Okuqukethwe Kwengcweti Yenqolobane: I-athikili ilondoloza ukuqokwa komlando, amathebula, nezimangalo mayelana nokwakheka nezici zokuwakhanikha zensimbi, kodwa aliyona izinga elivumelekile, ukucaciswa kwempahla, isitifiketi, ukubala kwesakhiwo, noma ukwelashwa nokuhlolwa kokushisa nomyalelo wokuhlola. Amanani edizayini ancike ohlotsheni olukhonjwe ngokunembile nenqwaba yensimbi, isimo sokukhiqiza, ukujiya, izinga lokushisa, ukushisela, ukuqina, ukukhathala nezinga elisebenzayo. Izinto ezithwalayo kufanele zibe nemibhalo elandelekayo futhi zikhethwe futhi zihlolwe uchwepheshe onomthwalo wemfanelo.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando futhi asimeleli isithembiso sokwenziwa kokuqinisa, ukuklama noma ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi.
Ukwakheka kanye nezimpawu zomlando zensimbi yokwakha
Ngokuncibilikisa insimbi exutshwe namafutha, kanye nokwengezwa kokungcola - ngokuvamile i-limestone - kanye nokwethula umoya oshisayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi esithandweni somlilo, kutholwa insimbi yengulube. Insimbi yengulube iqukethe ngaphezu kwe-1,7% carbon; ayikwazi ukufojwa, igoqwe, ishiyiwe noma icindezelwe - ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukulolongwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Insimbi egayiwe ikhiqizwa ngensimbi yengulube ngokuphephetha umoya kusiguquli esiyisisekelo, noma ngensimbi eyizilahlwa nensimbi yengulube esithandweni somlilo (Siemens-Martin). Amajamo ahlukahlukene angadalwa kuwo ngokugoqa, ngokucindezela kanye nokufoja. Yonke insimbi ekhandiwe ibizwa ngokuthi insimbi.
Amathebula Omlando: Izinhlobo zensimbi ezindala, izindinganiso, izibonelelo nezinqubo zokugoba kumathebula abonisiwe akumele zisetshenziselwe ukuthola, ukukhomba noma ukukala impahla yanamuhla. Yilebula kuphela nemibhalo yeqoqo elethiwe okusebenzayo, nesheke lokulingana ngokwezinga okuvunyelwene ngalo nelivumelekile.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwensimbi yokwakha
Insimbi yobuchwepheshe akuyona i-iron emsulwa, kodwa iyingxubevange yezinto eziyisisekelo i-iron ne-carbon, evamise ukwengezwa kwe-manganese, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, i-sumbor nethusi, futhi kancane nge-aluminium, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, njll. Ingxube ebaluleke kakhulu ikhabhoni. Amandla okukhiqiza namandla aqinile ensimbi encibilikisiwe akhuphuka ngokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ekhulayo kuze kube cishe 0,9% kufinyelelwa ikhabhoni; ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu kuncipha njengoba okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kwanda. Insimbi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kufanele isingathwe ngokucophelela lapho iqondiswa, igoba, ibopha, njll.
Insimbi yokwakha iSt37.12njengomthetho ziqukethe0,08-0,15%of carbon, bese ca0,5%manganese, kuze kube0,3%i-silicon. Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus nesibabule kufanele kube kuncane; ilingana ngokulandelana0,09%futhi0,05%. Njengomthetho, kukhona ithusi elengeziwe0,2%.
Lapho kuhlolwa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ingabe ihlaziywa ngokuncibilika noma ukuhlaziya impahla egoqiwe; kokugcina, kubalulekile ukuthi ingabe idatha yesampula ibhekisele kumasampuli asuka kuso sonke isigaba, noma kumasampuli athathwe endaweni ethile (kusuka emnyombweni, onqenqemeni, ekugcineni).
Isakhiwo sensimbi, ukuqina, ukufudumeza nokudonsa
Ukubhekwa kwesakhiwo kwenziwa endaweni eyisicaba, ecutshungulwe ngokucophelela, ephansi futhi epholishiwe okuthi, njengomthetho, igqwaliswe ama-asidi. Ezimweni ezithile (isb. kunsimbi eshisiwe ngokweqile), izinhlamvu zensimbi zingabonwa ngeso lenyama kumasampuli alungisiwe.
