Nkhani yaakale ndi chitetezo: mawuwa akuwonetsa njira zakale ndi miyeso yochokera kuzinthu zochokera2017. chaka. Si bukhu lamakono la kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kapena loloŵa m’malo mwa plumber wovomerezeka, wokonza mapulani, malamulo a m’deralo, mapepala a data a opanga kapena kuwunika kwa makina omwe alipo. Zoyika zakale zimatha kukhala ndi simenti ya lead, yamuyaya kapena asibesitosi, zokutira zosadziwika ndi zinthu zina zoopsa. Musagwiritse ntchito zomwe zafotokozedwa poyatsa moto, kutentha, kuwotcherera, kugaya, kubowola kapena kukonza bwino popanda kuunika kwa akatswiri, chitetezo choyenera, kuwongolera moto komanso kulekanitsa bwino madzi, magetsi ndi gasi. Kugwira ntchito pazachimbudzi kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachilengedwe; gwiritsani ntchito ntchito yaukadaulo pamene chifukwa, zinthu kapena chikhalidwe cha kukhazikitsa sichidziwika bwino.
Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Nkhaniyi ikupezekabe ngati mbiri yakale yakale ndipo sipereka ntchito yopangira mapaipi.
Kukonza mapaipi amadzi
Ndiyeno pamene mapaipi ndi zimbudzi zatha, “mbuye m’nyumba” sangathe kukhala pansi, chifukwa amayenera kudandaula za kukonza.
Lamulo lofunikira ndiloti musanayambe kukonza, madzi ayenera kutsekedwa mwa kutseka valavu kuchokera ku gawo la intaneti kumene kulephera kunachitika. Muyeneranso kudziwa pasadakhale mtundu wa zinthu za mzere wowonongeka chifukwa kukonzanso kumadalira. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira chitoliro chotsogolera, chifukwa pamwamba pake ndi imvi ndipo amatha kukanda mosavuta. Ndiwosavuta kukonza. Ngati madzi akutuluka pang’ono kuchokera ku chitoliro, ndikwanira kudziwa malo a microcrack ndipo pambuyo pa kuwombera pang’ono ndi nyundo, ming’alu idzatsekedwa. Zing’onozing’ono zazikulu ziyenera kugulitsidwa. Malo a ming’alu ndi malo ozungulira ayenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi fayilo kapena mpeni ndikudula pang’ono, kenaka tenthetsani mng’alu ndi mafuta kapena nyali zina ndikuyika malata a solder. Ngati solder igawika mosagwirizana, tiyenera kuyanjanitsa ndi nsalu yoviikidwa mu tallow. Pamene mng’alu uli kumapeto kwa chitoliro, ndiye kuti malata asungunuke ndi kuwapaka. Kaŵirikaŵiri chitoliro chotsogolera chimatha kwambiri kotero kuti mbali zina zimafunikira kusinthidwa kotheratu. Pachifukwa ichi tiyenera kugula chidutswa cha chitoliro 20-22 mm chotalika kuposa chomwe chinawonongeka. Kumapeto kwa chitoliro chatsopano komanso kumunsi kwa chitoliro choyikidwa chiyenera kukulitsidwa ndi pulagi ya conical ndikutsukidwa bwino kuchokera mkati, ndipo mapeto a chitoliro ayenera kutsukidwa ndi fayilo ndi kupindika kuti pakhale 6-8 mm chowombera. Kuwaza olowa ndi ufa utomoni kapena mafuta ndi soldering mafuta, ndiyeno solder ndi nyali mpweya. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti tisatenthetse mtovu, chifukwa umasungunuka ngakhale kutentha kochepa (mkuyu 1).
Image 1 — Mbiri yakale yakukonza chitoliro cha lead ndi lap joint.
Zofunika: Ndime yapitayi ndi Chithunzi 1 kufotokoza njira zakale zokhala ndi mtovu, lawi lotseguka, malata, utomoni ndi mafuta a solder. Mtovu ndi wapoizoni, ndipo kuwotcha ndi kugwira ntchito ndi malawi pa malo osadziwika bwino kungayambitse poizoni, moto, kuphulika, kapena kuwonongeka kwa mawaya obisika. Kuchitapo kanthu kotereku kuyenera kusiyidwa kwa katswiri yemwe angadziwe zakuthupi, yankho lokhazikika komanso kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera madzi akumwa.
