Chidziwitso chofunikira cha akatswiri: Awa ndi maphunziro a zakale, osati momwe amapangidwira, kuwerengetsera kokhazikika, kapena malangizo opangira ndi kusonkhanitsa. Kukula ndi kuphatikizika kwa zida zachitsulo kuyenera kutsatira malamulo ndi miyezo yovomerezeka, projekiti ya injiniya wovomerezeka, zolemba za opanga, kuwongolera zida ndi zolumikizira zowotcherera kapena zamakina, komanso njira zodzitetezera.
Kupanga ndi kumanga zinyumba zachitsulo si gawo la zomwe anthu akupereka panopa Savo Kusić. Zopangira masiku ano zili ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera amatabwa a aluminiyamu ndi zitseko zamwambo.
Muzitsulo zazitsulo, pali ndodo, matabwa, zotengera, zothandizira pamwamba, ndi zina zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mbiri zovomerezeka. Malumikizidwe amayenera kulumikiza ma profayilo amtundu uliwonse m’njira yoti apange magawo omwe amakhala ngati gawo limodzi. Izi zimatheka pokhapokha ngati malumikizidwewo atha kusamutsa mosatekeseka kupsinjika komwe kumachitika pakati pa zigawozo. Pakakhala kukakamizidwa kokha polumikizana pakati pa magawo awiriwa, kupsinjika kumasamutsidwa ndikulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa njira zolumikizirana ndi chinthucho. Kuphatikiza pa maulumikizidwe okhazikika, palinso maulumikizidwe osunthika omwe amathandizira kusuntha kwina (malumikizidwe, mapulagi apakati, zokoka, zonyamula, etc.).
Zosangalatsa
Zoyambira zokha zomwe zidzanenedwe za ma rivets, chifukwa masiku ano sagwiritsidwa ntchito - asinthidwa ndi zomangira. Awa ndi mapulagi, ofanana ndi misomali, yomwe imakhala m’malo otseguka m’magawo oti alumikizike ndiyeno nkukwapulidwa. Ma rivets aiwisi (mkuyu 1) amapangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zozungulira. Pankhani ya zomangamanga zachitsulo, ma rivets amakongoletsedwa ndi kuwala kofiira kowala. Pamene riveting, yomwe ilipo yaiwisi yaiwisi mutu imathandizidwa bwino ndi chida choyenera. Mutu womaliza umapangidwa ndi nyundo, makamaka yoyendetsedwa ndi pneumatic, pokhapokha khosi la rivet litayendetsedwa mokwanira. Kwa mtundu wa riveting, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti khosi la rivet lizidzaza mipata. Kuzama kwa rivet ndi 1mm kakang’ono kuposa kukula kwa dzenje, khosi la rivet liyenera kulumikizidwa ndi kukakamiza kapena nkhonya mutu usanapangidwe.
Sl.1- a) Msuzi wakuda; b) Rivet yokhala ndi mutu wozungulira; c) Rivet yokhala ndi mutu wothira; d) Rivet yokhala ndi mutu wa semicircular wama boilers
Kupsinjika ndi mphamvu ya ma rivets pawokha (static)
Kumeta ubweya (mkuyu.2) kupanga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ma rivets muzinthu zachitsulo. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo ometa ubweya wa khosi la rivet, gawo limodzi, magawo awiri ndi magawo ambiri amasiyanitsidwa (Mkuyu.3). Ndi mgwirizano womwe ukuwonetsedwa mkuyu.4(double bond) pali symmetrical voltage state.
Sl.2
Mth. 3 - Kulumikizana kwa chidutswa chimodzi ndi magawo awiri
Kupanikizika pakati pa khomo ndi kutsekera kwa mabowo kumadalira makulidwe a ma rivets ndi miyeso ya ziwalo zolumikizana; kugawa kwawo kumaperekedwa ndi mkuyu. 4a. Pakuwerengera kothandiza, kugawa kofanana kwa magetsi pa makulidwe a pepala kunaganiziridwa (mkuyu 4b). Kugawika kwa nkhawa mozungulira kuzungulira kwa khosi la rivet kumaperekedwa mkuyu. 4c. Kwa dimensioning, amawerengedwa ndi kugawa ngakhale m’mimba mwake molingana ndi mkuyu. 4d. Mtengo wapakati wa σlm ndi mphamvu yamagetsi kudutsa bowolo.
