Zam’kati mwa Katswiri Wosungira Zakale: Nkhaniyi ikusunga mbiri yakale, matebulo, ndi zonena za kapangidwe kachitsulo ndi kapangidwe kachitsulo, koma si mulingo wovomerezeka, katchulidwe kazinthu, satifiketi, kuwerengera kamangidwe, kapena chithandizo cha kutentha ndi malangizo oyesera. Mapangidwe amatengera mtundu wodziwika bwino ndi batch yachitsulo, momwe zinthu zimapangidwira, makulidwe, kutentha, kutsekemera, kulimba, kutopa komanso muyezo woyenera. Zomwe zimanyamula ziyenera kukhala ndi zolemba zotsatiridwa ndikusankhidwa ndikufufuzidwa ndi katswiri wodziwa ntchito.
Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Nkhaniyi imakhalabe ngati mbiri yakale ndipo siyimayimira zopereka zopangira kulimbikitsa, kupanga kapena kuyesa zitsulo.
Zolemba ndi zolemba zakale zazitsulo zomanga
Posungunula zitsulo zachitsulo zosakanikirana ndi mafuta, komanso kuwonjezera zonyansa - nthawi zambiri miyala ya laimu - komanso poyambitsa mpweya wotentha wopanikizika mu ng’anjo yophulika, chitsulo cha nkhumba chimapezeka. Chitsulo cha nkhumba chili ndi 1,7% carbon; sichingapangidwe, kukulungidwa, kupukuta kapena kukanikizidwa - chifukwa chake sichingapangidwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Chitsulo chophwanyika chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo cha nkhumba pouzira mpweya mu chosinthira choyambirira, kapena kuchokera ku chitsulo chosasunthika ndi chitsulo cha nkhumba mu ng’anjo (ng’anjo ya Siemens-Martin). Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana amatha kupangidwa kuchokera pamenepo ndikugudubuza, kukanikiza ndi kufota. Zitsulo zonse zimatchedwa steel.
Matebulo Akale: Matchulidwe akale achitsulo, milingo, malipiro ndi njira zopindika m’matebulo omwe akuwonetsedwa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza, kuzindikira kapena kusanja zinthu zamasiku ano. Zolemba zokha ndi zolemba za batch yoperekedwa ndizovomerezeka, zokhala ndi cheke chofanana molingana ndi mulingo wovomerezeka komanso wovomerezeka.
Chemical kapangidwe kazitsulo zomanga
Chitsulo chaukadaulo sichitsulo choyera, koma aloyi wazinthu zoyambira chitsulo ndi kaboni, nthawi zambiri ndikuwonjezera manganese, silicon, phosphorous, sumbor ndi mkuwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi aluminiyamu, chromium, faifi tambala, molybdenum, ndi zina zambiri. Kuphatikiza kofunikira kwambiri ndi carbon. Kuchuluka kwa zokolola ndi kulimba kwachitsulo chosungunuka kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya mpaka pafupifupi 0,9% carbon ifikiridwe; elongation panthawi yopuma imachepa pamene mpweya wa carbon ukuwonjezeka. Chitsulo chokhala ndi mpweya wambiri uyenera kusamaliridwa mosamala kwambiri powongola, kupinda, kumanga, ndi zina zotero.
Zomangamanga zitsulo St37.12monga lamulo iwo ali0,08-0,15%wa carbon, ndiye ca0,5%manganese, mpaka0,3%silicon. Zomwe zili mu phosphorous ndi sulfure ziyenera kukhala zochepa; zimakwana motsatira0,09%ndi0,05%. Monga lamulo, pali mkuwa wambiri0,2%.
Powunika zotsatira za kuwunika kwa mankhwala, kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati zikuwunikidwa kuchokera ku kusungunuka kapena kuwunika kwa katundu wogubuduzika; chakumapeto, ndikofunikira ngati zitsanzozo zikulozera ku zitsanzo zochokera kugawo lonselo, kapena zitsanzo zotengedwa kuchokera pamalo enaake (kuchokera pakati, kuchokera m’mphepete, kuchokera kumapeto kumodzi).
