Ingqikithi yokugcinwa kwengobo yomlando nokuvikeleka: lo mbhalo udlulisa izinqubo zomlando nezilinganiso ezivela kumthombo wendaba2017. unyaka. Akuyona imanuwali yokusebenza yakamuva noma esikhundleni sikamkhandi osebenza ngamapayipi onelayisensi, umklami, imithetho yendawo, amashidi edatha yomkhiqizi noma ukuhlolwa kokufakwa okukhona. Ukufakwa okudala kungase kuqukathe umthofu, i-eternite noma usimende we-asbestos, izimbotshana ezingaziwa nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ungayisebenzisi i-open flame brazing, ukufudumeza, ukushisela, ukugaya, ukubhoboza noma ukulungisa okuthuthukisiwe ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kochwepheshe, ukuvikela okufanele, ukulawula umlilo nokuhlukaniswa ngokuphephile kwamanzi, ugesi negesi. Ukusebenza ohlelweni lokukhucululwa kwendle kunengozi yezinto eziphilayo; sebenzisa isevisi yobungcweti lapho imbangela, impahla noma isimo sokufakwa singaziwa ngokuphelele.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala sitholakala njengengobo yomlando yobungcweti futhi ayihlanganisi isithembiso somsebenzi wamapayipi.
Ukugcinwa kwamapayipi amanzi
Futhi lapho ukufakwa kwamapayipi nendle sekuqediwe, “inkosi endlini” ayikwazi ukuhlala ijabule, ngoba kusafanele ikhathazeke ngokulungiswa.
Umthetho oyisisekelo wukuthi ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa, amanzi kufanele akhishwe ngokuvala i-valve engxenyeni yenethiwekhi lapho ukwehluleka kwenzeke khona. Kufanele futhi unqume kusengaphambili uhlobo lwezinto zomugqa owonakele ngoba inqubo yokulungisa incike kuyo. Kulula kakhulu ukubona ipayipi eliholayo, ngoba ubuso balo bumpunga futhi lingaklwejwa kalula. Futhi kulula ukuyilungisa. Uma amanzi evuza kancane embhobho, kwanele ukucacisa indawo ye-microcrack futhi ngemva kokushaywa okumbalwa ngesando, ukuqhekeka kuzovalwa. Imifantu emikhulu kufanele ithengiswe. Indawo yokuqhekeka nendawo ezungezile kufanele ihlanzwe kahle ngefayela noma ummese futhi inqunywe kancane, bese ushisa ukuqhuma ngephethiloli noma esinye isibani bese usebenzisa i-tin solder. Uma i-solder isakazwa ngokungalingani, kufanele siyilinganise ngendwangu efakwe ku-tallow. Lapho ukuqhekeka kusekupheleni kwepayipi, khona-ke ithini kufanele lincibilike futhi ligcotshwe. Ngokuvamile ipayipi lomthofu liguga kangangokuthi izingxenye ezithile zidinga ukushintshwa ngokuphelele. Ngalokhu kufanele sithenge ucezu lwepayipi 20-22 mm olude kunelimele. Umkhawulo owodwa wepayipi entsha kanye nomkhawulo ophansi wepayipi efakiwe kufanele unwetshwe ngepulaki ye-conical futhi ihlanzwe kahle kusukela ngaphakathi, futhi iziphetho zepayipi kufanele zihlanzwe ngefayela futhi zigoqwe ukuze kube khona i-flap 6-8 mm. Fafaza inhlanganisela nge-resin eyimpuphu noma gcoba ngamafutha okugcoba, bese u-solder ngesibani segesi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ungashisi kakhulu umthofu, ngoba uyancibilika ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa aphansi (fig. 1).
Image 1 — umbono womlando wokulungiswa kwepayipi lomthofu nejoyinti yethanga.