Ndikovuta kwambiri kukonza mapaipi achitsulo ndi chitsulo. Zitha kukhazikitsidwa kwakanthawi polumikiza mng’alu ndi tow ndi putty. Kenako amakutidwa ndi utomoni kapena phula ndipo amakulungidwa mwamphamvu ndi tepi yotetezera. Pamapeto pake amamangidwa ndi mkanda (chipolopolo). Komabe, oyika ayenera kuyitanitsidwabe ngakhale kutayikirako kwasiya kwakanthawi. Tidzachotsa kwathunthu kuopsa kwa kutayikira kwina ngati malekezero a ng’anjo akubowoledwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi mkuwa. Ngati zinthuzo sizingagulitsidwe ndipo tili ndi makina owotcherera, malo obowola ayenera kuwotcherera.
Zindikirani: chigamba chakanthawi chomwe chatchulidwa si umboni kuti chitolirocho ndi chotetezeka kapena chokhazikika. Kubowola, kutenthetsa ndi kuwotcherera kwa mapaipi omwe alipo kumafuna kutsimikiza kwa zinthu ndi zomwe zili mu chitoliro, kutaya kwathunthu ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito ya akatswiri. Pankhani ya mapaipi, njira yokhazikika nthawi zambiri imafuna kusinthidwa kwa gawo lowonongeka ndi chinthu choyenera, chovomerezeka.
Kukonza masinki ndikuyika mipope
Ngati sinki mu bafa yathyoka, iyenera kusinthidwa, yatsopano iyenera kuikidwa. Choyamba muyenera kukhazikitsa ma consoles a sinki. mu khoma. Momwe m’mphepete mwa sinki iyenera kukhalira 80 cmkuchokera pansi, zotonthoza ziyenera kuikidwa kuti msinkhu wawo wapamwamba ukhalepo75 cmkuchokera pansi. M’malo omwe ma consoles adzalumikizidwa, khoma liyenera kubowoledwa ndikuyikidwa mu pulasitala ya matabwa. Tikayika pulasitala, timamanga mabataniwo ndi zomangira zamatabwa. Chitoliro chotulutsa chiyenera kuyatsidwa52 cm, ndi kukankhira ku50 cmkuchokera pansi (mkuyu.2).
Chithunzi 2 — Mbiri yakale ya zotonthoza komanso kutalika kwa mapaipi olumikiza.
Chidziwitso Chakuyezera: Kutalika kwa 80 cm, 75 cm, 52 cm ndi 50 cm kwasamutsidwa kuchokera kumawu oyamba. Zisagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira zapadziko lonse popanda kuyang’ana kuzama kwapadera, kupezeka, kumalizidwa pansi, kuyika khoma, malangizo a wopanga ndi malamulo oyenera. Mizere yobisika iyenera kupezeka musanabowole.
Zimachitika nthawi zambiri kuti faucet yakuya imamasuka. Muyenera kusamala kwambiri ndi kukonza. Choyamba muyenera kuchotsa faucet ndikuyeretsa gawo la ulusi, kusindikiza ndi pulasitala kapena putty ndikubwezeretsanso m’malo mwake. Komabe, tisanakhwimitse nati wapansi, tiyenera kuyika wochapira wotsogolera pansi pake (mkuyu 3 kumanzere).
Kusintha matepi apakhoma ndikosavuta. Chitoliro chotulutsa chizikhala 115 cm kuchokera pansi. Mapeto a chitoliro ichi, chomwe chimakhala ndi khoma, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza bomba. Chitoliro cha drainage chilinso pano pa 52 cm kuchokera pansi. Pakuyika, timayika pompopompo pakhoma ndikulemba mabowo kuti tiyambe kuchokera papaipi yokakamiza. Tikayika chizindikiro ndi kudula khoma, timayika matabwa a matabwa mu pulasitala ndipo pulasitala itatha, timayiyika. Pomaliza, timayika mpopi m’malo mwake (mkuyu 3, kumanja).
Image 3 — chomata champopi yoyimirira ndi malo akale a mpope wapakhoma.
