Archival Nyanzvi Yemukati: Chinyorwa chinochengetedza nhoroondo yakanyorwa, matafura, uye zvinorehwa nezve magadzirirwo uye machina emidziyo yesimbi, asi isiri mwero unoshanda, kutsanangurwa kwezvinhu, chitupa, kuverenga kwemaitiro, kana kurapwa kwekupisa uye mirairo yekuyedza. Dhizaini tsika zvinoenderana nerudzi rwakanyatsozivikanwa uye batch yesimbi, mamiriro ekugadzira, ukobvu, tembiricha, weldability, kuoma, kuneta uye inoshanda chiyero. Iyo inotakura zvinhu inofanirwa kunge iine zvinyorwa zvinoteedzera uye inosarudzwa nekuongororwa nenyanzvi ine basa.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinosara sechinyorwa chenhoroondo uye hachimiriri chipo chekugadzirwa kwekusimbisa, dhizaini kana kuyedzwa kwezvivakwa zvesimbi.
Kuumbwa uye nhoroondo mamaki esimbi yekuvaka
Nekunyunguduka kwesimbi yakasanganiswa nemafuta, uye nekuwedzera kwetsvina - kazhinji limestone - pamwe chete nekuunza mhepo inopisa pasi pekumanikidzwa muchoto chinoputika, simbi yenguruve inowanikwa. Nguruve iron ine pamusoro 1,7% carbon; haigoni kuumbwa, kukungurutswa, kuchekwa kana kudzvanywa - naizvozvo, haigoni kuumbwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Simbi inogadzirwa inogadzirwa kubva musimbi yenguruve nekufuridza mweya mushanduko yekutanga, kana kubva kumarara simbi uye nguruve simbi muchoto (Siemens-Martin choto). Maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana anogona kugadzirwa kubva mairi nekukunguruka, kudzvanya uye nekuforoma. Simbi yose inopfurwa inonzi simbi.
Matafura eNhoroondo: Mazita esimbi ekare, mwero, mareverero uye maitirwo ekugonya mumatafura aratidzwa haafanire kushandiswa kutsvaga, kuona kana kuyera zvinhu zvanhasi. Chete label uye zvinyorwa zvebatch zvakaunzwa zvinoshanda, necheki yekuenzana zvinoenderana neyakabvumiranwa uye inoshanda mwero.
Chemical kuumbwa kwesimbi yekuvaka
Technical iron haisi simbi yakachena, asi alloy yezvinhu zvinokosha iron uye carbon, kazhinji pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwemanganese, silicon, phosphorus, sumbor uye mhangura, uye zvishoma kazhinji nealuminium, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, nezvimwewo. Kusimba kwegoho uye kusimba kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa kunowedzera nekuwedzera kabhoni kusvika 0,9% kabhoni yasvikwa; kureba panguva yekuzorora kunodzikira sezvo kabhoni yemukati inowedzera. Simbi ine kabhoni yakakwira inofanirwa kubatwa zvine hungwaru kana ichitwasanuka, ichikotama, ichimonereka, nezvimwewo.
Simbi yekuvaka St37.12semutemo ivo vane0,08-0,15%yecarbon, ipapo ca0,5%manganese, kusvika0,3%silicon. Zviri mukati me phosphorus nesarufa zvinofanira kunge zvakaderera; inokwana zvichienderana0,09%uye0,05%. Sezvo mutemo, kune mhangura yakawanda0,2%.
Paunenge uchiongorora mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwemakemikari, kutarisirwa kunofanirwa kutorwa kuti kuri kuongororwa kubva mukunyungudika kana kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakakungurutswa; kune yekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuti data yemuenzaniso inoreva sampuli dzinobva muchikamu chose, kana kuti sampuli dzakatorwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo (kubva pakati, kubva kumucheto, kubva kune imwe mugumo).
Chimiro cheSimbi, kuomesa, kudzikisira uye kupinza
Kucherechedza kwechimiro kunoitwa panzvimbo yakadzikama, yakanyatsogadziriswa, pasi uye yakasvibiswa iyo, sekutonga, inosvibiswa neacids. Mune zvimwe zviitiko (semuenzaniso pasimbi yakanyanyisa kupisa), tsanga dzesimbi dzinogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama pamasampuli akagadzirwa.
Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza chimiro chesimbi yakatonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma ine kabhoni inosvika 0,1%, uye mufananidzo 2 unoratidza chimiro chesimbi yakatonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma ine kabhoni inosvika 0,3%. Mbeu dzakareruka hadzina kabhoni uye dzinosanganisira simbi yakachena (saka zita rekuti ferrite); pasi pekukudza kwepamusoro nzvimbo dzine rima dzinoonekwa dzine mitsetse (perlite). Pasi pemaikorosikopu, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mavara erima anoumbwa neakaoma uye akapfava akaturikidzana; iwo akaomesesa akaturikidzana isimbi carbide (Fe3C), inonzi cementite, iyo yakanyudzwa mune yakapfava ferrite. Vagari venzvimbo - makristasi anoumbwa pakupisa kwepamusoro anoparara pakutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma. Kamwe kamwe kutonhora kwesimbi inopisa kunodzivirira makristasi kubva pakuparara. Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, kutonhora kamwe-kamwe kunoitwa kusati kwashandurwa kwechigadziro chakasimba kusati kwatanga, ipapo mhinduro - iyo neimwe nzira inogona kungovapo pakupisa kwepamusoro - icharamba ichichengetwa pakupisa kwekamuri. Muchiitiko ichi, isu hatitore zvinhu izvo kabhoni yakagoverwa muchimiro chemavara, asi chinhu chine kabhoni yakagoverwa zvakaenzana. Simbi iri muchimiro ichocho inoratidza kusimba kwegoho repamusoro uye kusimba kwepamusoro-soro pane simbi inotonhorera-inotonhorera yemhando imwe chete yemakemikari, asi inoratidzawo kushoma machinability; simbi yakadai inonzi hardened steel.
Zvakasikwa kuti kutonhora kwemhepo kunonyanya kutaurwa pamusoro pepamusoro, asi iyo inopera yakananga mukati, iyo yakakosha zvikuru pakushandiswa kwesimbi. Simbi yakaomeswa ine kushushikana kwakanyanya kwemukati.
Laboratory uye Thermal Procedures: metallographic acid etching, kudziyisa, kudziyisa uye kupinza zvinoda murabhoritari inodzorwa kana workshop, zvinhu zvakaonekwa, midziyo yakakodzera uye dziviriro. Kurapa kwekupisa kwakashata kunogona kukonzera kutsemuka, kukanganiswa, kurasikirwa nekusimba uye kushushikana kwakanyanya kwasara.
Mabatiro esimbi panguva yekuyedza
1. Zvakajairwa zvimiro zvesimbi mune yakakungurutswa mamiriro
Kubva pakuyedzwa kwekusimba, munzvimbo yekutanga iyo modulus ye elasticity E inogona kutariswa zvese kune yakazara uye elastic elongations. Iyo modulus ye elasticity yesimbi ndeye 200 GPa.
Kurebesa kwechigarire kunoitika pakadzikama voltages, asi hakuna kunyanya kukosha mukuvaka. Simbi yakajairika inotanga “kuyerera” pasi pemitoro iyo yekutengeserana simbi yekuvaka St 37 uye kongiri simbi ini ndinonyanya kudarika 0,24 GPa, uye muzvikamu zvakakura kukosha uku kunogona kudzika kusvika 0,18 GPa. Somugumisiro wekubereka, kukanganisa kukuru kwechigarire uye “mitsara yezvibereko” inoitika. Mutsara wesimbi elongation diagram (mufananidzo uri pazasi) unoratidza kuti goho rakapfuudzwa (mukutakurwa kwetension, muganhu uyu unonziwo goho).
Apo, munyaya yematanda ekongiri yakasimbiswa, muganho wakatambanudzwa wekusimbisa unopfuudzwa munzvimbo yekumanikidzika, kureba kwakakosha kunoitika musimbi, umo kuputika uye kubhenda kunogadzirwa munzvimbo yekushushikana kwedanda, izvo zvinokanganisa simba rekutakura mutoro wedanda. Pamasimbi ane kabhoni yakakura, pasimbi dzakaomeswa uye kazhinji pane simbi dzisina ferrous, chimiro chegoho chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pamusoro hachioneki; kureba kwechigarire kunowanzo wedzera, uye hapana chakasiyana chegoho. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, sekutonga, simba regoho rinofungidzirwa kuti rakaenzana nemutoro apo kureba kwekusingaperi kwe 0,2%.