Okubalulekile: Isigaba esandulele kanye nomfanekiso 1 zichaza izinqubo ezindala ngomthofu, ilangabi elivulekile, ithini, inhlaka kanye namafutha oda. Umthofu unobuthi, futhi ukushisisa nokusebenza ngamalangabi ekufakweni okungajwayelekile kungabangela ubuthi, umlilo, ukuqhuma, noma ukulimala kwezintambo ezifihliwe. Lolu hlobo lokungenelela kufanele lushiyelwe kumuntu oqeqeshiwe ozonquma okokusebenza, isixazululo saphakade kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho esebenzayo yamanzi okuphuza.
Kunzima kakhulu ukulungisa amapayipi ensimbi namapayipi ensimbi. Zingalungiswa okwesikhashana ngokuxhuma i-crack nge-tow ne-putty. Ibe isimbozwa nge-resin noma ngetiyela futhi isongwe ngokuqinile nge-tape yokuvikela. Ekugcineni iqiniswa ngomgexo (igobolondo). Nokho, isifaki kusafanele sibizwe ngisho noma ukuvuza kumile okwesikhashana. Sizoyiqeda ngokuphelele ingozi yokuvuza okwengeziwe uma iziphetho zokuqhekeka zibhobozwa futhi zithengiswa ngethusi. Uma impahla ingenakudayiswa futhi sinomshini wokushisela, izindawo eziboshiwe kufanele zihlanganiswe.
Qaphela: isiqeshana sesikhashana esohlwini akubona ubufakazi bokuthi ipayipi liphephile noma lilungiswe unomphela. Ukubhoboza, ukunamathisela kanye nokushiselwa kwamapayipi akhona kudinga ukunqunywa kwempahla nokuqukethwe kwepayipi, ukuthulula okuphelele kanye nohlelo lomsebenzi oqeqeshiwe. Endabeni yamapayipi, isisombululo esihlala njalo sidinga ukushintshwa kwengxenye eyonakele ngezinto ezifanele, ezivunyiwe.
Ukulungiswa kwamasinki nokufakwa kompompi
Uma i-sink endlini yokugezela iphukile, kufanele ishintshwe, ifakwe entsha. Okokuqala udinga ukufaka ama-consoles we-sink. odongeni. Indlela unqenqema olungaphezulu lukasinki okufanele lube ngalo ngokujwayelekile 80 cmkusukela phansi, ama-consoles kufanele abekwe ukuze izinga lawo eliphezulu libe khona75 cmkusukela phansi. Ezindaweni lapho ama-consoles azoxhunywa khona, udonga kufanele lubhojwe futhi lufakwe ku-plaster of pads ngokhuni. Ngemva kokubeka i-plaster, sifaka amabakaki ngezikulufo zokhuni. Ipayipi lokukhipha kufanele livulwe52 cm, bese ephushela ku50 cmkusuka phansi (isib.2).
Isithombe 2 — ukubuka komlando kwama-consoles nokuphakama kwamapayipi axhumayo.
Inothi Lokulinganisa: Ubude be-80 cm, 75 cm, 52 cm kanye nokuthi 50 cm budluliswa busuka embhalweni wokuqala. Akufanele zisetshenziswe njengezinyathelo zendawo yonke ngaphandle kokuhlola usinki othize, ukufinyeleleka, iphansi eliqediwe, ukufakwa kodonga, imiyalelo yomkhiqizi kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Imigqa efihliwe kufanele itholakale ngaphambi kokubhoboza.
Kuvamise ukwenzeka ukuthi isimpompi sikasinki siyekele. Kufanele uqaphele kakhulu ngokulungisa. Okokuqala udinga ukususa umpompi bese uhlanza ingxenye enentambo, uyivale nge-plaster noma i-putty bese uyibuyisela endaweni. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuthi siqinise inathi eliphansi, sidinga ukubeka iwasha yomthofu ngaphansi kwayo (Fig. 3 side kwesokunxele).
