Imigangatho

Imigangatho ibalulekile kuba inika kungekuphela ukusebenza kunye nokukhuselwa, kodwa ikwanika umba wobuhle kunye nentuthuzelo kwindawo yokuhlala. Olona lwahlulo lucacileyo lwemigangatho kwiintlobo lufunyanwa xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngaxeshanye indlela yokwenziwa kwemigangatho kunye neentlobo neemilo zezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuyenza. Ngale ndlela kufunyanwa olu hlulo lulandelayo: imigangatho yamatye (iikaldirme), ii-screed (izigqubuthelo), imigangatho yeethayile zeeceramic, imigangatho yeethayile ezincinane, imigangatho yeethayile ezinkulu, imigangatho yamaplanga kunye nemigangatho yekhokho, imigangatho yeebhanti zokugquma, imigangatho yezezinto ezenziweyo ezisetyenziswa nge-trowel.

Iimeko zeemigangatho ngokubhekiselele kuzinzo nokukhuselwa kufuma

Iimeko ezisezantsi ngokubhekiselele kumandla okucinezela, amandla okutsala xa kugotywa kwakunye nokuxhathisa ukunxitywa zichazwe kwiingubo ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi eqinileyo kwi-DIN 1100. La maxabiso ngokubanzi anokuthathwa njengeemeko ekufuneka zihlangatyezwane nazo yimigangatho yeendawo zemizi-mveliso ethwele imithwalo enzima. Kwi-DIN 272 zichazwe amaxabiso asezantsi e-kameno drvo (ksilolit) anokusebenza nakwimigangatho yeendawo zemizi-mveliso ethwele imithwalo elula, kwakunye nemigangatho yezakhiwo zokuhlala nezorhwebo.

Sl. 1 - Ukuvalwa kwamanzi komgangatho

Iimeko zemigangatho ngokubhekiselele ekugqumeni ubushushu nesandi

Ukugquma kobushushu akuxhomekekanga kuphela kumgangatho, koko kuxhomekeke kuyo yonke inkqubo yesakhiwo phakathi kwemigangatho. Noko ke, kubalulekile iqondo apho umgangatho unokuthatha ubushushu kubantu abemi kuwo okanye abahamba kuwo. Ngokufanayo, ngokubhekiselele kukhuselo lwesandi, inkqubo epheleleyo yesakhiwo phakathi kwemigangatho ibaluleke kakhulu. Kule meko umgangatho unempembelelo enkulu ngakumbi – ingakumbi ukuba wenziwe ngendlela ye-screed edadayo okanye umgangatho womthi odadayo.

Sl. 2 - Ukugqunywa kwesandi komgangatho

Iimeko zokukhusela imigangatho emlilweni

Kumgangatho okummandla ojikeleze iziko, kwakunye nemigangatho ephantsi kophahla oluxineneyo, kwaye rhoqo nasezindaweni zocweyo nakwiiholo zocweyo, kufuneka kufunwe ukuba zenziwe njengendawo ezinqanda umlilo okanye njengezingangenwa ngumlilo. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kwi-DIN 4102.

Iimeko zokuxhathisa kombane kwemigangatho

Ingozi emzimbeni womntu xa echukumisa abaqhubi abanombane iphezulu ngokuthelekisayo nokuba nangaphakathi kwemida yombane ophantsi ukuya kuma-250 volts. Ingozi iyanda ukuba umgangatho okulo umntu unobuchule obukhulu bokuhambisa umbane. Ngokwemigaqo ye-German Electrical Engineering Society (VDE), nawuphi na umgangatho one-resistance engaphantsi kwe-7730 ohm uyingozi. Oku kusebenza ingakumbi kwimigangatho emanzi nenomswakama.

Iingubo (iikhosho)

Phakathi kwezona maleko zibalulekileyo kukho: imigangatho yeterazzo, iimaleko zekhonkrithi, iimaleko zodongwe, imigangatho ye-mosaic, iimaleko zegypsum, imigangatho ye-xylolite, iimaleko zodongwe oludityanisiweyo kunye neimaleko zeasphalt.

