila, ʻoiai ma loko nō o nā palena o ka uila haʻahaʻa a hiki i 250 volt. Hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia inā he ʻoi aku ka lawe uila o ka papahele e kū nei ke kanaka. Wahi a nā rula o ka Hui Uila Kelemānia (VDE), he pilikia kēlā me kēia papahele nona ke kūʻē ma lalo o 7730 ʻoma. Pili loa kēia i nā papahele pulu a me nā papahele pulu loa.
Nā uhi (nā ʻili pāpale)
Aia i waena o nā uhi koʻikoʻi loa: nā papahele terazzo, nā uhi pōhaku, nā uhi pālolo, nā papahele mozaika, nā uhi pālolo kānana, nā papahele ksilolita, nā uhi lepo pālolo, a me nā uhi aspalta.
- Nā papahele terazzo: He lōʻihi ka mau ʻana o nā papahele terazzo, ʻaʻole e komo ka wai, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻāunu. Hāʻawi ka DIN 1965 Nā lula ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā uhi a me nā hana seramika i nā ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ka haku ʻāpana o ka aggregate no terazzo a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana.
- Nā uhi kōnākoni: Aia i ka DIN 1965 nā ʻike kokoke e pili ana i nā uhi kōnākoni maʻamau (i kapa ʻia ma mua he uhi sima), a aia i ka DIN 1100 nā uhi o ke kōnākoni paʻakikī. I nā manawa hou nei, hana pū ʻia nō hoʻi nā uhi o ke kōnākoni māmā – a pēlā pū me nā ʻākoʻa porous māmā, a me ke kōnākoni huʻa – e lawelawe nui ana ma ke ʻano he mau papa kumu no nā uhi o nā mea hana ʻia i hoʻopili ʻia me ka spatula.
- Nā uhi pālolo: Hana ʻia lākou mai nā pōhaku lepo i ʻūhā me ka mea hoʻopaʻa lime, sima a i ʻole magnesite. Hoʻohāluʻulu lākou i ka wela me ka nāwaliwali aʻe ma mua o nā uhi paʻa kōnī.
- Papa mozaika: ʻO nā papa mozaika ka ʻano uhi nani loa a hanohano loa, a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka māmala, nā ʻāpana lepo ahi i puhi ʻia, ke aniani pōuli, a i ʻole ka keramika. No ke kumu e koi nui ai kēia ʻano papa i ka mea hana i ka makemake nui i ke ʻano noʻeau, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā hale hana e hana nei iā ia.
- Nā uhi pālolo: ʻAʻala ʻole ke ahi nā uhi pālolo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o kā lākou hana ʻana ma DIN 1965. Hana ʻia lākou ka hapanui mai ka pālolo i puhi ikaika ʻia no nā uhi, a ma ke ʻano he papa hoʻokahi ma luna o ke one, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he uhi maloʻo papa ʻelua. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka anhydrite kūlohelohe no nā uhi pālolo.
- Nā papahele o ka lāʻau pōhaku: Ua hoʻohālike ʻia nā waiwai a me ke ʻano hana o nā papahele o ka lāʻau pōhaku (ksylolite) ma nā rula DIN 272. Māhele ʻia lākou i nā papa hoʻokahi ʻoihana a i ʻole i paʻakikī ʻia, nā papa ʻelua o ka lāʻau pōhaku, no nā lumi noho a me nā lumi ʻoihana, a me nā kumu hoʻokahi no ka parquet, no nā uhi i nā kaula, a pēlā aku.
- Nā uhi i hana ʻia me ka ʻilola: Aia i ka DIN 1965 nā ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā uhi ʻilola – ʻoi loa no nā hale waiho palaoa, nā hale waihona mahiʻai, a pēlā aku.
- Nā uhi ʻaspaleta: Hoʻohana ʻia nā uhi o ka ʻaspaleta hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka papa kiʻekiʻe o ka papahele, a no ka hana ʻana i nā kumu no ka parquet, nā uhi kaula, nā uhi i hana ʻia me nā mea hana i hoʻopili ʻia me ka spatula, a pēlā aku. ʻAʻole lākou e hana i ka lepo, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokuʻu i ka wai, he palupalu, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, hiki ke hele ʻia ma luna koke nō ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana.
Kiʻi. 3 - Mozaika lāʻau
Nā papahele keramika
Hana ʻia nā papahele keramika mai nā kile keramika. ʻAneʻane pau ʻole ko lākou mau makahiki lawelawe, maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe, a ʻaʻole lākou e hana i ka lepo. No nā kikoʻī hou aku e ʻike i ka DIN 1965.
