Isiqulatho seNgcali yooVimba: Eli nqaku ligcina ukutyunjwa kwembali, iitheyibhile, kunye namabango malunga nokwakheka kunye neempawu zomatshini zentsimbi, kodwa ayingomgangatho osebenzayo, ukucaciswa kwemathiriyeli, isatifikethi, ubalo lwesakhiwo, okanye unyango lobushushu kunye nomyalelo wokuvavanya. Amaxabiso oyilo axhomekeke kuhlobo oluchongiweyo ngokuchanekileyo kunye nebhetshi yentsimbi, imeko yokuvelisa, ubukhulu, ubushushu, ukuwelda, ukuqina, ukudinwa kunye nomgangatho osebenzayo. Izinto ezithwalayo kufuneka zibe namaxwebhu alandelekayo kwaye zikhethwe kwaye zihlolwe yingcali enoxanduva.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala njengendawo yokugcinwa kwembali kwaye ayimeli isibonelelo sokwenziwa koqiniswa, ukuyila okanye ukuvavanywa kwezakhiwo zetsimbi.
Ukuqulunqwa kunye namanqaku embali yentsimbi yokwakha
Ngokunyibilikisa intsimbi exutywe namafutha, kunye nokongezwa kokungcola - ngokuqhelekileyo i-limestone - kunye nokungenisa umoya oshushu phantsi koxinzelelo kwi-blast furnace, intsimbi yehagu ifunyenwe. Intsimbi yehagu iqulethe ngaphezulu kwe-1,7% carbon; ayinako ukubunjwa, ukuqengqeleka, ukukrolwa okanye ukucinezelwa - ke ngoko, ayinakubunjwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Intsimbi ekhandiweyo iveliswa kwintsimbi yehagu ngokuvuthela umoya kwisiguquli esisisiseko, okanye kwintsimbi ekrwada kunye nentsimbi yehagu eziko (Siemens-Martin furnace). Iimilo ezahlukeneyo zinokudalwa ukusuka kuyo ngokuqengqeleka, ukucofa kunye nokufota. Yonke intsimbi ekhandiweyo ibizwa ngokuba intsimbi.
Iitheyibhile zeMbali: Iindlela zentsimbi zakudala, imigangatho, izibonelelo kunye neenkqubo zokugoba kwiitheyibhile ezibonisiweyo akufuneki zisetyenziselwe ukukhangela, ukuchonga okanye ukulinganisa imathiriyeli yanamhlanje. Kuphela ileyibhile kunye namaxwebhu ebhetshi ezizisiweyo asemthethweni, kunye netshekhi yokulingana ngokomgangatho ekuvunyelwene ngawo kunye nosemthethweni.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zentsimbi yokwakha
Intsimbi yobuchwephesha ayisiyintsimbi ecocekileyo, kodwa i-alloy yezinto ezisisiseko zentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni, ngokufuthi ngokudityaniswa kwe-manganese, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, i-sumbor kunye nobhedu, kwaye ngaphantsi rhoqo nge-aluminium, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, njl njl. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo i-admixture yikhabhoni. Amandla esivuno kunye namandla okuqina okunyuka kwentsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye nokunyuka kwekhabhoni umxholo kude kube malunga ne-0,9% ikhabhoni ifikelelwe; Ubude bekhefu buyancipha njengoko umxholo wekhabhoni usanda. Insimbi enomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni kufuneka iphathwe ngononophelo ngakumbi xa ilungiswa, igoba, i-buckling, njl.
Intsimbi yokwakha yaseSt37.12njengomthetho ziqulathe0,08-0,15%yekhabhoni, emva koko ca0,5%manganese, ukuya kuthi ga0,3%isilicon. Umxholo we-phosphorus kunye nesulfure kufuneka ube phantsi; ixabisa ngokulandelelanayo0,09%kwaye0,05%. Njengomthetho, kukho ubhedu obuninzi0,2%.
Xa kuhlolwa iziphumo zohlalutyo lweekhemikhali, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo malunga nokuba ngaba zihlalutya ngokunyibilika okanye uhlalutyo lwempahla eqengqelekayo; Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuba isampuli yedatha ibhekiselele kwiisampuli ezivela kwicandelo lonke, okanye kwiisampuli ezithathwe kwindawo ethile (ukusuka kumbindi, ukusuka kumda, ukusuka kwelinye icala).
Ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi, ukuqina, ubushushu kunye nokuqhobosha
Ukuqwalaselwa kwesakhiwo kuqhutyelwa kwindawo ethe tyaba, icutshungulwe ngokucokisekileyo, iphantsi kunye nepolishiweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo, igqwethwe ngama-acids. Kwiimeko ezithile (umz. kwintsimbi eshushu kakhulu), iinkozo zentsimbi zinokubonwa ngeliso lenyama kwiisampuli ezilungisiweyo.
Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi epholileyo kancinane enomxholo wekhabhoni omalunga ne-0,1%, kunye nomfanekiso 2 ubonisa ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi epholileyo kancinane enekhabhoni emalunga 0,3%. Iinkozo ezikhanyayo azinakhabhoni kwaye zibandakanya ubukhulu becala intsimbi ecocekileyo (kungoko igama elithi ferrite); phantsi kokukhulisa okuphezulu iindawo ezimnyama zibonakala zinemigca (perlite). Ngaphantsi kwe-microscope, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba amabala amnyama aquka iileya ezinzima kunye nezithambileyo; iileya ezinzima ziyi-iron carbide (Fe3C), ebizwa ngokuba yi-cementite, efakwe kwi-ferrite ethambileyo. Abahlali - iikristale ezenziwe kubushushu obuphezulu ziyabola xa ziziphola ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwentsimbi eshushu kuthintela iikristale ukuba zingadibanisi. Ukuba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kuqhutyelwa ngaphambi kokuba ukuguqulwa kwesisombululo esiqinileyo kuqale, ke isisombululo-esinokuthi sibe khona kuphela kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu - siya kuqhubeka nokugcinwa kwiqondo lokushisa. Kule meko, asiyifumani into enekhabhoni isasazwa ngendlela yamabala, kodwa into enekhabhoni esasazwa ngokulinganayo. Intsimbi ekulo meko ibonisa ukomelela kwesivuno esiphezulu kakhulu kunye namandla aphezulu okuzibamba kunentsimbi epholileyo ecothayo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezifanayo, kodwa ikwabonisa ukusebenza okuncinci; intsimbi enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi eqinile_.
Kungokwemvelo ukuba umphumo wokupholisa ubonakala kakhulu kwimigangatho, ngelixa uyancipha ukuya ngaphakathi, obaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni intsimbi. Intsimbi eqinile inoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangaphakathi.
IiLabhoratri kunye neeNkqubo zoThermal: i-metallographic acid etching, ukufudumeza, ukufudumeza kunye nokutshisa kufuna ilabhoratri elawulwayo okanye iworkshop, izinto ezichongiweyo, izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Unyango olungafanelekanga lobushushu lunokubangela iintanda, ukonakala, ukulahleka kokuqina kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwentsalela.
Ukuziphatha kwentsimbi ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-tensile
1. Iintsimbi zolwakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zikwimeko eqengqelekayo
Ukususela kuvavanyo lwe-tensile, kwindawo yokuqala imodyuli ye-elasticity E inokumiselwa zombini kwitotali kunye ne-elastic elongations. Imodyuli ye-elasticity yentsimbi yi 200 GPa.
Ubude obusisigxina buvela kumbane ophantsi, kodwa azibalulekanga kulwakhiwo. Intsimbi eqhelekileyo iqala “ukuhamba” phantsi kwemithwalo yokuba intsimbi yokwakha yorhwebo St 37 kunye nentsimbi yekhonkrithi ndidlula kakhulu 0,24 GPa, kwaye kumacandelo amakhulu eli xabiso lingahla ukuya 0,18 GPa. Ngenxa yokuvuthwa, ukuguqulwa okukhulu okusisigxina kunye “nemigca yesivuno” kwenzeka. Umgca womzobo wentsimbi ye-elongation diagram (umfanekiso ongezantsi) ubonisa ukuba indawo yokuvelisa idlulile (kwi-tension loading, lo mda ubizwa ngokuba yi-isivuno point).
Xa, kwimiqadi yekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo, umda wokwelula wokuqiniswa ugqithiswe kwindawo yoxinzelelo, ukulinganisa okubonakalayo kwenzeka kwintsimbi, apho ukuqhekeka kunye nokugoba kudalwe kwindawo yoxinzelelo lomqadi, ophazamisa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo. Kwiintsimbi ezinomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni, kwiintsimbi ezikhuniweyo kwaye ngokubanzi kwiintsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous, inqaku lokuvelisa uphawu eliboniswe kumfanekiso apha ngasentla alibonakali; ubude obusisigxina buyonyuka ngokubanzi, kwaye akukho ndawo ikhethekileyo yesivuno. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, njengomthetho, amandla okuvelisa athathwa ukuba alingana nomthwalo apho ukunyusa okusisigxina kwe-0,2%.