Ukushintsha ompompi basebondeni nakho kulula. Ipayipi lokukhipha kufanele libe 115 cm ukusuka phansi. Isiphetho saleli payipi, okungenjalo esishaywa odongeni, sisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kompompi. Ipayipi lokudonsa amanzi nalo lilapha 52 cm ukusuka phansi. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, sibeka i-faucet odongeni futhi siphawule izimbobo ukuze siqale kusukela epayipini lokucindezela. Ngemva kokumaka nokusika udonga, sibeka izikhala zokhuni ku-plaster futhi ngemva kokulungiswa kwe-plaster, siyayifaka. Ekugcineni, sibeka umpompi endaweni yawo (umkhiwane 3, ohlangothini lwesokudla).
Isithombe 3 — okunamathiselwe kumpompi omile kanye nendawo engokomlando yompompi odongeni.
Inothi ngezilinganiso nezinto zokwakha: ubude be-115 cm kanye 52 cm, kanye nephini eliholayo nokufakwa kwamapulangwe opulasi, kuyingxenye yesibonisi somlando. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesimanje kufanele kulandele ukubopha, ukuvala kanye nesistimu yokuxhuma enqunywe umenzi, kanye nesheke lomthamo wokuthwala wodonga kanye nokufakwa okufihliwe.
Ukulungisa umpompi
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zompompi abasetshenziswa kumapayipi asekhaya: ompompi abakhiphayo kanye nompompi abavalayo (ngompompi). Ngosizo lwama-valve avaliwe, singakwazi ukuthulula izingxenye ezithile zenethiwekhi yamanzi. Ompompi benziwa ngethusi, i-aluminium, ama-alloys ahlukahlukene kanye nensimbi yokusansimbi. Enye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zompompi yisihlalo se-valve, okuthi kanye ne-valve disc ivimbele ukudlula kwamanzi. Ukuze lezi zingxenye ezimbili zivale i-passage kahle futhi zingenasici, i-rubber ethambile noma ipuleti lesikhumba ibekwe phakathi kwabo, njengophawu. Kukhona ingxenye enentambo ngaphakathi komzimba wompompi futhi ilawula, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, isiqu se-valve. Ingxenye ephakathi komzimba kampompi kanye nesiqu (umkhono wokuvala) ivalwa ngokudonsa okucwiliswe kakhulu bese isikulufa endaweni. Engxenyeni engezansi ye-spindle kune-flat disc okubekwa kuyo uphawu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesiqu se-valve kunezibambo eziphendulayo (isithombe 4).
Isithombe 4 — izingxenye zikampompi wakudala onesiqu esiluchungechunge.
Ukwehluleka okuvame kakhulu kompompi ukuthi uma uphawu lonakele, ukuvuza kompompi. Iphutha liqedwa ngokukhipha izindlu ze-valve bese ufaka i-gasket entsha, kodwa kuqala ukuhlanza kahle isihlalo se-valve. Ukuvala umpompi wamanzi abandayo kwenziwa ngerabha ethambile, namanzi ashisayo nge-Klingerite. I-faucet izovuza, futhi, uma i-gasket yomzimba we-valve ivuza. Lesi sici siqedwa ngokufaka uphawu oludala lokudonsa. Okokuqala, sivula i-valve yezindlu bese sisusa i-gasket endala, bese sibheke ohlangothini oluphambene nentambo, sivula i-tow entsha endlini ye-valve. Ngemva kokucwilisa isigxivizo nge-tallow, indlu ye-valve ingagqunywa endaweni yayo.
Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside, umkhono wokuvala ungavuza amanzi. Leli phutha lingalungiseka ngokujikisa iringi yokuvala ijike elilodwa noma amabili ngesikrufu noma ngodlawu. Uma amanzi esavuza, khona-ke, ngendlela eyaziwa kakade, sifaka intambo entsha egcotshwe nge-tallow emkhonweni wokuvala. Ngokuvamile, esikhundleni sentambo yokudonsa, i-tape yokuvikela isetshenziswa, eboshwe emculweni.