Fig. 4 - Nā tile seramika ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻohālike o ka māmala
Fig. 5 - Nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kāʻei kilemika
Nā papahele o nā kile liʻiliʻi
Hana ʻia nā papahele o nā tile liʻiliʻi (nā ʻili ma kahi o 0,25 m2) mai nā tile o ka pōhaku kūlohelohe, concrete, klinkera, aniani, kila, pōhaku lāʻau, a me ke asfalta, a kau ʻia ka hapanui i loko o ka pāpā sima. Hoʻopili ʻia nā tile i hana ʻia mai nā mea hana ʻia (mai ka resin hana ʻia, bitumena, a me ka asbestos) ma ke kāpili ʻana. E like me ko lākou mau waiwai, kūpono lākou i nā uhi i hana ʻia mai nā mea kumu like a me nā mea like pū.
Kiʻi 6 - Mozaik o nā papa liʻiliʻi
Nā papahele mai nā papa nui
No nā papahele i hana ʻia me nā papa nui – ma waho aʻe o nā pepa hao i ʻāwīwī ʻia o ke kila a me nā metala māmā – nā papa paʻa i hana ʻia me nā olonā lāʻau ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo ʻia, a i ka waiho ʻana ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hapanui me nā mea hoʻopili anu. He mau waiwai like ko lākou me nā uhi i nā ʻāpana loloa a hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu like.
Nā papahele lāʻau a me nā papahele kōpulu
Aia ka papahele lāʻau ma waena o nā papahele kahiko loa a – koe nā uhi kapeta a me nā papahele ʻohe – ʻo ia ka papahele wela loa no nā wāwae. Aia ma ʻaneʻi: nā papahele papa lāʻau mai nā papa papahele, parquet kaula a me ka parquet papa, ka papahele mai nā ʻāpana parquet a me ka parquet mozaika.
Hāʻawi ka papahele pāketi i kau pono ʻia i ka insulation maikaʻi kūʻē i nā hopena wāwae ma ka hapanui o nā hihia. ʻO ka papahele o nā papa pāketi a me ka mozaika he mau ʻano pāketi hou. I mea e maʻalahi ai ka mālama ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pāketi i kēia mau manawa me nā kēpau hoʻopunipuni. He wela loa nā papahele o ka cork no nā wāwae, hoʻokaʻawale i ke kani, a ʻaʻole e hoʻoili i ka wai. Hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau kāpili kūikawā no ke kāpili ʻana.
Kiʻi 7 - Ke kau ʻana i ka pāka lāʻau
Nā papahele mai nā ʻīpuka uhi
ʻO kēia nā pale uhi nui loa i loko o nā kaula:
- Nā papahele i hana ʻia me nā papa felt hulu hipa paʻi ʻia (balatum a me stragula)
- Nā papahele mai nā lole no ka hohola ʻana, like me nā kāpeti
- Nā papahele o ka linoleuma
- Nā papahele ʻūlū
- Nā papahele o nā mea hana ʻia i like me nā lole (igelit)
- Nā papahele i hana ʻia mai nā papa a me nā ʻāpana o ka polyvinyl chloride (gutasin a me mipolan)
ʻOiai ka pālahalaha wale ʻia ʻana o nā uhi ʻelua i ʻōlelo ʻia a huki wale ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao, ua hana ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau o nā uhi kāʻei ma ke kāpili ʻana i nā kāʻei. Kū ʻokoʻa kēia mau uhi ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou mau ʻāpana hui ʻana, a – koe wale nō nā mea like me nā kāpeti – no ka nele o ka lepo, ka maʻalahi o ka holoi ʻana, a me ko lākou hiki ke loli iki a nui paha i ka ʻelastic.
Kiʻi 8 - Uhi linoleuma ma ke ʻano he hoʻohālike o ka laminate
Nā papahele i hana ʻia me nā mea hana ʻia e kau ʻia me ka pahi spatula
ʻO nā paʻi o nā mea hana ʻia, i noi ʻia me ka spatula, he hui ʻana ia o nā kēpau hana ʻia (ʻo ka hapa nui o ka polyvinyl acetate) a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻia. Hana ʻia nā uhi ma luna o nā kumu paʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi i ʻekolu papa ma ka liʻiliʻi, i noi ʻia me ka spatula. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka ea no 28 lā, pono ka mānoanoa e lilo i ka liʻiliʻi loa o 2 mm. ʻAʻole i manaʻo hou ʻia nā papa i ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o 2 mm he uhi, akā he ʻāwili a i ʻole he pena uhi.