Chiziviso chakakosha chenyanzvi: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chakachengetwa, kwete chimiro chazvino chedhizaini, kuverenga kwakamira, kana mirairo yekugadzira nekugadzira. Kuyera uye kuuraya zvivakwa zvesimbi zvinofanirwa kutevedzera mirau uye zviyero, purojekiti yeinjiniya ane mvumo, zvinyorwa zvemugadziri, kutonga kwezvinhu uye majoini akashongedzwa kana emuchina, pamwe chete nematanho ekuchengetedza akatemerwa.
Dhizaini uye kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvesimbi haisi chikamu chezvino kupihwa neruzhinji zveSavo Kusić. Mazuva ano kutariswa kwekugadzirwa kunosanganisira mahwindo emapuranga, mahwindo emapuranga-aluminum uye magonhi etsika.
Muzvivakwa zvesimbi mune matanda, matanda, midziyo, zvitsigiro zvepasi, nezvimwe zvinoumbwa nemaprofile akakodzera. Zvisungo zvinofanirwa kubatanidza maprofile ega ega nenzira yekuti anoumba zvikamu zvezvimiro zvinoshanda sechinhu chimwe chete. Izvi zvinogoneka chete kana zvibatanidza zvichigona kutamisa zvakachengeteka kushushikana kunoitika pakati pezvikamu zvega. Kana paine chete kumanikidza mukubatana pakati pezvikamu zviviri, kushushikana kunotamiswa nekusangana kwakananga pakati penzira yekubatanidza uye chinhu. Pamusoro pemakonesheni akatarwa, kune zvakare zvinofambiswa zvinogonesa mamwe mafambiro (majoini, epakati plugs, anodhonza, mabearings, nezvimwewo).
Rivets
Chete zvekutanga ndizvo zvichataurwa nezve rivets, nekuti nhasi anenge asiri mukushandiswa - akatsiviwa nema screws. Aya mapulagi, akafanana nezvipikiri, anowanikwa mumaburi muzvikamu zvinosungirirwa uye zvobva zvatsemuka. Raw rivets (fig. 1) inogadzirwa nesimbi yakatenderedzwa. Panyaya yezvivakwa zvesimbi, rivets rinoputika mumucheka mutsvuku wakajeka. Kana iriveting, iyo iripo mbishi rivet musoro inotsigirwa zvakanaka nechishandiso chakakodzera. Musoro wekupedzisira wakaumbwa uchishandisa nyundo, kazhinji inofambiswa nepneumatically, chete mushure mekunge rivet mutsipa wanyatsofambiswa. Nokuda kwehutano hwe riveting, zvakakosha zvikuru kuti mutsipa we rivet unofanira kuzadza zvizere mazaru. Iyo dhayamita yerivet i 1mm idiki pane dhayamita yegomba, mutsipa we rivet unofanirwa kuumbwa nekumanikidza kana zvibhakera musoro wekupedzisira usati waita chimiro.
Fig. 1 - a) Raw rivet; b) Rivet ine semicircular musoro; c) Rivet ine countersunk musoro; d) Rivet ine semicircular musoro wemaboilers
Stress uye simba remunhu rivets (static)
Shear connections (fig. 2) inoumba iyo inonyanya kukosha yekushandiswa kwerivets muzvigadzirwa zvesimbi. Zvinoenderana nenhamba yeshear yakatakurwa zvikamu zve rivet mutsipa, imwe-chidimbu, maviri-chidimbu uye akawanda-chidimbu mabatanidzwa anosiyaniswa (fig. 3). Nekubatana kunoratidzwa mufig. 4 (double cut connection) pane symmetrical voltage state.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3 - Chimwe-chidimbu uye maviri-chidimbu kubatana
Dzvinyiriro pakati pegonhi uye casing yemakomba zvinoenderana nehupamhi hwema rivets uye zviyero zvezvikamu zvakabatanidzwa; kugoverwa kwavo kunopiwa nomuonde. 4a. Kuverengera kunoshanda, kugovera kwakafanana kwemagetsi pamusoro peshizha ukobvu kwakafungidzirwa (fig. 4b). Kushungurudzika kugoverwa kwakatenderedza denderedzwa re rivet mutsipa kunopiwa muonde. 4c. Nekuyera, inoverengerwa nekamwe kugovera pamusoro pedhayamita zvichienderana nemaonde. 4d. Avhareji kukosha kwe σlm ndiyo voltage paburi rehamvuropu.