** Hwaro haisi yedhizaini data: ** modulus ye elasticity, goho simba, simba uye kurebesa muzvinyorwa zvinotamiswa kubva kunhoroondo sosi. Pakuverengera, hunhu uye magadzirirwo emhando yekirasi chaiyo yemazuva ano, ukobvu uye mamiriro ekutakura anotorwa, pamwe chete nechikamu chakakodzera, kushivirira uye zvinodiwa zvekuoma, weldability uye kuneta.
2. Simbi dzinotonhora dzakadhonzwa
Mutsvimbo yese yesimbi yakatwasanudzwa kana kukotama, simbi inotonhorera inodhonzwa munharaunda inoitika. Mukuita kudaro, simbi inosimbiswa munharaunda kunze kwegoho; pachikamu chakadhonzwa, muganhu wekudhirowa unowedzera. Kana danda resimbi rakajeka rinotakurwa mukukakavadzana kusvikira simba regoho rapfuura, pakudzorerazve kunoonekwa kuti kukosha kwesimba regoho rakawedzera. Kurebesa “kumbomira” nguva pakati pemitoro miviri, ndiko kuwedzera kwesimba regoho.
Uyezve, sezvo panguva yekutonhora kutambanudza dhayamita inodererawo zvichienderana nekurebesa kwebhari, saka simbi iyo yakaratidzwa kune yakakosha kutambanudza pamberi pebvunzo icharatidza yakakwira zvakanyanya goho simba uye kusimba kwesimba kupfuura simbi isina kutambanudzwa; panguva imwe chete, icharatidza kushomeka kwekuramba.
Kudhirowa kwekutonhora kunoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwesimbi dzekongiri IIb, IIIb, uye IVb (tor-steel, mesh yekuvaka simbi), pamwe nekugadzirwa kwewaya dzekusimbisa zvakasimbiswa uye tambo dzemabhiriji akamiswa.
Kutonhora Kushanda uye Kusimbisa: Magiredhi ekare akadhindwa kutonhora uye tsananguro hazvisi kuratidza chigadzirwa chemazuva ano. Kupeta, kutwasanudza, kupeta patsva, kukwirisa kana kupisa kusimbaradza kunogona kushandura zvivakwa uye zvinotenderwa chete kana zvichibvumidzwa nezvinyorwa zvechigadzirwa, dhizaini uye chiyero chinoshanda.
Simbi maitiro panguva yekumanikidza kuyedzwa
Zvaitaurwa nezve elasticity uye nezve tensile muganho wesimbi yakanyungudutswa inoshanda nenzira inoenderana nekumanikidza mutoro. Hukoshi hwesimba regoho resimbi yekumisikidza (munyaya yekumanikidza inonzi simba regoho) inowanikwa panguva yekumanikidza bvunzo uye tension test haina kusiyana zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, pasi pekumanikidzwa, kuwedzera kwemutoro kupfuura muganhu wekupwanya kunokwanisika chete nezvinhu zvipfupi zvikuru.
Pamatsvimbo akatetepa, mitemo yekusungirira inoshanda. Panguva imwecheteyo, pakutanga, fungidziro dzakakodzera dzinofanirwa kuverengerwa, kana dzichireva nzira yekutsigira uye kupinza migumo yetsvimbo, kana kutsauka kweaxis yetsvimbo kubva panzvimbo yakasimbiswa.
Dzvinyirirwa zvinhu: kusimba kwechinyorwa chete hachitsananguri simba rekutakura retsvimbo. Kupfava, kupeta kwekutanga, kusimba kwakasara, kusungirirana kwenzvimbo nepasi rose, zvinotsigira, majoini uye kusakwana zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa mukuverenga kwechinhu chekongiri.
Maitiro esimbi mukukotama bvunzo
Nezve nzvimbo yegoho (inocherechedzwa kubva kunze nekutsauka kukuru kwezvitsigiro kana nemitsara yegoho), zvakakosha kuti zviitike panguva yekuedza kwekukotama pane zvishoma zvishoma asi zvinodzvinyirira zvakanyanya kudarika izvo zvakawanikwa pakuedza kusimba kwekusimba kwetambo yekuedza. Mushure mekupfuura simba regoho resimbi munzvimbo dzekumanikidzana dzezvitsigiro, mitoro inogona kuwedzerwa kana zvitsigiso zvakachengetedzwa zvakakwana pakurwisana nebuckling kana kumonyoroka.
