Inothi elibalulekile lengcweti: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa wengobo yomlando, hhayi incazelo yedizayini yamanje, ukubala okumile, noma imiyalelo yokukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa. Ubukhulu nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi kufanele kulandele imithetho nezindinganiso ezisebenzayo, iphrojekthi kanjiniyela ogunyaziwe, imibhalo yomkhiqizi, ukulawulwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo namajoyinti ashiselwe noma ayimishini, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezinqunyiwe.
Ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi akuyona ingxenye yesipho somphakathi samanje se-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kokukhiqiza kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa amawindi okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso.
Ezakhiweni zensimbi kukhona izinti, imishayo, imikhumbi, izisekelo ezingaphezulu, njll. ezakhiwe ngamaphrofayili avumelekile. Ukuxhumana kufanele kuxhume amaphrofayili ngamanye ngendlela yokuthi akhe izingxenye zesakhiwo ezisebenza njengeyunithi eyodwa. Lokhu kufinyelelwa kuphela uma ukuxhumana kungadlulisa ngokuphephile izingcindezi ezenzeka phakathi kwezingxenye ngazinye. Uma kunengcindezi kuphela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili, ukucindezeleka kudluliselwa ngokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezindlela zokuxhuma kanye nesici. Ngaphezu koxhumano olungaguquki, kukhona noxhumo olunyakazayo oluvumela ukunyakaza okuthile (amalunga, amapulaki aphakathi nendawo, amadonsa, ama-bearing, njll.).
Ama-Rivets
Izisekelo kuphela ezizoshiwo mayelana nama-rivets, ngoba namuhla cishe awasasebenzi - athathelwe indawo ngezikulufo. Lawa amapulaki, afana nezinzipho, atholakala ezindaweni ezivulekayo ezingxenyeni ezizohlanganiswa bese zikhishwa. Ama-rivets aluhlaza (ifig. 1) enziwe ngensimbi eyindilinga egoqiwe. Endabeni yokwakhiwa kwensimbi, ama-rivets ahlanjululwa ngokukhanya okubomvu okukhanyayo. Lapho i-riveting, inhloko ye-rivet eluhlaza ekhona isekelwa kahle ngethuluzi elifanele. Ikhanda lokugcina lakhiwe kusetshenziswa isando, ikakhulukazi esiqhutshwa umoya, kuphela ngemva kokuba intamo ye-rivet isiqhutshwe ngokugcwele. Ngekhwalithi ye-riveting, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi intamo ye-rivet kufanele igcwalise ngokuphelele izimbobo. Ububanzi be-rivet 1mm buncane kunobubanzi bembobo, intamo ye-rivet kufanele ihlanganiswe ukucindezela noma izibhakela ngaphambi kokuthi ikhanda lokugcina limile.
Fig. 1 - a) i-rivet eluhlaza; b) I-Rivet enekhanda eliyisiyingi; c) I-Rivet enekhanda elishoniwe; d) I-Rivet enekhanda eliyisiyingi lama-boilers
Ingcindezi namandla ama-rivets angawodwana (static)
Shear connections (fig. 2) yakha inkambu ebaluleke kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwama-rivets ezakhiweni zensimbi. Ngokwenombolo yezingxenye ezilayishiwe ze-shear zentamo ye-rivet, i-piece-piece, i-two-piece kanye ne-multi-piece izixhumanisi ziyahlukaniswa (umkhiwane 3). Ngoxhumano oluboniswe ku-fig. 4 (uxhumano olusike kabili) kunesimo se-voltage esilinganayo.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3 - Ukuxhumeka kwesiqephu esisodwa neziqephu ezimbili
Izingcindezi eziphakathi komnyango kanye ne-casing yezimbobo zincike ebukhulu bama-rivets kanye nobukhulu bezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe; ukwabiwa kwazo kunikwa ngomkhiwane. 4a. Ukuze kubalwe okungokoqobo, ukusabalalisa okufanayo kwamandla kagesi phezu kogqinsi lweshidi kuye kwacatshangwa (fig. 4b). Ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi ezungeze isiyingi sentamo ye-rivet kunikezwa kufig. 4c. Ukuze i-dimensioning, ibalwa ngokusabalaliswa okulinganayo phezu kobubanzi ngokuya ngefig. 4d. Isilinganiso senani lika-σlm amandla kagesi emvilophini yomgodi.
