Izitezi

Phansi kubalulekile ngoba kunikeza hhayi ukusebenza nokuvikela kuphela, kodwa futhi nesici sobuhle nokunethezeka kwesikhala sokuhlala. Ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kakhulu kwezinhlobo zaphansi kutholakala uma kucatshangelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa indlela yokwakhiwa kwazo kanye nezinhlobo nezimo zezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuzakha. Ngale ndlela kutholakala ukuhlukaniswa okulandelayo: phansi kwetshe (amatshe abekwe), ama-screed (izimbozo), phansi zamathayili e-ceramic, phansi zamathayili amancane, phansi zamathayili amakhulu, phansi zamapulangwe kanye nephansi le-cork, phansi zamapheshana okuhlanganisa, phansi ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa nge-spatula.

Izimfuno zezitezi mayelana nokuqina nokuvikelwa emswakeni

Izidingo ezincane mayelana namandla okucindezela, amandla okudonsa ekugobeni kanye nokumelana nokuguga zichazwe kuzakhiwo zokumboza ezenziwe ngakhonkholo oqinile ku-DIN 1100. Lawa manani angathathwa ngokuyinhloko njengezimo okufanele zihlangatshezwane nazo yizitezi zezimboni ezithwele imithwalo esindayo. Ku-DIN 272 kuchazwe amanani amancane ekhanda letshe (ksilolit) angasebenza nasezitezi zezimboni ezithwala imithwalo elula, kanye nasezitezi zezakhiwo zokuhlala nezamabhizinisi.

Isith. 1 - Ukuvalwa kwamanzi phansi

Izimo zephansi mayelana nokuvikelwa kokushisa nomsindo

Ukufakwa kokushisa akunciki kuphela phansi, kodwa kusistimu yonke yokwakhiwa phakathi kwezitezi. Okubalulekile, nokho, izinga lapho phansi kungadonsa ukushisa kubantu abamile kuyo noma abahamba kuyo. Ngokufanayo, maqondana nokuvikelwa komsindo, isistimu yonke yokwakhiwa phakathi kwezitezi ibaluleke kakhulu. Kulokhu, phansi kunomthelela omkhulu kakhulu – ikakhulukazi uma kwenziwa njengengqimba entantayo noma phansi lokhuni elintantayo.

Umfan. 2 - Ukufakwa komsindo phansi

Imibandela yokuvikela phansi emlilweni

Ezitezi eziseduze neziko, kanye nasezitezi ezingaphansi kophahla oluthambekele kakhulu, futhi kaningi nasezindlini zokusebenzela nasezinhlelweni zokusebenzela, kumele kudingeke ukuba zenziwe njengezinqanda umlilo noma njengezingamelana nomlilo. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ku-DIN 4102.

Izimo zokumelana kukagesi kwezitezi

Ingozi emzimbeni womuntu uma ethinta iziqhubi eziphilayo inkulu ngisho nasemikhawulweni ye-low voltage efika ku-250 volts. Ingozi iyanda uma phansi umuntu amile noma ahamba kulo kunokuqhubeka kukagesi okukhulu. Ngokomthetho we-German Electrotechnical Society (VDE), noma iyiphi iphansi ukumelana kwayo kungaphansi kuka-7730 ohms iyingozi. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimanzi nezimanzi kakhulu.

Izimbozo (ama-koshuljice)

Ezibaluleke kakhulu kulezi zelwimi yilezi: phansi be-terrazzo, ulwelwesi lukakhonkolo, ulwelwesi lobumba, phansi be-mosaic, ulwelwesi lwegipso, phansi be-ksylolite, ulwelwesi lwe-loam kanye nolwelwesi lwe-asphalt.