Amaxabiso ayisiyodatha yoyilo: imodyuli yokuqina, amandla esivuno, amandla kunye nokwandiswa kokubhaliweyo zigqithiselwa ukusuka kumthombo wembali. Ukubala, iimpawu kunye nexabiso loyilo lodidi lwangoku oluchanekileyo, ubukhulu kunye nemeko yokuhanjiswa kuthathwa, kunye nemiba efanelekileyo, ukunyamezela kunye neemfuno zokuqina, ukuwelda kunye nokudinwa.
2. Iintsimbi ezotyiweyo ezibandayo
Kuyo yonke intonga yentsimbi ethe ngqo okanye egobileyo, intsimbi ezotyiweyo yasekuhlaleni iyenzeka. Ngokwenza njalo, intsimbi igxininiswe ekuhlaleni ngaphaya kwendawo yokuvelisa; kwinqanaba elizotyiweyo, umda womzobo uyanda. Ukuba intonga yentsimbi ecacileyo ilayishwa kwixinzelelo kuze kube yilapho amandla okuvelisa agqithwa, ekulayisheni kwakhona kubonwa ukuba ixabiso lamandla emveliso liye landa. Okukhona “pause” ixesha phakathi kwemithwalo emibini, kokukhona amandla esivuno aya kwanda.
Ukongezelela, ekubeni ngexesha elibandayo lokwelula i-diameter iphinda iyancipha ngokulingana nokwandiswa kwebar, ngoko ke intsimbi ebonakaliswe ukunwenwa okubalulekileyo phambi kovavanyo iya kubonisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu esivuno kunye namandla okuqina kunentsimbi engakhange yolulwe; kwangaxeshanye, iyakubonisa ukuchasana kwempembelelo encinci.
Umzobo obandayo usetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweentsimbi zekhonkrithi i-IIb, i-IIIb, kunye ne-IVb (i-tor-steel, i-mesh yokwakha insimbi), kunye nokuveliswa kweengcingo zokuqiniswa kwangaphambili kunye neentambo zeebhulorho zokumiswa.
Umsebenzi obandayo kunye nokuQiniswa: Amabanga kunye neenkcazo zembali azibonakalisi kwimveliso yanamhlanje. Ukugoba, ukulungiswa, ukugoba kwakhona, i-welding okanye ukufudumeza ukuqiniswa kunokutshintsha iipropati kwaye kuvunyelwe kuphela xa kuvunyelwe ngamaxwebhu emveliso, ukuyila kunye nomgangatho osebenzayo.
Ukuziphatha kwentsimbi ngexesha lovavanyo loxinzelelo
Kwathiwani malunga ne-elasticity kunye nomda we-tensile wensimbi etyhidiweyo isebenza ngendlela ehambelanayo nomthwalo woxinzelelo. Amaxabiso amandla emveliso yentsimbi yesakhiwo (kwimeko yoxinzelelo ibizwa ngokuba yimveliso yamandla) efunyenwe ngexesha lovavanyo loxinzelelo kwaye uvavanyo loxinzelelo alufani kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi koxinzelelo, ukunyuka komthwalo ngaphaya komda wokutyumza kunokwenzeka kuphela ngezinto ezimfutshane kakhulu.
Kwiintsimbi ezibhityileyo, imithetho yokubopha iyasebenza. Ngexesha elifanayo, kwindawo yokuqala, iingcamango ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, nokuba zibhekiselele kwindlela yokuxhasa kunye nokutshiza iziphelo zentonga, okanye ukuphambuka kwe-axis yentonga ukusuka kwindawo emiselweyo.
**Izinto ezicinezelekileyo: ** amandla ezinto eziphathekayo zodwa azinqumi ukuthwala umthamo wentonga. Ubuncinci, i-curvature yokuqala, uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, i-buckling yendawo kunye nehlabathi jikelele, izixhaso, amajoyina kunye nokungafezeki kufuneka kufakwe ekubalweni kwezinto eziphathekayo.
Ukuziphatha kwentsimbi kuvavanyo lokugoba
Ngokumalunga nenqaku lesivuno (eliqatshelwe ngaphandle ngokuphambuka okukhulu kwezixhaso okanye ngemigca yokuvelisa), kubalulekile ukuba kuya kwenzeka ngexesha lokuvavanya ukugoba kwiingcinezelo ezincinci kodwa eziphakamileyo kunezo zifunyenwe xa kuhlolwa amandla obunzima bentonga yokuvavanya. Emva kokugqithisa amandla okuvunwa kwentsimbi kwimimandla yoxinzelelo lwezixhasi, imithwalo inokunyuswa ukuba izixhaso zikhuselekile ngokwaneleyo malunga ne-buckling okanye i-twisting.