Fig. 4 - Amandla kagesi ngemvilophu yomgodi ngamunye; a) kanye c) okwangempela; b) kanye d) nemicabango yokubala evamile
Ukubalwa okujwayelekile kwama-rivets
Amandla okugunda ancike kakhulu empahleni ye-rivet. Lapho kuhlolwa imiphumela yokuhlolwa, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-rivets zihlukile kulokho okuhlanganiswe amashidi nokuthi amandla ezinto ezisetshenziswayo akhuliswa yi-riveting.
Amandla acindezelayo ngemvilophu ngayinye yembobo, njengenani eliphakeme kakhulu lomthwalo, awavezwa ngokucacile njengamandla okugunda. Uma ibanga elingu-e ukusuka ekugcineni kweshidi lingelikhulu kakhulu, ama-rivets ayalidabula; Umdwebo 5 ubonisa izithombe ezihlukene. Ingcindezi ephihlizayo eduze kwemvilophu yembobo, edingekayo ukuze kugunda iziphetho zamashidi, kungaba nge-e < 2,5d prikazati obrascem σlB = σB e/d. Širina b je bez primetnog uticaja na jačinu gnječenja po omotaču rupe, σB je jačina na kidanje spojenih limova.
Fig. 5 - Izinhlobo zokuphuka
Imithetho ye-Rivet yomlando
Rivet Isikhala. Isikhala se-rivet e (i-wheelbase) sinqunyelwe phansi ngenxa yokushosheka kalula, ukuphakama kwengcindezi nokuncipha kokumelana nezimbobo. Isikhala esiphezulu sama-rivets sinqunyelwe, ngakho-ke izixhumi akufanele zivulwe ngenxa yengozi yokugqwala, futhi amashidi akufanele agotshwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ibanga elikhulu kunawo wonke lincike ekugqineni kweshidi elingu-t. Izikhala ezivamile ze-rivet zamabhuloho wesitimela nezinye izakhiwo zensimbi ziyahluka phakathi kwemikhawulo ethile. Ibanga elisuka ekugcineni lingu-e1, futhi libheke ngakumandla. Ibanga ukusuka ekugcineni e2 lincike ekuqondeni kwesenzo samandla.
Isikhundla sama-rivets. Ama-rivets ahlelwe kakhulu ngamaphethini avamile we-rivet futhi abekwe emigqeni eqondile ngemva komunye nomunye. Ngezigaba ezibanzi, imigqa eyengeziwe yama-rivets iyadingeka (isib.6), lapho itafula kufanele lilandelwe1. Kuma-rivets esakhiwo sangaphakathi we-wide tension rods, anganyuswa afinyelele kabili amanani asuka etafuleni.1.
Sl.6
Sl.7- Isibonelo se-rivets yensimbi enephrofayili
Izikulufu namapulaki
Izikulufu zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni lapho kudingekile ukuvikela uxhumano. Amabhawudi enziwe ngezinto zekhwalithi ephezulu kufanele adlulisele amandla ngokukrwina, kuyilapho amandla okugunda nezingcindezi ezicindezelayo kugobolondo lepulaki akunikezi sandla ngokuphawulekayo. Ezakhiweni zensimbi, izikulufu ezinezintambo zemethrikhi zisetshenziswa. Imithetho yokusebenzisa izikulufu ihambelana naleyo yama-rivets anobubanzi bembobo efanayo d. Nokho, ibanga elincane akumele libe ngaphansi kuka-e =3,5d, okungcono4d. Amanye amabanga, izimpande kanye nezilinganiso zomugqa ziyefana nama-rivets. Ama-bolts kufanele asuswe ngokuqhubekayo komunye nomunye kunama-rivets, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu sesikhala samantongomane kanye ne-bolt wrench.
Ngokwakhiwa kwensimbi, ikakhulukazi amafomu alandelayo acatshangelwa:
Amabhawodi e-hex aluhlaza: anenadi le-hex kanye newasha Ububanzi bentambo engu-d =10ku33 mmenobubanzi bembobo d1=11ku34 mm. Lezi ngezikulufo ngomshini kuphela imicu, ngakho kufanele ukubala nge imvume0,5ku2 mmphakathi komzimba nomgodi. Ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ngamandla aphezulu ngoba ukuxhumana okuboshiwe ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuguga okukhulu.