Kapangidwe kachitsulo, kuumitsa, kutenthetsa ndi kusungunula
Kuyang’anitsitsa kapangidwe kameneka kumachitika pamalo ophwanyika, okonzedwa mosamala, pansi ndi opukutidwa omwe, monga lamulo, amawonongeka ndi ma asidi. Nthawi zina (mwachitsanzo pazitsulo zotenthedwa), njere zachitsulo zimatha kuzindikirika ndi maso pazitsanzo zokonzedwa.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka chitsulo choziziritsidwa pang’onopang’ono chokhala ndi mpweya wa 0,1%, ndipo chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe kachitsulo choziziritsidwa pang’onopang’ono chokhala ndi mpweya wa 0,3%. Njere zopepuka zimakhala zopanda kaboni ndipo zimakhala ndi chitsulo choyera (motero amatchedwa ferrite); pansi pakukula kwakukulu, madera amdima amawoneka amizeremizere (perlite). Pansi pa microscope, zitha kudziwika kuti mawanga amdima amakhala ndi zigawo zolimba komanso zofewa; zigawo zolimba ndi carbide yachitsulo (Fe3C), yotchedwa cementite, yomwe imayikidwa mu ferrite yofewa. Anthu am’deralo - makhiristo omwe amapangidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu amasweka pakazizira pang’onopang’ono. Kuzizira mwadzidzidzi kwachitsulo chotentha kumalepheretsa makhiristo kuti asawonongeke. Ngati, kumbali ina, kuzizira kwadzidzidzi kusanachitike kusinthika kwa njira yolimba kusanayambe, ndiye kuti yankho - lomwe lingakhalepo pa kutentha kwakukulu - lidzapitirizabe kusungidwa kutentha. Pankhaniyi, sitipeza zinthu zomwe mpweya wake umagawidwa ngati mawanga, koma zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi carbon yogawidwa mofanana. Chitsulo chomwe chili momwemo chimawonetsa kulimba kwa zokolola zambiri komanso kulimba kwamphamvu kuposa chitsulo chozizira pang’onopang’ono chokhala ndi mankhwala omwewo, komanso chikuwonetsa kucheperako; zitsulo zoterezi zimatchedwa hardened steel.
Zachilengedwe kuti kuzizira kumawonekera kwambiri pamalopo, pomwe kumafowoka mkati, komwe kuli kofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo. Chitsulo cholimba chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zamkati.
Njira za Laboratory ndi Thermal: kuyika kwa asidi wa metallographic, kutenthetsa, kutenthetsa ndi kutenthetsa kumafuna labotale yoyendetsedwa kapena malo ogwirira ntchito, zinthu zodziwika, zida zoyenera ndi chitetezo. Kutentha kosayenera kungayambitse ming’alu, kupunduka, kutaya mphamvu ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kotsalira.
Makhalidwe achitsulo panthawi yoyesera
1. Zitsulo wamba zomangika mumikhalidwe yopindika
Kuchokera pakuyezetsa kolimba, poyambira modulus ya elasticity E imatha kuzindikirika ponse pawiri komanso zotanuka. Modulus ya elasticity ya chitsulo ndi 200 GPa.
Kutalikira kosatha kumachitika pamagetsi otsika, koma ndizosafunikira kwenikweni pakumanga. Chitsulo chawamba chimayamba “kuthamanga” pansi pa katundu kuti zitsulo zomangira zamalonda St 37 ndi zitsulo za konkire nthawi zambiri zimadutsa 0,24 GPa, ndipo m’zigawo zazikulu mtengo uwu ukhoza kutsika mpaka 0,18 GPa. Chifukwa cha kulolerana, zopindika zazikulu zokhazikika ndi “mizere yokolola” zimachitika. Mzere wa chitsulo chowongolera chitsulo (chithunzi pansipa) chimasonyeza kuti zokolola zadutsa (pakukweza kukanikiza, malirewa amatchedwanso zokolola).
Pamene, pamiyendo ya konkriti yolimbitsidwa, malire otambasulira olimbikitsira amapitilira m’malo omangika, kutalika kwakukulu kumachitika muchitsulo, momwe ming’alu ndi mapindikidwe amapangidwira m’malo ovutikira a mtengowo, zomwe zimasokoneza mphamvu yonyamula katundu. Pazitsulo zokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon, pazitsulo zolimba komanso pazitsulo zopanda chitsulo, khalidwe lazokolola lomwe likuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pamwambapa silikuwoneka; ma elongations okhazikika nthawi zambiri amawonjezeka, ndipo palibe zokolola zosiyana. Zikatero, monga lamulo, mphamvu zokolola zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizofanana ndi katundu umene kutalika kwamuyaya kwa 0,2%.