Fig. 4 - Voltages pagomba envelopu; a) uye c) chaiye; b) uye d) zvakajairwa kuverenga fungidziro
Zvakajairwa kuverenga kwerivets
Simba rekugera rinotsamira pane rivet zvinhu. Paunenge uchiongorora mhinduro dzebvunzo, zvinofanirwa kuchengetwa mupfungwa kuti zvinhu zverivets zvakasiyana kubva kune izvo zvakabatanidzwa mapepa uye kuti kusimba kweiyo rivet zvinhu kunowedzerwa nekurivheta.
Iyo yekumanikidza simba paburi rehamvuropu, seyakanyanya kukosha kukosha, haina kuratidzwa zvakajeka sesimba rekugera. Kana chinhambwe e kubva kumagumo epepa chisina kunyanyokurisa, rivets rinobvarura; Fig. 5 inoratidza mapikicha akaparara. Kupwanya kushushikana padivi pegomba envelopu, inodiwa pakuveura migumo yemashizha, inogona kuve ye < 2,5d prikazati obrascem σlB = σB e/d. Širina b je bez primetnog uticaja na jačinu gnječenja po omotaču rupe, σB je jačina na kidanje spojenih limova.
Fig. 5 - Mhando dzekutyoka
Historical Rivet Mitemo
Rivet Spacing. Rivet spacing e (wheelbase) inogumira pasi nekuda kwekurivheta kuri nyore, kushushikana kwepamusoro uye kudzikiswa kwegomba kuramba. Iyo yakakura nzvimbo yerivets ishoma, saka majoini haafanire kuvhurwa nekuda kwengozi yekupisa, uye mapepa haafanire kukotama achimanikidzwa. Chinhambwe chikuru chinoenderana neshizha ukobvu t. Iyo yakajairwa rivet spacings yemabhiriji enjanji uye zvimwe zvimiro zvesimbi zvinosiyana mukati meimwe miganhu. Nharaunda kubva kumagumo ndeye e1, uye iri munzira yesimba. Chinhambwe kubva kumagumo e2 chiri perpendicular kune gwara rekuita kwechisimba.
Position yema rivets. Iwo ma rivets anonyanya kurongeka mune akajairwa rivet mapatani uye akaiswa mumitsetse yakatwasuka kuseri kwemumwe. Nezvikamu zvakakura, mamwe mitsara yerivets inodiwa (fig.6), uko tafura inofanira kuteverwa1. Kune emukati masisitimu rivets eyakafara tension tsvimbo, inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika kaviri kukosha kubva patafura.1.
Sl.6
Sl.7- Muenzaniso wemarivets esimbi yakashongedzwa
Screws uye plugs
Screws inenge inogara ichishandiswa muzvivakwa pazvinofanirwa kuchengetedza kubatana. Mabhaudhi akagadzirwa emhando yepamusoro-soro anofanirwa kufambisa masimba nekukweshana, ukuwo simba rekugera uye kudzvanyirira kudzvanya pane plug shell hazvibatsire zvakanyanya. Muzvigadzirwa zvesimbi, screws ane metric threads anoshandiswa. Mitemo yekushandisa screws inoenderana neiyo yerivets yegomba rimwe dhayamita d. Zvisinei, chinhambwe chidiki hachifanirwe kunge chiri pasi pe e =3,5d, zvirinani4d. Mamwe madaro, midzi uye mitsara kuyerwa kwakafanana neyerivets. Mabhaudhi anofanirwa kuve akawedzera kurerukirwa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe kupfuura rivets, nekuda kwekudiwa kukuru kwenzvimbo ye nuts uye bolt wrench.
Pakuvaka simbi, kunyanya anotevera mafomu anotariswa:
Mabhaudhi ehekisi mbishi: ane hekisi nut uye washer Thread diameter d =10ku33 mmnemadhayamita eburi d1=11ku34 mm. Aya screws anogadzirwa chete mushinda, saka iwe unofanirwa kuverenga nemvumo ye0,5ku2 mmpakati pemuviri negomba. Chengetedzo inofanirwa kutorwa nemasimba epamusoro nekuti mabhaudhi ekubatanidza anowanzo ratidza deformation yakakura.