Zindikirani pamiyezo ndi zida: kutalika kwa 115 cm ndi 52 cm, komanso nsonga yotsogola komanso kuyika zitsulo zamatabwa mu pulasitala, ndi gawo lachiwonetsero chambiri. Kumanga kwamakono kuyenera kutsata njira yomangirira, yosindikiza ndi yolumikizira yoperekedwa ndi wopanga, ndi cheke cha mphamvu yonyamulira khoma ndi kuyika kobisika.
Kukonza faucet
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mipope yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipope m’nyumba: zopopera zotayira ndi zotsekera (kudzera m’mipopi). Mothandizidwa ndi ma valve otseka, titha kutulutsa mbali zina za netiweki yamadzi. Ma faucets amapangidwa kuchokera ku mkuwa, aluminiyamu, ma alloys osiyanasiyana ndi chitsulo choponyedwa. Chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri za faucets ndi mpando wa valve, womwe pamodzi ndi diski ya valve imalepheretsa kutuluka kwa madzi. Kuti magawo awiriwa atseke ndimeyi bwino komanso mosalakwitsa, mphira wofewa kapena mbale yachikopa imayikidwa pakati pawo, ngati chisindikizo. Pali gawo la ulusi mkati mwa thupi la faucet ndipo limayang’anira, mwachindunji kapena mosadziwika, tsinde la valve. Chigawo chapakati pa faucet ndi tsinde (makono osindikizira) chimamata ndi tow yonyowa pang’ono ndikumangirira m’malo mwake. Pam’munsi mwa spindle pali disc disc yomwe imayikidwa chisindikizo. Pamapeto ena a tsinde la valve pali zogwirira ntchito (chithunzi 4).
Chithunzi 4 — zigawo za fauceti yachikale yokhala ndi tsinde la ulusi.
Kulephera kofala kwa faucet ndikuti chisindikizo chikawonongeka, bomba limatuluka. Cholakwikacho chimathetsedwa mwa kumasula nyumba ya valve ndikuyika gasket yatsopano, koma choyamba kuyeretsa bwino mpando wa valve. Kusindikiza pampopi kwa madzi ozizira kumachitidwa ndi mphira wofewa, ndi madzi otentha ndi Klingerite. The faucet kutayikira, nawonso, ngati valavu thupi gasket ikutha. Chilemachi chimathetsedwa mwa kulowetsa chisindikizo chakale. Choyamba, timatsegula nyumba ya valve ndikuchotsa gasket yakale, kenako kumbali ina ndi ulusi, timayendetsa chingwe chatsopano pa nyumba ya valve. Pambuyo poviika chisindikizo ndi tallow, valavu yotsekerayo imatha kupindika pamalo ake.
Atagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, mkono wosindikiza ukhozanso kutuluka madzi. Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa potembenuza mphete yosindikizira imodzi kapena ziwiri ndi wrench kapena pliers. Ngati madzi akutulukabe, ndiye, m’njira yodziwika kale, timayika chingwe chatsopano chopaka tallow mu manja osindikizira. Nthawi zambiri, m’malo mwa chingwe chokoka, tepi yotchinga imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imabala pa ulusi.
M’zipinda zambiri, mipope imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutsegula ndi kutseka komwe kumachitika m’njira yoti gawo lotulutsa lowonjezera lisunthidwe kumanzere kapena kumanja. Kutayikira kwa faucet yotere kumatha kuthetsedwa ndi mchenga. Nati yomwe ili kumunsi kwa faucet imachotsedwa ndipo gawo lozungulira limachotsedwa. Kenako gawo lozunguliralo limapakidwa ndi mchenga wosakanikirana woviikidwa mumafuta ndikuzungulira muzonyamula. Pambuyo pa mchenga kwa mphindi zingapo, chotulukacho chimachotsedwa ndikutsukidwanso. Kugaya kumapitirira mpaka kukwanirana kwa malo awiriwo kukhala opanda cholakwika.
Zofunika: musanamasule bomba, tsekani ndikuonetsetsa kuti kupanikizika kwachepa. Rubber, chikopa, clinkerite, ndi zosindikizira zokoka komanso njira yopera imalongosoledwa kwa mitundu yakale ya faucets; sizoyenera zokha mitu yamakono ya ceramic, makatiriji, ma hoses osinthika ndi zida zopangira madzi akumwa. Gwiritsani ntchito mbali ndi njira zovomerezeka ndi wopanga.