Makhalidwe sizinthu zamapangidwe: modulus of elasticity, mphamvu zokolola, mphamvu ndi kutalika kwa mawu amasamutsidwa kuchokera kugwero lambiri. Powerengera, mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe a kalasi yamakono, makulidwe ndi momwe amaperekera zimatengedwa, pamodzi ndi zina zofunika, kulolerana ndi zofunikira za kulimba, kuwotcherera ndi kutopa.
2. Zitsulo zozizira
Mu ndodo iliyonse yowongoka kapena kupindika, chitsulo chozizira chapafupi chimachitika. Pochita izi, chitsulocho chimagogomezedwa kwanuko kupitirira zokolola; pa gawo lojambulidwa, malire ojambulira akuwonjezeka. Ngati ndodo yachitsulo yomveka yodzaza ndi zovuta mpaka mphamvu zokolola zadutsa, pakubwezeretsanso zimawonedwa kuti mtengo wa mphamvu zokolola zawonjezeka. Kutalikirapo kwa nthawi ya “kupuma” pakati pa katundu awiri, m’pamenenso mphamvu zokolola zimawonjezeka.
Kuonjezera apo, popeza panthawi yozizira kutambasula m’mimba mwake kumachepanso mofanana ndi kutalika kwa bar, kotero kuti chitsulo chomwe chinawonetsedwa ndi kutambasula kwambiri chisanayambe chiyeso chidzawonetsa mphamvu zokolola zambiri komanso mphamvu zowonongeka kuposa chitsulo chomwe sichinatambasulidwe; nthawi yomweyo, iwonetsa kukana kocheperako.
Kujambula kozizira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo za konkriti IIb, IIIb, ndi IVb (tor-steel, zitsulo zomangira zitsulo), komanso kupanga mawaya olimbikitsa kulimbikitsana ndi zingwe za milatho yoyimitsidwa.
Ntchito Yozizira ndi Kulimbitsa: Magiredi akale omwe amakokedwa ndi kuzizira komanso mafotokozedwe ake sizomwe zikuwonetsa zinthu zamakono. Kupinda, kuwongola, kupindikanso, kuwotcherera kapena kutenthetsa chilimbikitso kumatha kusintha zinthuzo ndipo zimaloledwa pokhapokha ngati ziloledwa ndi zolemba zamalonda, kapangidwe kake ndi muyezo woyenera.
Khalidwe lachitsulo poyesa kukakamiza
Zomwe zinanenedwa ponena za kusungunuka komanso za malire a chitsulo chosungunula zimagwira ntchito mofananamo ndi katundu wokakamiza. Miyezo ya mphamvu ya zokolola za chitsulo chokhazikika (pankhani ya kukakamizidwa imatchedwa mphamvu ya zokolola) yomwe imapezeka pakuyezetsa kukakamiza ndipo kuyesa kwamakanika sikusiyana kwambiri. Komabe, pansi pa kupsinjika, kuwonjezeka kwa katundu kupitirira malire ophwanyidwa ndi kotheka kokha ndi zinthu zazifupi kwambiri.
Kwa ndodo zowonda, malamulo omanga mabanki amagwira ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, poyamba, malingaliro oyenerera ayenera kuganiziridwa, kaya akutanthauza njira yothandizira ndi kukanikiza malekezero a ndodo, kapena kupatuka kwa mzere wa ndodo kuchokera pamalo okhazikika.
Zinthu zoponderezedwa: mphamvu yazinthu zokhazokha sizimatsimikizira mphamvu yonyamula ndodo. Kuwonda, kupindika koyambirira, kupsinjika kotsalira, kugundana kwapafupi ndi dziko lonse lapansi, zothandizira, zolumikizirana ndi zolakwika ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pakuwerengera konkriti.