Fig. 8 - Screw
Screws: hukuru hwazvo hunoenderana nembishi hex screws, asi vane muviri wakagadzirwa necylindrical chaiwo kuti vazadze buri zvakanaka. Masiruuru akaiswa anotsiva mamwe mambishi apo masimba makuru anoda kufambiswa kana mafambisirwo arimumakonesheni achifanira kuramba ari mukati memiganhu midiki.
Backing plates: screws inoiswa ne backing plates. Kukora kwendiro kunoenderana nehukuru hwesiruu yakashandiswa.
Markings: mamark, gomba uye screw size zvinopihwa mutafura inotevera:
Fig. 9 - Screws marks
Static stress yemunhu screws
Shear Connections: Iyo yekushushikana mamiriro mumabhaudhi ekubatanidza yakafanana neiyo mune riveted yekubatanidza. Kana kuyera, inoverengerwa neavhareji kukosha kweshear stress τm uye kudzvanywa pane casing yegomba σlm. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kudzvanywa kwekasi yegomba kunowedzera zvakanyanya kana tambo dzichipinda mugomba, izvo zvinofanirwa kudzivirirwa.
Kupokana kwekupokana mune zvakajairwa kubatanidza nema screws kwakadzikira pane mune riveted fittings, nekuti kana uchiomesa nzungu, chete mashoma mashoma ekusimbisa masimba anogona kuwanikwa. Kuomesa zvakanyanya kunokuvadza tambo. Zvinoreva masiruuru ane kukosha kwepamusoro anoita kuti kukwesha kumire mumakonesheni akoshe pamaitiro awo.
Simba rekugera rema cylindrical plugs rakaiswa rakafanana nererivets. Iyo static misodzi bvunzo haigone, mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, kuona chero musiyano pakati pemapulagi akaiswa uye rivets maererano nesimba rekumanikidza pagomba envelopu. Panguva yekutakura kuneta, kudzika kwakadzikama kwekupokana ndiko kunokonzera maitiro akasiyana zvakanyanya ekubatanidza nema screws.
Crude screws ine kushomeka kwakadzika mushear-yakatakura zvinongedzo kusvika 20% nekuda kwemukana uri pakati pegomba nescrew body. Nechikonzero ichi, izvo zvinotenderwa kudzvanywa kwema screws mbishi akadzikira pane akaiswa. Pakuyera, kureba chaiko kwemuviri kunofanirwa kutorwa d.
Joint caps
Makapu akabatanidzwa anopa kubatana kunopesana nekukakavadzana uye kudzvanywa, uko zvinhu zvakabatana zvinogona kutenderedzwa. Kushandiswa pazvisungo zveGerber zvinotsigira, mabhanhire akarembera emaketani ekumisa mabhiriji, kubatanidzwa kwematanda ane tensioned nenzira yemajoini, etc. Grids nekubatanidza mumafundo pajoini, inonzi. mabhiriji ane corks anenge asisavakwa. Kupokana kwakanyanya, kunoitika pamapulagi, kunodzivirira kufamba, nepo kutenderedza kunowanikwa chete nenguva dzakakura.
Fig. 10 - Caps, a) chivharo chine sikuruu; b) cork nekupatsanurwa; c) plug yeimwe yakarembera zambuko
Mamiriro ekushushikana mu plug anonyanya kufanana neaya akabatidzwa. Iwo mapulagi saka anoyeverwa zvinoenderana neanoreva shear stress τm uye avhareji yekumanikidza kushushikana paburi envelope σlm. Sezvo mapulagi achifanira kutenderedzwa zviri nyore, zvisinei, σlm inotorwa zvishoma. Kupeta kumanikidzika mumapulagi kazhinji haakoshi, asi anogona kusvika paukoshi hwakakosha kana zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyura.
Nzira dzekuverenga dzazvino, dzakatarwa dzakabatana uye zvinyorwa zvepurojekiti zvenyanzvi yakatenderwa zvinoshandiswa kune chimwe nechimwe chinhu chaicho. Ichi chinyorwa chinochengetedzwa sechinyorwa chedzidzo chenhoroondo.