Kukonza ndi kuyeretsa Siphoni
Ma Siphon, omwe amaikidwa m’mipope ya ngalande, amaletsa fungo losasangalatsa la madzi otayira kutuluka m’mipopi yachimbudzi. Ngati siphon ikutha penapake, chisindikizocho chiyenera kufufuzidwa kaye. M`pofunika unscrew nati (Hollander) pa kugwirizana kwa kuda chitoliro, kuyeretsa ndi kuika chisindikizo chatsopano. N’kuthekanso kuti siphonyo yang’ambika komanso ikutuluka madzi. Ming’alu pa ma siphon otsogolera amatha kuchotsedwa ndi nyundo kapena zitsulo. Komano, ma Siphoni opangidwa ndi mkuwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula amatha kukonzedwa kwakanthawi popaka ming’alu ndi malo ozungulira bwino ndi utomoni kapena phula ndikumangirira ndi kolala yachitsulo. Ma siphon apulasitiki owonongeka amatha kumamatidwa ndi guluu wa PVC, koma ndi bwino kuwasintha.
Ngati timatsuka masiponi pafupipafupi, timatalikitsa moyo wawo ndipo sangatseke. Pankhani ya siphoni zachitsulo, wononga pamunsi pake sayenera kutsekedwa ndipo dothi lichotsedwe ndi chidutswa cha waya. Mbali yapansi ya siphoni ya pulasitiki imapangidwa kuti ichotsedwe ndikutsukidwa. Poyeretsa, m’pofunika kutsuka siphon ndi madzi. Mukabwezera kapu, kapena gawo lapansi la ulusi, liyenera kusindikizidwa bwino.
Chidziwitso chaukhondo: zomwe zili mu ma siphon ndi ngalande zitha kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinthu zakuthwa. Malo ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino, maso ndi khungu ziyenera kutetezedwa, kuwaza ndi kukhudzana ndi chakudya kuyenera kupewedwa, ndipo zinyalala ndi zida ziyenera kuchitidwa mwaukhondo. Osasakaniza mankhwala ochotsera mpweya kapena kumasula makinawo mukapanikizika kapena pangozi yotaya madzi.
Kukonza boiler yachimbudzi
Sitimakhala ndi vuto ndi chowotcha m’chimbudzi, kotero ngati chikufunika kukonzedwa, tiyenera kuchiyang’ana kaye. Choyamba, tiyeni tione kugwirizana kwa ketulo, mwachitsanzo. ngati si mwinamwake mabakiti a thanki pakhoma ndi omasuka. Ngati ndi kotheka, muyenera kuchotsa zomangira zamatabwa, kuyika zidutswa zamatabwa m’malo mwawo ndikuyikanso zomangirazo. Ngati ketulo ikutha kwinakwake, tikhoza kuikonza ndi soldering (mkuyu 5, kumtunda). Nthawi zina pamafunika kukonza makina amkati a ketulo. Kulephera kofala kwambiri ndi pamene faucet satseka bwino ndipo madzi amatuluka nthawi zonse. Zikatero, matepi otetezera ayenera kutsekedwa, pampu ya boiler iyenera kupasuka ndipo mphira wosindikiza ayenera kusinthidwa. Rabara iyi ikhoza kugulidwa ngati chinthu chopangidwa kale, koma tikhoza kudzipangira tokha (Mkuyu 5, gawo lapakati). Choyandamacho chiyeneranso kufufuzidwa posonkhanitsa makinawo. Ngati chabowoleredwa, tiyenera kuthira madzi ndi solder dzenje. Tikhoza kumata pulasitiki zoyandama ndi PVC guluu. Nthawi zina, kulephera kungathenso kuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha koyipa kwa kulemera kapena kuvala kwa mbale ya rabara, yomwe ili pamenepo. Poyamba, utali wa chogwirira chomwe chimalendewera cholendeweracho chiyenera kusinthidwa, ndipo chachiwiri, pochotsa wononga pagawo lapansi la kulemera kwake, m’malo mwa mbale ya rabara.
Picture 5 — mawonedwe akale a boiler, mavavu ndi kuyeretsa kukhetsa kwa makina.
Zofunika: kusungunula ketulo yachitsulo kapena kuyandama, kukonza bwino ndi kugwira ntchito pamakina akale si njira zotetezeka konse. Zimitsani madzi, khazikitsani ketulo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira zoyenera. Zoumba zadothi zong’aluka ndi mabulaketi apakhoma osatetezedwa zimafunika kusinthidwa kapena kuthandizidwa ndi akatswiri.