Isithombe 1 sibonisa ukwakheka kwensimbi epholile kancane enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaba 0,1%, futhi isithombe 2 sibonisa ukwakheka kwensimbi epholiswe kancane enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaba 0,3%. Izinhlamvu ezikhanyayo azinayo i-carbon futhi zihlanganisa ikakhulukazi insimbi ehlanzekile (yingakho igama elithi ferrite); ngaphansi kokukhulisa okuphezulu izindawo ezimnyama zivela ezinemigqa (perlite). Ngaphansi kwe-microscope, kungaqashelwa ukuthi amabala amnyama ahlanganisa izingqimba eziqinile nezithambile; izendlalelo eziqinile i-iron carbide (Fe3C), ebizwa ngokuthi i-cementite, eshumekwe ku-ferrite ethambile. Abantu bendawo - amakristalu akhiwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ayahlakazeka lapho epholisa kancane. Ukupholisa okungazelelwe kwensimbi eshisayo kuvimbela amakristalu ekuhlakazeni. Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukupholisa ngokuzumayo kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba ukuguqulwa kwesisombululo esiqinile kuqale, khona-ke isisombululo - okunye esingaba khona kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu - sizoqhubeka nokugcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa. Kulokhu, asiyitholi into ekhishwa ikhabhoni yayo ngendlela yamabala, kodwa into enekhabhoni esabalaliswe ngokulinganayo. Insimbi ekuleso simo ikhombisa amandla esivuno aphakeme kakhulu kanye namandla aqinile okuqinile kunensimbi ephole kancane yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali afanayo, kodwa futhi ikhombisa ukusebenza kahle okuncane; insimbi enjalo ibizwa nge-hardened steel.
Kungokwemvelo ukuthi umphumela wokupholisa ugqame kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, kuyilapho uba buthaka ukuya ngaphakathi, okubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni insimbi. Insimbi eqinile iqukethe ukucindezelwa okukhulu kwangaphakathi.
Izinqubo Zaselabhorethri Nezishisayo: Ukushumeka kwe-asidi ye-metallographic, ukushisisa, ukushisisa nokufaka amanzi kudinga ilabhorethri elawulwayo noma indawo yokusebenzela, impahla ehlonziwe, okokusebenza okufanele nokuvikelwa. Ukwelashwa okungalungile kokushisa kungabangela imifantu, ukuwohloka, ukulahlekelwa ukuqina kanye nengcindezi ephezulu eyinsalela.
Ukuziphatha kwensimbi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuqinile
1. Izinsimbi zesakhiwo ezijwayelekile ezisesimweni esigoqekile
Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqina, okokuqala imodulus yokunwebeka E inganqunywa kokubili amabude obuphelele nokunwebeka. Imodulus yokunwebeka kwensimbi ithi 200 GPa.
Ubude obuhlala njalo kwenzeka kuma-voltage aphansi, kodwa awanabo ukubaluleka okuthile ekwakhiweni. Insimbi evamile iqala “ukugeleza” ngaphansi kwemithwalo okuthi ngensimbi yokwakha yezentengiselwano i-St 37 nensimbi kakhonkolo ngiyedlula kakhulu 0,24 GPa, futhi ezigabeni ezinkulu leli nani lingehlela ku-0,18 GPa. Njengomphumela wokuhoxa, ukuguqulwa okukhulu okungapheli kanye “nemigqa yesivuno” kwenzeka. Ulayini womdwebo wokwelulwa kwensimbi (isithombe esingezansi) ubonisa ukuthi iphoyinti lokukhiqiza leqiwe (ekulayisheni okushubile, lo mkhawulo ubizwa nangokuthi iphoyinti lokukhiqiza).
Uma, esimweni semishayo kakhonkolo eqinisiwe, umkhawulo oweluliwe wokuqinisa weqiwa endaweni yengcindezi, amabude abalulekile enzeka ensimbi, lapho kwakhiwa khona ukuqhekeka nokugobeka endaweni yokushubaza ye-beam, okuphazamisa amandla okuthwala umthwalo we-beam. Kuzinsimbi ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, ezinsimbini eziqinile futhi ngokujwayelekile ezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi, iphoyinti lokukhiqiza eliyisici eliboniswe esithombeni esingenhla aliveli; ama-elongations ahlala njalo ayanda, futhi alikho iphuzu elihlukile lokukhiqiza. Ezimweni ezinjalo, njengomthetho, amandla esivuno athathwa njengalingana nomthwalo lapho kunwetshwa khona unomphela okuthi 0,2%.