Uvavanyo lokugoba: ifoto ibonisa inkqubo yaselabhoratri, hayi indlela yokwamkelwa kwemveliso. Ijometri yomzekelo, ukuxhasa, isantya, ubushushu, ulwalathiso lokuqengqeleka kunye nemilinganiselo yokulinganisa kufuneka ihambelane nomgangatho osetyenzisiweyo kunye nohlobo oluchanekileyo lwentsimbi.
Amandla okudinwa kwentsimbi
Izakhiwo zamandla ezinqunywe ngexesha loxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, ukunyanzeliswa okanye iimvavanyo zokugoba zibonelela ngolwazi olucacileyo malunga nokuziphatha kwentsimbi phantsi kokulayisha okuzinzileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba amandla okuvelisa ngexesha elide lokulayishwa kwe-static kuya kuba ngaphantsi komda ofunyenwe ngovavanyo oluqhelekileyo kude kube ukungaphumeleli. Ukuba imithwalo ye-static ilandelwa yimithwalo ehlala rhoqo (umzekelo, iibhulorho, i-crane tracks, izithuthi), okanye ukuba imithwalo ehlala rhoqo yenza konke konke, ngoko idatha inokufumaneka malunga nezinto eziphathekayo kuphela ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuziphatha kwayo phantsi kweemeko ezihambelana kakhulu neemeko eziphathekayo. Ngoko ke, iintsimbi zezixhobo zokwakha, eziza kubonakaliswa ikakhulu kwimithwalo ehambayo, zivavanywa ngokulayishwa rhoqo.
Amaxesha amaninzi, imithwalo emileyo neshukumayo yenzeka ngaxeshanye. Le mizekelo ilandelayo ichaza undoqo wengxaki. Iinduku eziboniswe emfanekisweni1zenziwe ngempahla enye, kwaye zityhidiwe kwintonga enye. Intonga engezantsi igotywa kancinane ngokulayisha ngokuthe ngcembe; ngoko ke, inokugotywa. Intonga ephezulu ixhomekeke ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekulayisheni ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu kunelo likhona kwintonga yokuqala. Emva kwexesha elithile, intonga ephezulu yaphuka ngaphandle kokubonisa nayiphi na i-deformation esisigxina malunga nokwaphuka. Ngokwale nto, ukuziphatha kwezinto ekungaphumeleli kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yokusetyenziswa komthwalo. Lo mzekelo ungentla, obhekisa kumthwalo ogobayo, uqhelekile nakwezinye iindidi zemithwalo. Kwimifanekiso2kwaye3imizekelo yovavanyo lwe-tensile ibonisiwe; umfanekiso2ibhekisa kumzekelo olula wovavanyo lweenyembezi, kunye neFig3kwiimvavanyo zoxinzelelo eziguquguqukayo ezingafaniyo.
Ngokumalunga nokusetyenziswa kwezi nyaniso, kubalulekile ukuba - ngaphandle kokuziphatha okubonakaliswe ngexesha lovavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokukrazula - ixabiso le-element element yolwakhiwo, eye yagrunjwa okanye i-cross-section yayo yenzeke ezinye iinguqu, kufuneka ivandlakanywe ngokukodwa. Ukuchasana kwentonga edibeneyo kwimithwalo rhoqo iphantsi kakhulu kunokumelana nentonga engapheliyo, ekubeni i-voltage thresholds ibonakala kwimida yomngxuma. Uxinzelelo olusekupheleni komngxuma, ukuba lubangelwa yimithwalo rhoqo, luya kuhlala luphezulu kakhulu kunoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo. Isiphumo sesokuba izinto zokwakha ezombiweyo phantsi kwemithwalo rhoqo zibonisa amandla amancinane kakhulu kunezinto ezingagrunjwanga.
Inqaku lokugqibela lokudinwa: ukudinwa kukuqhekeka kungenzeka kuxinzelelo oluphantsi kunelo libangela ukonakala kweplastiki okubonakalayo. Imingxuma, iinkcukacha ezidibeneyo, utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwicandelo, ukubola kunye nomonakalo utshintsha udidi lweenkcukacha kunye nobomi. Izakhiwo eziphantsi kokulayisha ngokuphindaphindiweyo zifuna ukubala okudinwa okukhethekileyo, isicwangciso sokuhlola kunye novavanyo lweengcali kwi-crack nganye efunyenweyo.