Ezindlini eziningi, kusetshenziswa ompompi, ukuvuleka nokuvalwa kwabo kwenziwa ngendlela yokuthi ingxenye yokukhishwa okunwetshiwe ihanjiswe kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla. Ukuvuza kompompi onjalo kungaqedwa kuphela ngokufaka isihlabathi. Inati engxenyeni engezansi yesimpompi ayikhihliwe futhi ingxenye ejikelezayo iyasuswa. Khona-ke ingxenye ejikelezayo igcotshwe ngengxube yesihlabathi esihlabathini esifakwe emafutheni futhi sijikelezwe ekuthwaleni. Ngemuva kokukhipha isihlabathi imizuzu embalwa, i-outlet iyasuswa futhi ihlanzwe futhi. Ukugaya kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ukulingana kwezindawo ezimbili kungenasici.
Okubalulekile: ngaphambi kokuqaqa umpompi, vala ukunikezwa bese uhlola ukuthi ukucindezela kuyehlile. Irabha, isikhumba, i-clinkerite, nezimpawu zokudonsa kanye nenqubo yokugaya ichazwa ngezinhlobo ezindala zompompi; azifanelekeli ngokuzenzakalelayo amakhanda e-ceramic anamuhla, ama-cartridges, amapayipi aguquguqukayo kanye nezinto ezihloselwe amanzi okuphuza. Sebenzisa izingxenye nezinqubo ezigunyazwe umenzi.
Ukulungisa nokuhlanza i-Siphon
Ama-Siphon, afakwe emapayipini okudonsa amanzi, avimbela iphunga elingemnandi lamanzi angcolile ukuthi liphume emapayipini endle. Uma i-siphon ivuza endaweni ethile, uphawu kufanele luhlolwe kuqala. Kudingekile ukukhulula i-nati (i-Hollander) ekuxhumekeni kwepayipi lokudonsa, ukuhlanza bese ubeka uphawu olusha. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi i-siphon iqhekekile futhi ivuza amanzi. Imifantu kuma-siphon okuhola ingasuswa ngokushaywa kwesando noma nge-soldering. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Siphons enziwe ngethusi nensimbi engacindezelwe angalungiswa okwesikhashana ngokugcoba umfantu nendawo ezungezile kahle nge-resin noma itiyela futhi uyiqinise ngekhola yensimbi. Ama-siphon epulasitiki awonakele angahlanganiswa ne-PVC glue, kodwa kungcono ukuwashintsha.
Uma sihlanza ama-siphon njalo, sinweba impilo yawo futhi ngeke avaleleke. Endabeni yama-siphon ensimbi, isikulufu engxenyeni engezansi kufanele sikhishwe futhi ukungcola kufanele kususwe ngocezu locingo. Ingxenye engezansi ye-siphon yepulasitiki ifakwe ngentambo ukuze isuswe futhi ihlanzwe. Lapho uhlanza, kuyadingeka ukugeza i-siphon ngamanzi. Ngemva kokubuyisela ikepisi, noma yengxenye engaphansi enentambo, kufanele ivalwe kahle.
Inothi lenhlanzeko: okuqukethwe kwama-siphon namapayipi endle kungase kuqukathe amagciwane nezinto ezicijile. Indawo kufanele ingene umoya, amehlo nesikhumba kufanele kuvikelwe, ukuchaphazwa kanye nokuthintana nendawo yokudla kufanele kugwenywe, futhi ukungcola namathuluzi kufanele kuphathwe ngendlela ehlanzekile. Ungawaxubi ama-chemical degassing agents noma uhlakaze isistimu ngenkathi icindezelwe noma usengozini yokuchitheka.