• Izitezi zeterrazo: Izitezi ze-terrazzo zihlala isikhathi eside, azingeni amanzi futhi azikhuphi uthuli. I-DIN 1965 Imithethonqubo yobuchwepheshe yokwenziwa kwezingubo zokumboza nemisebenzi yama-ceramic iqukethe imininingwane eningiliziwe kokubili mayelana nokwakheka kosayizi bezinhlayiya kwe-aggregate ye-terrazzo, kanye nendlela yokuyenza.
• Izinamatheliso zikakhonkolo: i-DIN 1965 iqukethe imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nezinamatheliso ezijwayelekile zikakhonkolo (phambilini ezenziwe ngosimende), kanti i-DIN 1100 imayelana nezinamatheliso zikakhonkolo oqinile. Muva nje sekuye kwenziwa futhi izinamatheliso zikakhonkolo olula – futhi nalawo enziwe ngama-aggregate alula anama-pores, kanye nakakhonkolo onegwebu – asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njengezendlalelo ezingaphansi kwezinamatheliso ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezisakazwa nge-trowel.
• Ama-coating odongwe: Enziwa ngezitini ezichotshoziwe ezihlanganiswe ngento yokubopha enophehlane, usimende noma i-magnesite. Akhipha ukushisa kancane kunama-coating kakhonkolo.
• Izitezi zemosaiki: Izitezi zemosaiki zimelela uhlobo oluhle kakhulu nolunesizotha kakhulu lokumboza, ekwenziweni kwalo kusetshenziswa imabula, izingcezu zobumba obushisiwe, ingilazi efiphele noma i-ceramic. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lwesitezi ludinga kumkhiqizi ukucikeka okukhulu komuzwa wobuciko, izindawo zokusebenzela ezimbalwa kakhulu ezizibandakanya ekulukhiqizeni.
• Izimbotshana ze-plaster: Izimbotshana ze-plaster azibanjwa umlilo. Indlela yokuzikhiqiza ichazwe ku-DIN 1965. Zikhiqizwa ikakhulu ngeplasta eshisiwe kakhulu yezimbotshana, futhi njengongqimba olulodwa phezu kwesihlabathi, noma njengembotshana eyomile enezingqimba ezimbili. Ezimbotsheni ze-plaster kusetshenziswa futhi i-anhydrite yemvelo.
• Izitezi ezenziwe ngokhuni lwamatshe: Izakhiwo nendlela yokwenza izitezi ezenziwe ngokhuni lwamatshe (ksilolit) zifakwe ezimisweni ze-DIN 272. Zihlukaniswa zibe yizitezi zongqimba olulodwa zezimboni noma ezicindezelwe, izitezi ezimbili ezenziwe ngokhuni lwetshe, ezamakamelo okuhlala nawomsebenzi, kanye nezisekelo zongqimba olulodwa zama-parquet, zokumbozwa ngamabhande, njll.
• Izimbozo zobumba oluxutshwe nodaka: Imininingwane eyengeziwe ngezimbozo zobumba oluxutshwe nodaka – ikakhulukazi ezinqolobaneni zokusanhlamvu, ezinqolobaneni zezolimo njll. – itholakala ku-DIN 1965.
• Izembatho ze-asphalt: Izembatho ze-asphalt encibilikisiwe zisetshenziswa kokubili ekwenzeni ungqimba olungaphezulu oluqondile lwephansi, nasekwenzeni izingqimba ezingaphansi zama-parquet, ezembathweni ezinemigqa, izembatho zezinto zokwenziwa ezifakwa nge-spatula, njll. Azikhiphi uthuli, azivumeli amanzi ukuba adlule, ziyaguquguquka, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke zinganyathelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokwenziwa kwazo.

Umfan. 3 - I-mosaic yokhuni

Iphansi elenziwe ngobumba obubhakwe

Izitezi zobumba lobuciko zenziwa ngamathayili obumba. Zihlala cishe isikhathi esingapheli, kulula ukuzigcina zihlanzekile futhi azikhiqizi uthuli. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe bheka i-DIN 1965.