Amanani akuyona idatha yokuklama: imodulus yokunwebeka, amandla esivuno, amandla nobude embhalweni kudluliselwa kusuka kumthombo womlando. Ukuze kubalwe, amanani wesici nedizayini yesigaba sesimanjemanje, ukujiya kanye nesimo sokudiliva siyathathwa, kanye nezici ezifanele ezingaphelele, ukubekezelela kanye nezimfuneko zokuqina, ukushisela nokukhathala.
2. Izinsimbi ezibandayo ezidonsayo
Kuzo zonke izinduku zensimbi eziqondile noma ezigobile, insimbi edonsa endaweni ebandayo iyenzeka. Ngokwenza kanjalo, insimbi igcizelelwe endaweni ngaphezu kwephuzu lokukhiqiza; engxenyeni edwetshiwe, umkhawulo wokudweba uyanda. Uma induku yensimbi engenalutho ilayishwa ngokucindezela kuze kube yilapho amandla okukhiqiza edlula, ekulayisheni kabusha kuyabonakala ukuthi inani lamandla okukhiqiza liye landa. Uma isikhathi “sokumisa” siside phakathi kwemithwalo emibili, amandla okukhiqiza azokwanda kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ngesikhathi sokwelula okubandayo ububanzi bubuye bunciphe ngokulingana nobude bebha, ngakho-ke insimbi eye yachayeka ekunwebeni okubalulekile ngaphambi kokuhlolwa izobonisa amandla esivuno aphakeme kakhulu namandla aqinile kunensimbi engakeluliwe; ngesikhathi esifanayo, izobonisa ukumelana nomthelela omncane.
Umdwebo obandayo usetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinsimbi zikakhonkolo IIb, IIIb, kanye ne-IVb (i-tor-steel, insimbi yokwakha insimbi), kanye nasekukhiqizeni izintambo zokuqinisa umfutho kanye nezintambo zamabhuloho alengayo.
Umsebenzi Obandayo Nokuqinisa: Amabanga angokomlando adonswa amakhaza nezincazelo azibonisi umkhiqizo wesimanje. Ukugoba, ukuqondisa, ukugoba kabusha, ukushisela noma ukushisisa isiqiniseko kungashintsha izakhiwo futhi kuvunyelwe kuphela uma kuvunyelwe imibhalo yomkhiqizo, umklamo nezinga elisebenzayo.
Ukuziphatha kwensimbi phakathi nokuhlolwa kwengcindezi
Okwashiwo mayelana nokunwebeka kanye nomkhawulo oqinile wensimbi encibilikisiwe kusebenza ngomqondo ohambisanayo nomthwalo wengcindezi. Amanani wamandla esivuno sensimbi yesakhiwo (esimeni sokucindezela kubizwa ngokuthi amandla okukhiqiza) atholwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokucindezelwa kanye nokuhlolwa kwengcindezi akuhlukani kakhulu. Nokho, ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ukukhuphuka komthwalo okungaphezu komkhawulo wokuchotshozwa kungenzeka kuphela ngezinto ezimfushane kakhulu.
Ezintweni ezizacile, imithetho ye-buckling iyasebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okokuqala, ukucabangela okufanele kufanele kucatshangelwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubhekisela endleleni yokusekela nokucindezela iziphetho zenduku, noma ukuphambuka kwe-axis yenduku ukusuka endaweni emisiwe.
Izici ezicindezelwe: amandla ento ewodwa awanqumi umthamo wokuthwala wenduku. Ubuncane, ukugoba kwasekuqaleni, ukucindezeleka okuyinsalela, ukugoqana kwasendaweni nokomhlaba, izisekelo, amalunga nokungapheleli kufanele kufakwe ekubalweni kwento ebambekayo.
Ukuziphatha kwensimbi ekuhlolweni kokugoba
Mayelana nephoyinti lokukhiqiza (elibhekwa ngaphandle ngokuchezuka okukhulu kwezisekelo noma imigqa yokukhiqiza), kubalulekile ukuthi kuzokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokugoba ngezingcindezi eziphansi kancane kodwa eziphakeme kunalezo ezitholwe lapho kuhlolwa amandla aqinile wenduku yokuhlola. Ngemva kokweqa amandla ensimbi ensimbi ezindaweni zokungezwani kwezisekelo, imithwalo inganyuswa uma izisekelo zivikeleke ngokwanele ngokumelene nokugoqa noma ukusonteka.