Ukulungisa ubhayela wendlu yangasese
Asivamile ukuba nezinkinga nge-flusher yasendlini yangasese, ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka idinga ukulungiswa, kufanele siyihlole kuqala. Okokuqala, ake sihlole ukunamathiselwe kweketela, okungukuthi. uma kungenjalo mhlawumbe abakaki bethangi abasodongeni bakhululekile. Uma kunesidingo, udinga ukususa izikulufo zokhuni, ubeke izingcezu zokhuni endaweni yazo bese ubuyisela izikulufo. Uma igedlela livuza ndawana thize, singalilungisa ngokuhlanganisa (umkhiwane 5, ingxenye engaphezulu). Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukulungisa indlela yangaphakathi yeketela. Ukwehluleka okuvame kakhulu yilapho umpompi ungavali kahle futhi amanzi ehlala evuza. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ompompi bokuphepha kufanele bavalwe, impompi yebhayela kufanele ihlakazwe futhi kushintshwe irabha yokuvala uphawu. Le rabha ingathengwa njengomkhiqizo osulungile, kodwa singakwazi futhi ukuzenzela thina (Fig. 5, ingxenye ephakathi). I-float kufanele futhi ihlolwe lapho kuhlanganiswa umshini. Uma ibhoboziwe, kufanele sithele amanzi kuwo bese sithengisa umgodi. Singakwazi ukunamathisela ukuntanta kwepulasitiki ngeglue ye-PVC. Kwezinye izimo, ukwehluleka kungase kwenzeke ngenxa yokulungiswa okubi kwesisindo noma ukugqoka kwepuleti yenjoloba, ephezu kwayo. Esimeni sokuqala, ubude besibambo okulenga kuso isisindo kufanele bulungiswe, futhi esimweni sesibili, ngokukhulula isikulufu engxenyeni engezansi yesisindo, buyisela ipuleti lerabha.
Isithombe 5 — umbono womlando we-boiler, valve kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemishini.
Okubalulekile: ukusoda iketela lensimbi noma ukuntanta, ukulungisa okuthuthukisiwe nokusebenza kumshini omdala akuzona izinqubo eziphephile emhlabeni wonke. Vala amanzi, uzinzise igedlela futhi usebenzise izingxenye eziyisipele ezifanele. Izitsha zobumba eziqhekekile nabakaki bodonga abangaphephile zidinga ukushintshwa noma ukungenelela kochwepheshe.
Amapayipi endle nendle
Amanzi angcolile kusinki, usinki, indlu yangasese kanye nobhavu wokugeza akhishwa efulethini ngohlelo lokukhucululwa kwendle. Ukuze uthole amaphuzu, inani lamanzi eligeleza ngomzuzwana, ububanzi obuncane kakhulu bepayipi lepayipi elidingekayo ukuze kukhishwe amanzi, ububanzi be-siphon kanye nokuphakama kokuvalwa kwe-siphon kufanele kucatshangelwe. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yalezi zixhobo i-siphon, ngokuvamile enesimo sohlamvu S, V noma P. Isigxivizo samanzi sifakwe emagodini. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ama-siphon ahlanzwe njalo futhi agcinwe, ngoba amanzi angcolile aqoqwe angasuswa kuphela nge-siphon. Amapayipi okukhipha amanzi enziwe ngomthofu, insimbi eyinsimbi, i-PVC noma i-eternite. Singabumba kalula amapayipi omthofu ngokuwashaya ngesando sokhuni uma siqale siwagcwalise ngesihlabathi. Zihlanganiswe ngokusoda. Uma zifakwe odongeni noma emhlabathini, kufanele zifakwe ngaphambili nge-bitumen noma i-tar, futhi uma zilayishwe umthwalo, kufanele zifakwe esiteshini futhi isitini kufanele sibekwe ngaphezu kwepayipi. Amapayipi e-PVC angaba: asaha, abunjwe kalula emanzini afudumele, ashiselwe ngomoya oshisayo noma ngensimbi eshisayo, enamathiselwe ngeglue ye-PVC. Isikhathi se-adhesive bonding amahora angu-14. Akunconywa ukusebenzisa amapayipi e-PVC emanzini ashisayo ngoba awohloka ngokushesha. Amapayipi e-PVC enziwa ngezimfanelo ezimbili. Amapayipi “okucindezela” anamandla futhi angakwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi eziphezulu zenethiwekhi yamanzi. Amapayipi endle anamandla amancane, ashibhe kakhulu futhi angasetshenziswa kuphela njengamapayipi endle. Amapayipi ensimbi avame ukufakwa ngaphandle kwezindonga. Ububanzi bamapayipi asakazwayo 50-150 mm. Ahlanganiswe nomthofu oncibilikisiwe noma itiyela futhi ukuhlangana kuqiniswa ngamakholomu. Amapayipi e-Eternite anganqunywa kalula ngesaha. Uma zifakwe emhlabathini, zivikelekile emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ngebitumen ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Amakhanda okuxhumana (ama-muffs) ahlala ebekwe engxenyeni engenhla yepayipi, futhi uma kwenzeka amapayipi abekwe ngokuvundlile, ahlala ephikisana nesiqondiso sokugeleza. Ukuvala uphawu kwenziwa nge-tow kanye ne-cement coating.