Makhalidwe achitsulo pamayeso opindika
Pokhudzana ndi zokolola (zomwe zimawonedwa kuchokera kunja ndi zopotoka zazikulu za zothandizira kapena ndi mizere yokolola), ndizofunikira kuti zichitike panthawi ya kuyesa kupindika pazitsulo zotsika pang’ono koma zapamwamba kusiyana ndi zomwe zimapezedwa poyesa mphamvu yamphamvu ya ndodo yoyesera. Pambuyo pa kupitirira mphamvu ya zokolola za chitsulo m’madera omangika a zothandizira, katunduyo akhoza kuonjezedwa ngati zothandizira zili zotetezedwa mokwanira motsutsana ndi buckling kapena kupindika.
Mayeso opindika: chithunzi chikuwonetsa kachitidwe ka labotale, osati njira zovomerezera malonda. Chitsanzo cha geometry, zothandizira, liwiro, kutentha, kugudubuzika ndi njira zosinthira ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mtundu weniweni wachitsulo.
Kutopa kwachitsulo
Zinthu zamphamvu zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa panthawi yazovuta, kukakamiza kapena kuyesa kupindika zimapereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane pamachitidwe achitsulo pansi pa static loading. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti mphamvu zokolola pa nthawi yayitali ya static loading idzakhala yotsika pang’ono kusiyana ndi malire omwe amapezeka ndi kuyesa wamba mpaka kulephera. Ngati katundu wosasunthika akutsatiridwa ndi katundu wanthawi zonse (mwachitsanzo, milatho, njanji za crane, magalimoto), kapena ngati katundu wanthawi zonse amachitika, ndiye kuti chidziwitso cha zinthuzo chingapezeke potengera zomwe amachita pamikhalidwe yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zenizeni. Chifukwa chake, zitsulo zopangira zida zomangira, zomwe zimangoyang’aniridwa ndi katundu wosuntha, zimayesedwa ndi kukweza pafupipafupi.
Nthawi zambiri, katundu woyima ndi wosuntha amapezeka nthawi imodzi. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikufotokoza chiyambi cha vuto. Zolemba zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi1apangidwa ndi chinthu chomwecho, ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera ku ndodo yomweyo. Ndodo yapansi imapindika pang’onopang’ono ndikukweza pang’onopang’ono; chotero, chikhoza kupindika. Ndodo yakumtunda imalowetsedwa mobwerezabwereza, ndi kupsinjika komwe kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa komwe kumakhala mu ndodo yoyamba. Patapita nthawi, ndodo yapamwamba inathyoka popanda kusonyeza mapindikidwe okhazikika mozungulira fracture. Malingana ndi izi, khalidwe la zinthuzo pakulephera kumadalira kwambiri momwe katunduyo amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Chitsanzo chapamwambachi, chomwe chimatanthawuza katundu wopindika, ndizofanana ndi mitundu ina ya katundu. Pazithunzi2ndi3Zitsanzo za mayeso amphamvu zikuwonetsedwa; chithunzi2amatanthauza chitsanzo chophweka cha kuyesa misozi, ndi mkuyu3ku unidirectional variable tension test.
Ponena za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mfundozi, n’kofunika kuti – kupatula khalidwe losonyezedwa panthaŵi yachiyeso chong’ambika wamba - mtengo wa chinthu chomangacho, chomwe chabowoleredwa kapena chimene mbali yake yadutsapo yasintha zina, iyenera kuunikanso makamaka. Kukaniza kwa ndodo yobowoleredwa ku katundu wafupipafupi kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kukana kwa ndodo yosagwedezeka, popeza zitsulo zamagetsi zimawonekera m’mphepete mwa dzenje. Kupsyinjika pamphepete mwa dzenje, ngati kumayambitsidwa ndi katundu wambiri, nthawi zonse kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kupsinjika maganizo. Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti zinthu zobowoleredwa pansi pa katundu wambiri zimawonetsa mphamvu zochepa kwambiri kuposa zomwe sizinabowoledwe.
**Chidziwitso chomaliza cha kutopa: ** kutopa kusweka kumatha kuchitika pakapanikizika pang’ono kuposa zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki. Mabowo, ma welded, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa gawo, dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka kumasintha gulu lazambiri ndi moyo. Zomangamanga pansi pa kutsitsa mobwerezabwereza zimafuna kuwerengera kutopa kwapadera, ndondomeko yoyendera ndi kuunika kwa katswiri wa mng’alu womwe wapezeka.