Isith. 4 - Amathayili e-ceramic njengokulingisa imabula

Sl. 5 - Imiklamo ehlukahlukene yamathayili e-ceramic

Izitezi zamathayili amancane

Izitezi zamathayili amancane (indawo ecishe ibe ngu 0,25 m2) zenziwa ngamathayili etshe lemvelo, ukhonkolo, i-klinka, ingilazi, insimbi, ukhuni lwetshe kanye ne-asphalt futhi zibekwe kakhulu odakeni lukasimende. Amathayili enziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa (nge-resin yokwenziwa, i-bitumen kanye ne-asbestos) abekwa ngokunamathiselwa. Ngokwezakhiwo zawo ahambisana nezingubo ezenziwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanayo kanye nezinto ezifanayo.

Sl. 6 - I-mosaic yamathayili amancane

Iphansi elenziwe ngama-slabs amakhulu

Ezimbozweni zamaphaneli amakhulu – ngaphezu kwamashidi anemifantu enziwe ngensimbi nangezinsimbi ezilula – ikakhulukazi kufakwa amapuleti aqinile emicu yokhuni, ahlanganiswa ngesikhathi sokubekwa ikakhulu ngezinamathiselo ezibandayo. Anazo izakhiwo ezifana nezembozo ezisemigqeni futhi asetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezifanayo.

Izitezi zokhuni nophawu

Iphansi lamapulangwe lingelinye lamadala kakhulu futhi – ngaphandle kwezikhaphethi kanye namaphansi kakhokho – liyiphansi elishisa kakhulu ezinyaweni. Lapha kufakwa: amaphansi amabhodi okhuni, i-parquet enemigqa kanye ne-parquet eyizibhebhe, iphansi lamasakana e-parquet kanye ne-mosaic parquet.

Izitezi ze-parquet ezibekwe kahle ngokuvamile zinikeza nokuvikelwa okuhle ngokumelene nokushayisana kwezinyawo. Iphansi lamapulangwe e-parquet kanye ne-mosaic kuyingxenye yezinhlobo ezintsha ze-parquet. Ukuze kube lula ukunakekelwa, i-parquet muva nje ivalwa ngama-resin okwenziwa. Izitezi ze-cork zifudumele kakhulu ezinyaweni, zivimbela umsindo futhi azivumeli amanzi ukuba angene. Ukunamathisela kusetshenziswa izinhlaka zokunamathisela ezikhethekile.

Umfanekiso. 7 - Ukufakwa kwe-parquet

Izitezi zamaribhoni okumboza

Njengamapulangwe okuvala abaluleke kakhulu emicu kubhekwa lawa:

• Izitezi ezenziwe ngamashidi efelthi elukiwe eliprintiwe (balatum ne-stragula)
• Izitezi ezivela ezindwangu zokwelulwa, ezifana nezokhaphethi
• Izitezi ze-linoleum
• Izitezi zenjoloba
• Izitezi ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezifanayo nezindwangu (igelit)
• Izitezi ezenziwe ngamashidi nangamabhandi e-polyvinyl chloride (gutasin no mipolan)

Kanti izembozo ezimbili zokuqala ezishiwo zimane nje ziyasatshalaliswa bese ziqiniswa emaphethelweni kuphela, zonke ezinye izembozo zohlobo lwamabhande zenziwa ngokunamathisela amabhande. Lezi zimbozo zivelela ngenani elincane lezihlanganisi zazo futhi – ngaphandle kwalezo ezifana namakhaphethi – ngokungabi nothuli, ngokugezwa kalula nangokuthi ziguquguquka kakhulu noma kancane.

Sl. 8 - Isembatho se-linoleum njengokulingisa i-laminati

Izitezi ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezifakwa nge-spatula

Izimpahla ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa ngetroweli ziwuxube lwama-resin okwenziwa (ikakhulukazi i-polyvinyl acetate) nezinto ezingeziwe. Izendlalelo zenziwa ezisekelweni ezibushelelezi nezilele ngokushelela, okungenani ngezendlalelo ezintathu ezisetshenziswa ngetroweli. Ngemva kokomiswa emoyeni izinsuku ezingu 28, ukujiya kwazo kufanele kube okungenani 2 mm. Izendlalelo ezincanyana kuno 2 mm azisabhekwa njengezendlalelo zokumboza, kodwa njengezikhumulo noma izigcobo.