Amapayipi endle angahlanzwa nge-scraper, abekwe ocingweni olunobubanzi obungu-4-5 mm, ibhulashi lezintambo, njll. Indlela elula yokususa okokuvimbekile kumadivayisi ngephampu evimbela ukuvala. Lawa maphampu angathengwa esenziwe ngomumo, kodwa singawenza ngokwethu sisebenzisa isibambo sokhuni esiyindilinga kanye nebhola lerabha elidala. Ibhola kufanele lisikwe ngesigamu bese libhobolwa phakathi, bese lixhunywa esibambo ngesikulufu sokhuni kanye newasha. Uma ususa ukuvinjelwa, gcwalisa usinki ngamanzi bese ubeka ipompo endaweni yokuvula bese ucindezela kahle. Ukumpompa kufanele kuphindwe kuze kube yilapho ipayipi lokukhipha amanzi selihlanzwa. Ngendlela efanayo, singasusa ukuvaleka kwesitsha sendlu yangasese. Uma singaphumeleli ngale ndlela, kufanele sibeke ihhuku ocingweni lokuhlanza amapayipi endle, siliphushele entubeni yendlu yangasese bese siqaqa inkomishi ngokuyibuyisela emuva naphambili futhi siyiphendule njalo. Okokuqala, yiqiniso, gcwalisa isitsha sendlu yangasese ngamanzi. Uma sisusa ukuvaleka, amanzi azohamba futhi singakwazi ukukhipha intambo (fig. 5, ingxenye engezansi).
Isexwayiso esikhethekile samapayipi amadala: “amapayipi angunaphakade” embhalweni womlando angase abe usimende we-asbestos. Ungawasiki, ugaye, ubhoboze, ungawaphuli noma uwahlanze ngendlela edala uthuli. Ukuhlonza, ukususwa kanye nokulahlwa kufanele kwenziwe yinkonzo yochwepheshe egunyaziwe ngokwemithethonqubo yamanje. Izimangalo zetiyela, umthofu, i-PVC, izinga lokushisa lokubumba, isikhathi sokusetha samahora angu-14 samahora namadayamitha 50-150 mm akumeleli ukucaciswa kwamanje; kuhlolelwe umkhiqizo olungile, ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kanye nemithetho yendawo.
Ukuklinywa Okuphephile: Intambo ethuthukisiwe noma ihuku ingabhoboza ipayipi, ilimaze umsebenzisi noma ibhajwe ekufakeni. Umzila ongaziwa, ukuvaleka okuphindaphindiwe, ukugeleza kwendle, ukuvuza odongeni noma phansi, iphunga elingemnandi elingashabalali noma ukusola kwepayipi elimele kudinga ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe kanye nemishini efanele. Ungawahlanganisi ama-asidi, izisekelo, i-variquin noma amanye ama-ejenti futhi ungaqhubeki nokusebenza uma kunengozi yokuchaphazeka, amagesi noma ukuchitheka.