Fig. 8 - Isikulufu
Screws: ubukhulu bazo buhambisana nezikulufu ze-hex ezingavuthiwe, kodwa zinomzimba owenziwe ngomshini oyisilinda ukuze zigcwalise imbobo kahle. Izikulufu ezifakiwe zithatha indawo yalezo ezingavuthiwe lapho amandla amakhulu adinga ukudluliselwa noma lapho ukunyakaza kokuxhumana kudinga ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo emincane.
Backing plate: izikulufu zisetshenziswa ngamapuleti asekelayo. Ubukhulu bepuleti buncike kusayizi wesikulufu esisetshenzisiwe.
Markings: izimpawu, osayizi bembobo kanye nezikulufu kunikezwa kuthebula elilandelayo:
Fig. 9 - Izimpawu zokukrufuza
Ingcindezi eqinile yezikulufi ngazinye
Izixhumanisi Zokugunda: Isimo sokucindezelwa ekuxhumekeni okuboshiwe siyefana naleso ekuxhumekeni kwe-riveted. Lapho i-dimensioning, ibalwa namanani aphakathi we-shear stress τm kanye nokucindezela kwe-casing yembobo σlm. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukucindezela ku-casing yembobo kukhuphuka kakhulu lapho izintambo zingena emgodini, okumele kugwenywe.
Ukumelana nokungqubuzana ekuxhumekeni okuvamile ngezikulufu kuphansi kunezixhumi ezicijile, ngoba lapho uqinisa amantongomane, amandla okuqinisa amancane kuphela angafinyelelwa. Ukuqinisa kakhulu kuzolimaza izintambo. Isho izikulufu zenani eliphezulu ezenza ukumelana nokungqubuzana ekuxhumekeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwazo.
Amandla okugunda amapulaki ayisilinda afakiwe afana nalawo ama-rivets. Ukuhlolwa kwezinyembezi ezimile akukwazi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ukunquma noma yimuphi umehluko phakathi kwamapulaki afakiwe nama-rivets ngokwamandla acindezelayo ngemvilophu ngayinye yembobo. Ngesikhathi sokulayisha ukukhathala, ukumelana nokungqubuzana okuphansi ngokulinganayo kuyimbangela yokuziphatha okuhluke kakhulu kokuxhunywa ngezikulufu.
Izikulufu ezingahluziwe zinokumelana okuphansi ekuxhumekeni okulayishwe i-shear kufika ku-20% ngenxa yegebe phakathi kwembobo nomzimba oyisikulufu. Ngalesi sizathu, ukucindezelwa okuvumelekile kwezikulufu ezingavuthiwe kuphansi kunezifakiwe. Ukuze wenze usayizi, ububanzi bangempela bomzimba kufanele buthathwe d.
Amakepisi ahlangene
Amakepisi ahlangene ahlinzeka ngoxhumo olumelana nengcindezi nokucindezela, lapho izici ezixhunyiwe zingazungeziswa. Isicelo at the amalunga Gerber isekela, amabhande imisiwe of chain ukumiswa amabhuloho, ukuxhumana izinduku tensioned ngesimo amalunga, njll Grids nge uxhumano in ifindo on the joint, okuthiwa. amabhuloho anamakhokho cishe awasakhiwa. Amandla akhuhlanayo aphezulu, avela kumapulaki, avimbela ukunyakaza, kuyilapho ukuzungezisana kufinyelelwa kuphela ngezikhathi ezinkulu.
Fig. 10 - Ofeleba, a) ikepisi elinesikulufu; b) ukhokho ohlukanisiwe; c) ipulaki yebhuloho elilodwa elimisiwe
Isimo sokuxineka kupulaki sifana kakhulu noxhumo olucijile. Ngakho-ke amapulaki anwetshwa ngokwesilinganiso sokucindezelwa kwe-shear τm kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezela esimaphakathi ngemvilophu ngayinye engu-σlm. Njengoba amapulaki kufanele ajikiswe kalula, nokho, u-σlm uthathwa kancane. Izingcindezi zokugoba kumapulaki azisho lutho, kodwa zingafinyelela amanani abalulekile uma izigaba ezihlanganisiwe zigxile kakhulu.
Izindlela zokubala zamanje, imininingwane ebhaliwe ehlanganyelwe kanye nemibhalo yephrojekthi kachwepheshe ogunyaziwe kusetshenziswa entweni ngayinye yangempela. Lo mbhalo ulondolozwe njengomthombo wemfundo ongokomlando.