Mth. 4 - Magetsi pamavulopu a bowo; a) ndi c) zenizeni; b) ndi d) kuwerengera kwanthawi zonse
Mawerengedwe anthawi zonse a rivets
Kulimba kwa kukameta ubweya kumadalira kwambiri zida za rivet. Poyesa zotsatira za mayeso, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zinthu za rivets ndizosiyana ndi zomwe mapepala amaphatikizidwa komanso kuti mphamvu ya zinthu za rivet imachulukitsidwa ndi kugwedeza.
Mphamvu yopondereza pamodzi ndi envelopu ya dzenje, monga mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa katundu, sichikufotokozedwa momveka bwino ngati mphamvu yakumeta ubweya. Pamene mtunda e kuchokera kumapeto kwa pepala suli waukulu kwambiri, ma rivets amang’amba; Chith.5akuwonetsa mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane. Kupsinjika kophwanyidwa pa envelopu ya dzenje, yofunikira pakumeta malekezero a mapepala, kungakhale kwa e.< 2,5d prikazati obrascem σlB = σB e/d. Širina b je bez primetnog uticaja na jačinu gnječenja po omotaču rupe, σB je jačina na kidanje spojenih limova.
Sl.5- Mitundu ya fractures
Malamulo akale a rivet
Rivet Spaces. Rivet spacing e (wheelbase) imakhala yocheperako kumunsi chifukwa chakuyenda kosavuta, nsonga zopanikizika komanso kuchepa kwa mabowo. Kutalikirana kwakukulu kwa ma rivets ndi ochepa, kotero zolumikizira zisatsegulidwe chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha dzimbiri, komanso mapepala sayenera kupindika mopanikizika. Mtunda waukulu umadalira makulidwe a pepala t. Mipata yanthawi zonse ya milatho ya njanji ndi zitsulo zina zimasiyana m’malire ena. Mtunda wochokera kumapeto ndi e1, ndipo ili kumbali ya mphamvu. Mtunda kuchokera kumapeto e2ndi perpendicular kwa malangizo a mphamvu.
Position of rivets. Ma rivets nthawi zambiri amasanjidwa m’mizere yokhazikika ndipo amayikidwa mizere yowongoka kumbuyo kwa wina ndi mnzake. Ndi magawo okulirapo, mizere yambiri ya rivets ikufunika (mkuyu.6), pomwe tebulo liyenera kutsatiridwa1. Kwa ma rivets omangika amkati a ndodo zomangika zazikulu, zitha kukulitsidwa mpaka kuwirikiza kawiri zomwe zili patebulo.1.
Sl.6
Sl.7- Chitsanzo cha rivets kwa profiled zitsulo
Zopangira ndi mapulagi
Zomangira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga komwe kuli kofunikira kulumikiza kulumikizana. Maboti opangidwa ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali amayenera kutulutsa mphamvu ndi mikangano, pomwe mphamvu yakumeta ubweya ndi kupsinjika kwa pulagi sikuthandizira kwambiri. Muzinthu zachitsulo, zomangira zokhala ndi ulusi wa metric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito zomangira amafanana ndi ma rivets a dzenje lomwelo d. Komabe, mtunda wocheperako suyenera kukhala wochepera e =3,5d, bwino4d. Mitali ina, mizu ndi mizere yofananira ndi yofanana ndi ma rivets. Ma bolts amayenera kuthamangitsidwa wina ndi mnzake kuposa ma rivets, chifukwa chosowa malo a mtedza ndi bolt wrench.
Kwa zomangamanga zachitsulo, makamaka mafomu awa amaganiziridwa:
Mabawuti a hex yaiwisi: ali ndi mtedza wa hex ndi washer Ulusi wapakati d =10ku33 mmndi bowo diameters d1=11ku34 mm. Zomangira izi zimangopangidwa mu ulusi, kotero muyenera kuwerengera ndi chilolezo cha0,5ku2 mmpakati pa thupi ndi dzenje. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa ndi mphamvu zapamwamba chifukwa zolumikizana ndi bolts nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa kupunduka kwakukulu.