• Imigangatho yeterrazzo: imigangatho yeterrazzo yomelele, ayingenwa ngamanzi yaye ayikhuphi uthuli. I-DIN 1965 Imimiselo yobugcisa ngokwenza iilayini neenkqubo zeceramic inika iinkcukacha ezingakumbi zombini malunga nokwakheka kwegranulometri ye-aggregate ye-terrazzo nakwindlela yokuyenza.
• Ukwaleka kwekhonkrithi: i-DIN 1965 iqulethe iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokwaleka okuqhelekileyo kwekhonkrithi (ngaphambili kwesamente), kwaye i-DIN 1100 malunga nokwaleka kwekhonkrithi eqinileyo. Kutshanje kwenziwa kwakhona ukwaleka kwekhonkrithi elula – kananjalo nakwi-aggregates ezinemingxuma ezilula, kunye nakwikhonkrithi enamagwebu – ezisebenza ngokukodwa njengeziseko zokwaleka ngezinto ezenziweyo ezisetyenziswa ngespatula.
• Iingubo zodongwe: Zenziwa ngezitena ezityunyuziweyo ezinesibopheleli sekalika, sesamente okanye se-magnesite. Zitsala ubushushu kancinane kunangengubo zekhonkrithi.
• Imigangatho ye-mozaiki: Imigangatho ye-mozaiki imele olona hlobo luhle noluhloniphekileyo lwesigqubuthelo, ekwenzeni kwayo kusetyenziswa imarble, amaqhekeza odongwe olubhakwe, iglasi engacacanga okanye i-ceramic. Ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lomgangatho lufuna kumvelisi ubuchule obuninzi kunye nokuthanda kobugcisa, zimbalwa kakhulu iindibano zocweyo ezizibandakanya ekwenzeni kwalo.
• Izigqubuthelo ze-gypsum: Izigqubuthelo ze-gypsum azitshisi lula. Indlela yokuzivelisa ichazwe kwi-DIN 1965. Zenziwa ikakhulu ngodongwe oluqinileyo olutshisiweyo lokugquma, njengomaleko omnye phezu kwesanti, okanye njengezigqubuthelo ezomileyo ezinemaleko emibini. Kwizigqubuthelo ze-gypsum kusetyenziswa kwakhona i-anhydrite yendalo.
• Imigangatho eyenziwe ngomthi welitye: Iimpawu kunye nendlela yokwenziwa kwemigangatho eyenziwe ngomthi welitye (xylolite) zilinganiswe yimimiselo ye-DIN 272. Zahlulwe zibe yimigangatho ye-industrial okanye eqinisiweyo enomaleko omnye, imigangatho enomaleko-mbini eyenziwe ngomthi welitye, eyamagumbi okuhlala nawokusebenza, kunye neesiseko esinomaleko omnye se-parquet, zokugquma ezinemicu, njl.
• Ukwaleka ngodongwe: Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nokwaleka ngodongwe – ingakumbi kwizisele zengqolowa, iindawo zokugcina ezolimo njl. – ziqulethwe kwi-DIN 1965.
• Izifakelo ze-asphalt: Izifakelo ze-asphalt etyhidiweyo zisetyenziswa kokubini ekwenzeni umaleko ongaphezulu ngqo womgangatho, nasekwenzeni iziseko zeparquet, izifakelo zeentambo, izifakelo zezinto ezenziweyo ezisetyenzwa nge-spatula, njl. Azivelisi uthuli, azivumeli amanzi ukuba angene, ziyathamba, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke zinokunyathelwa ngoko nangoko emva kokwenziwa kwazo.

Umz. 3 - Imosaic yenkuni

Imigangatho yekeramiki

Imigangatho yeekeramiki yenziwa ngeethayile zeekeramiki. Inobomi phantse obungenamda, kulula ukuyigcina icocekile kwaye ayivelisi uthuli. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe zifumaneka kwi-DIN 1965.