Bending test: foto inoratidza maitirwo emurabhoritari, kwete maitiro ekugamuchira chigadzirwa. Iyo yemuenzaniso geometry, zvitsigiro, kumhanya, tembiricha, kutungamira uye maitiro egiredhi zvinofanirwa kuenderana neyakashandiswa chiyero uye chaiyo mhando yesimbi.
Kuneta simba resimbi
Simba zvivakwa zvakatemerwa panguva yakajairika kushushikana, kudzvanya kana kubhenda bvunzo inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemafambiro esimbi pasi pekurodha. Panguva imwecheteyo, inofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti kusimba kwegoho panguva yenguva refu static kurodha ichave yakaderera zvishoma pane muganhu unowanikwa neyakajairwa kuyedzwa kusvika kukundikana. Kana mitoro yakatsiga ichiteverwa nekuremerwa kazhinji (semuenzaniso mabhiriji, crane tracks, mota), kana kana chete mitoro inowanzoitika zvachose, data inogona kuwanikwa pamusoro pechinhu ichi chete zvichienderana nemaitiro ayo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anonyatsoenderana nemamiriro anoshanda. Naizvozvo, simbi dzezvinhu zvekuvaka, izvo zvinonyanya kuratidzwa kune zvinofamba, zvinoedzwa nekurodha nguva zhinji.
Kazhinji, mitoro yakamira uye inofamba inoitika panguva imwe chete. Mienzaniso inotevera inotsanangura musimboti wedambudziko. Tsvimbo inoratidzwa mumufananidzo1anoumbwa nechinhu chimwe chete uye anoumbwa netsvimbo imwe chete. Tsvimbo yepasi inokotama zvishoma nezvishoma nekutakura zvishoma nezvishoma; saka, yaigona kukotama. Tsvimbo yepamusoro inodzokororwa kudzokororwa kudzokororwa, nekunetseka kwakadzikira pane izvo zvinogara mutsvimbo yekutanga. Mushure menguva yakati, tsvimbo yepamusoro yakaputsika pasina kuratidza chero deformation yekusingaperi yakakomberedza kuputsika. Maererano neizvi, maitiro ezvinyorwa pakukundikana anoenderana zvakanyanya nenzira iyo mutoro unoshandiswa. Muenzaniso uri pamusoro, unoreva kubhenda mutoro, unowanzoitika kune mamwe marudzi emitoro. Mumifananidzo2uye3mienzaniso yezviyedzo zvekusimba inoratidzwa; mufananidzo2inoreva muenzaniso wakapfava webvunzo yemisodzi, uye Fig3kune unidirectional variable tension tests.
Nezve mashandisirwo echokwadi ichi, zvakakosha kuti - kunze kwemaitiro anoratidzwa panguva yekuyedza kubvarura - kukosha kwechinhu chekuvaka, chakacherwa kana kuti chikamu chemuchinjiko chakaitwa dzimwe shanduko, chinofanirwa kuongororwa zvakanyanya. Kupokana kwetsvimbo yakaboorwa kumitoro inowanzoitika yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura kushorwa kwetsvimbo isina kucheneswa, sezvo maburi emagetsi anoonekwa pamicheto yegomba. Kushungurudzika kumucheto kwegomba, kana kunokonzerwa nemitoro inowanzoitika, inogara ichinyanya kukwira kudarika kushushikana kwepakati. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti zvinhu zvakacherwa zvekuvaka pasi pemitoro inowanzoitika zvinoratidza simba rakaderera pane zvisina kucherwa.
** Chinyorwa chekupedzisira pamusoro pekuneta: ** kuneta kuputika kunogona kuitika pakudzvinyirira kwakaderera pane izvo zvinokonzera kuoneka kwepurasitiki deformation. Makomba, welded details, kamwe-kamwe shanduko muchikamu, ngura uye kukuvadzwa zvinoshandura chikamu cheruzivo uye hupenyu. Zvimiro zviri pasi pekurodha zvakadzokororwa zvinoda kuverengera kuneta kwakakosha, chirongwa chekuongorora uye kuongororwa kwenyanzvi kwega rega rinowanikwa mutswe.