Mth. 8 - Screw
Screws: makulidwe ake amafanana ndi zomangira za hex yaiwisi, koma ali ndi thupi lopangidwa ndi ma cylindrical ndendende kuti amaze dzenjelo bwino. Zomangira zomangika m’malo mwa zaiwisi pamene mphamvu zazikulu zikufunika kutumizidwa kapena pamene mayendedwe olumikizana akuyenera kukhala pamlingo wocheperako.
Backing plates: zomangira zimayikidwa ndi ma backing plates. Kunenepa kwa mbale kumadalira kukula kwa wononga.
Zizindikiro: zolembera, mabowo ndi makulidwe a screw zaperekedwa patebulo ili:
Mth. 9 - Zikhomera
Kupsyinjika kosasunthika kwa zomangira payekha
Malumikizidwe a Shear: Mkhalidwe wopsinjika pamalumikizidwe a bolt ndi ofanana ndi omwe amalumikizana ndi ma riveted. Mukakulitsa, imawerengedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kumeta ubweya wa ubweya tm komanso kukakamiza kwa dzenje σlm. Zimadziwika kuti kukakamiza kwa bowo kumawonjezeka kwambiri pamene ulusi umalowa mu dzenje, zomwe ziyenera kupewedwa.
Kukana kwamphamvu pamalumikizidwe wamba ndi zomangira ndizotsika poyerekeza ndi zomangira zomangika, chifukwa mukamanga mtedza, mphamvu zomangitsa zazing’ono zokha zimatha kupezeka. Kumangitsa kwambiri kumawononga ulusi. Zimatanthawuza zomangira zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimapangitsa kusagundana kolumikizana kukhala kofunikira pamachitidwe awo.
Kulimba kwa shear kwa mapulagi opangidwa ndi silinda ndi ofanana ndi ma rivets. Kuyesa kwa misozi yokhazikika sikungathe, munthawi yake, kudziwa kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa mapulagi ophatikizidwa ndi ma rivets malinga ndi mphamvu yopondereza pa envulopu iliyonse. Pakukweza kutopa, kutsika pang’ono kwamphamvu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale machitidwe osiyanasiyana olumikizirana ndi zomangira.
Ma screws osakhwima amakhala ndi kukana kochepa pamalumikizidwe odzaza ndi shear mpaka 20% chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa bowo ndi screw body. Pachifukwa ichi, kupsyinjika kovomerezeka kwa zomangira zaiwisi kumakhala kotsika kusiyana ndi zomwe zimayikidwa. Kukula, kukula kwenikweni kwa thupi kuyenera kutengedwa d.
Zovala zolumikizana
Zipewa zolumikizirana zimapereka kulumikizana kosagwirizana ndi kupsinjika ndi kupanikizika, komwe zinthu zolumikizidwa zimatha kuzunguliridwa. Ntchito pa mfundo za Gerber amathandiza, inaimitsidwa malamba unyolo kuyimitsidwa milatho, kugwirizana tensioned ndodo mu mawonekedwe a mfundo, etc. Grids ndi kugwirizana mu mfundo pa olowa, otchedwa. milatho yokhala ndi zingwe yatsala pang’ono kumangidwanso. Mphamvu zosemphana kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika pamapulagi, zimalepheretsa kuyenda, pomwe kuzungulirana kumatheka kokha ndi mphindi zazikulu.
Sl.10- Zipewa, a) kapu yokhala ndi screw; b) Nkhata Bay ndi kugawanika; c) pulagi ya mlatho woyimitsidwa
Kupanikizika kwa pulagi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi kolumikizana ndi ma riveted. Chifukwa chake mapulagi amakulitsidwa molingana ndi kumeta ubweya wamkati tm komanso kupsinjika kwapakati pa envulopu imodzi σlm. Popeza mapulagi ayenera kuzunguliridwa mosavuta, komabe, σlm imatengedwa mochepera. Kupindika kwa mapulagi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako, koma kumatha kukulirakulira pamene magawo omwe adalumikizidwa akhazikika kwambiri.
Njira zowerengera zamakono, tsatanetsatane wogwirizana ndi zolemba za polojekiti ya katswiri wovomerezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthu chenichenicho. Lembali lasungidwa ngati gwero la maphunziro a mbiri yakale.