Umz. 4 - Iithayile zeceramic njengokulinganisa i-marble

Sl. 5 - Iipateni ezahlukeneyo zeethayile zeceramic

Imigangatho yeethayile ezincinane

Imigangatho yeetayile ezincinci (indawo malunga 0,25 m2) yenziwa ngeetayile zamatye endalo, ikhonkrithi, i-klinker, iglasi, intsimbi, kameno drvo kunye ne-asphalt, kwaye ibekwa ikakhulu kudaka lwesamente. Iithayile ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa (ezivela kwiresini eyenziweyo, i-bitumen kunye ne-asbestos) zibekwa ngokuncamatheliswa. Ngokweempawu zazo zihambelana neengubo ezenziwe kwizinto ezifanayo ezisetyenziswayo kunye nezinto ezifanayo.

Sl. 6 - I-mosaic yeetayile ezincinane

Imigangatho yeepaneli ezinkulu

Kwimigangatho eyenziwe ngeepleyiti ezinkulu – ngaphandle kweeshiti ezinemijelo zentsimbi nezetalente ezikhanyayo – kuqala kuthathelwa ingqalelo iibhodi eziqinileyo zeentsinga zomthi, ezithi xa zibekwa zancamatheliswe ikakhulu ngeglue ebandayo. Zineempawu ezifanayo nezo zezigqubuthelo ezikwiibhanti kwaye zisetyenziswa ngeenjongo ezifanayo.

Imigangatho eyenziwe ngomthi nangekhokho

Umgangatho womthi ungomnye weminye yakudala kakhulu yaye – ngaphandle kweefini zekhaphethi kunye nemigangatho yekhokho – ngowona ushushu kakhulu ezinyaweni. Oku kubandakanya: imigangatho yeplanga yeebhodi zomgangatho, i-parquet yeentambo kunye ne-parquet yeetafile, umgangatho weentlama ze-parquet kunye ne-mosaic parquet.

Imigangatho yeparquet efakwe kakuhle ubukhulu becala inika nokugquma kakuhle ekuchaphazelekeni ziimpembelelo zokuhamba. Umgangatho weemaplangana zeparquet kunye ne-mosaic zimele iintlobo ezintsha zeparquet. Ukuze kube lula ukunyamekelwa, iparquet iye kutshanje itywinwa ngeeresini ezenziwe ngabantu. Imigangatho yecork ishushu kakhulu ezinyaweni, iyafaka isandi yaye ayivumeli amanzi ukuba angene. Ekuncamatheliseni kusetyenziswa iiglu ezizodwa.

Sl. 7 - Ukufakwa kweparke

Imigangatho eyenziwe ngemicu yokugquma

Njengezona zigqubuthelo zibalulekileyo kwiibhanti zithathwa ezi:

• Imigangatho eyenziwe ngeeplanga zefelt enoboya eprintiweyo (balatum kunye nestragula)
• Imigangatho eyenziwe ngamalaphu okululuka, afana neekhaphethi
• Imigangatho ye-linoleum
• Imigangatho yerabha
• Imigangatho yezinto ezenziweyo ezifana namalaphu (igelit)
• Imigangatho eyenziwe ngeepleyiti nangeentambo ze-polyvinyl chloride (gutasin i mipolan)

Ngelixa ezi zimbini zokuqala izigqubuthelo zisasazwa ngokulula zize zitsalwe kuphela emiphethweni, zonke ezinye zezigqubuthelo zohlobo lweeteyiphu zenziwa ngokuncamathelisa iiteyiphu. Ezi zigqubuthelo zibalasele ngenani elincinane lamalungu azo kwaye – ngaphandle kwezo zifana neekhaphethi – ngokungabi nothuli, ngokuba kulula ukuzihlamba nangokuba ziguquguquka ngakumbi okanye kancinci.

Fig. 8 - Isigqubuthelo se-linoleum njengokulinganisa i-laminate

Imigangatho yezinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezisetyenziswayo ngetroweli

Iimase ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezifakwa nge-spatula zenziwa yimixube yeeresini zokwenziwa (ubukhulu becala i-polyvinyl acetate) kunye nezinto ezongeziweyo. Iingubo zenziwa kwiindawo ezisicaba nezithe tyaba ubuncinane zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu afakwa nge-spatula. Emva kokomiswa emoyeni kangange 28 iintsuku, ubukhulu bazo bufanele bube ubuncinane 2 mm. Amanqanaba amancinane kune 2 mm akasabonwa njengeengubo, koko njengezogqumo okanye iipeyinti zokugquma.