Ukuhlolwa okugoqayo: isithombe sibonisa inqubo yaselabhorethri, hhayi imibandela yokwamukela umkhiqizo. Isifanekiso sejiyomethri, izisekelo, isivinini, izinga lokushisa, isiqondiso sokugingqika kanye nemibandela yokugreda kufanele ihambisane nezinga elisetshenzisiwe kanye nohlobo lwangempela lwensimbi.
Amandla okukhathala kwensimbi
Izakhiwo zamandla ezinqunywa ngesikhathi sokuqina okuvamile, ukuhlolwa kokuminyanisa noma ukugoba kunikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokuziphatha kwensimbi ngaphansi kokulayisha okumile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi amandla okukhiqiza ngesikhathi sokulayisha okumile isikhathi eside azoba ngaphansi kancane kunomkhawulo otholwe ukuhlolwa okuvamile kuze kube ukwehluleka. Uma imithwalo engashintshi ilandelwa imithwalo evamisile (isb. amabhuloho, amathrekhi e-crane, izimoto), noma uma ukulayishwa okuvamisile kusebenza nhlobo, khona-ke idatha ingatholwa mayelana nokokusebenza kuphela ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezisondelene kakhulu nezimo ezingokoqobo. Ngakho-ke, izinsimbi zezakhi zokwakha, ezizovezwa kakhulu emithwalweni ehambayo, zihlolwa ngokulayisha njalo.
Ezikhathini eziningi, imithwalo emile nenyakazayo yenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izibonelo ezilandelayo ziveza ingqikithi yenkinga. Izinduku eziboniswe esithombeni1zenziwe ngendwangu efanayo, futhi zibunjwe ngentonga efanayo. Induku engezansi igotshwa kancane kancane ngokulayisha kancane kancane; ngakho-ke, yayingagotshwa. Induku engenhla ibhekene ngokuphindaphindiwe nokulayishwa okuphindaphindiwe, ngokucindezeleka okuphansi kakhulu kunalezo ezitholakala entweni yokuqala. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, induku engenhla yaphuka ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuguquguquka okuhlala njalo okuzungeze ukuphuka. Ngokwalokhu, ukuziphatha kwento ekuhlulekeni kuncike kakhulu endleleni umthwalo osetshenziswa ngayo. Isibonelo esingenhla, esibhekisela kumthwalo ogobayo, sibuye sijwayelekile kwezinye izinhlobo zemithwalo. Ezithombeni2futhi3izibonelo zokuhlolwa okuqinile ziyakhonjiswa; isithombe2ibhekisela esibonelweni esilula sokuhlolwa kwezinyembezi, futhi Fig3ekuhlolweni kwe-unidirectional variable variable.
Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwalawa maqiniso, kubalulekile ukuthi - ngaphandle kokuziphatha okuboniswa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okudabukile okujwayelekile - inani lesici sokwakha, esiye sabhojwa noma okuphambana kwayo okuye kwenziwa ezinye izinguquko, kufanele kuhlolwe ngokukhethekile. Ukumelana nenduku eboshiwe emithwalweni evamile kuphansi kakhulu kunokumelana nenduku engenalutho, njengoba ama-voltage threshold avela emaphethelweni omgodi. Ukucindezeleka emaphethelweni omgodi, uma kubangelwa imithwalo evamile, kuzohlala kuphakeme kakhulu kunokucindezeleka okujwayelekile. Umphumela ukuthi izakhi zokwakha ezibhobhile ngaphansi kokulayishwa njalo zibonisa amandla amancane kakhulu kunezinto ezingabholiwe.
Inothi lokugcina ngokukhathala: ukuqhekeka kokukhathala kungenzeka ezingcindezini eziphansi kunalezo ezibangela ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki okubonakalayo. Izimbobo, imininingwane eshiselwe, izinguquko ezingazelelwe esigabeni, ukugqwala nokulimala kushintsha isigaba semininingwane nempilo. Izakhiwo ezingaphansi kokulayisha okuphindaphindiwe zidinga ukubala okukhethekile kokukhathala, uhlelo lokuhlola kanye nokuhlolwa kochwepheshe komfantu ngamunye otholiwe.