Mapaipi a ngalande ndi zimbudzi
Madzi otayira kuchokera m’sinki, m’sinki, m’chimbudzi ndi m’bafa amatsanulidwa m’nyumbamo kudzera m’zimbudzi. Polandira mfundo, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amatuluka pa sekondi imodzi, m’mimba mwake yaying’ono kwambiri ya chitoliro chamadzimadzi chomwe chimafunika kuti madzi atuluke, m’mimba mwake wa siphon ndi kutalika kwa kutsekedwa kwa siphon ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya zipangizozi ndi siphon, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a chilembo S, V kapena P. Chisindikizo chamadzi chimayikidwa muzitsulo. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ma siphoni azitsukidwa ndikusungidwa nthawi zonse, chifukwa madzi owonongeka omwe amasonkhanitsidwa amatha kuchotsedwa kudzera mu siphon. Mapaipi otayira amapangidwa ndi lead, iron iron, PVC kapena Eternite. Tikhoza kupanga mapaipi otovu mosavuta powamenya ndi nyundo yathabwa ngati titawadzaza ndi mchenga poyamba. Amagwirizanitsidwa ndi soldering. Ngati aikidwa pakhoma kapena pansi, ayenera kuikidwa kale ndi phula kapena phula, ndipo ngati ali ndi katundu, aikidwe mumsewu ndi kuyika njerwa pamwamba pa chitoliro. Mapaipi a PVC amatha kukhala: odulidwa, opangidwa mosavuta m’madzi ofunda, opangidwa ndi mpweya wotentha kapena zitsulo zotentha, zomata ndi guluu wa PVC. Nthawi yomata yomata ndi 14 maola. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a PVC pamadzi otentha chifukwa amawonongeka msanga. Mapaipi a PVC amapangidwa m’mikhalidwe iwiri. Mapaipi a “Pressure” ndi amphamvu kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa maukonde amadzi. Mipope ya zimbudzi imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mapaipi otayira. Mapaipi achitsulo oponyedwa nthawi zambiri amaikidwa kunja kwa makoma. Miyezo ya mapaipi otayidwa ndi 50-150 mm. Amalumikizidwa ndi mtovu wosungunuka kapena phula ndipo cholumikizira chimalimbikitsidwa ndi makolala. Mapaipi osatha amatha kudulidwa mosavuta ndi macheka. Ngati aikidwa pansi, amatetezedwa kumadzi apansi ndi phula kunja ndi mkati. Mitu yolumikizira (muffs) nthawi zonse imayikidwa kumtunda kwa chitoliro, ndipo pakakhala mipope yopingasa, nthawi zonse imatsutsana ndi njira yolowera. Kusindikiza kumapangidwa ndi tow ndi zokutira simenti.
Mapaipi otayira amatha kutsukidwa ndi scraper, kuikidwa pa waya wokhala ndi mainchesi 4-5 mm, wire brush, ndi zina zotero. Njira yosavuta yochotsera zotchinga pazida ndi pompu yoletsa kutseka. Mapampuwa amatha kugulidwa okonzeka, koma tikhoza kudzipanga tokha pogwiritsa ntchito chogwirira chamatabwa chozungulira komanso mpira wakale wa rabara. Mpirawo uyenera kudulidwa pakati ndikubowoleza pakati, kenaka umangiriridwa pa chogwiriracho ndi matabwa ndi washer. Mukachotsa chotsekereza, lembani sinki ndi madzi ndikuyika mpope potsegula ndikusindikiza bwino. Kupopa kuyenera kubwerezedwa mpaka chitoliro chokhetsa chiyeretsedwe. Mofananamo, tikhoza kuchotsa kutsekeka kwa mbale ya chimbudzi. Ngati sitipambana m’njira imeneyi, tiyenera kuika mbedza pawaya poyeretsa mipope ya zimbudzi, kukankhira pakhomo la chimbudzi ndi kumasula kapuyo mwa kuisuntha uku ndi uku ndi kuitembenuza mosalekeza. Choyamba, ndithudi, mudzaze mbale ya chimbudzi ndi madzi. Tikachotsa chotchinga, madzi amatha ndipo titha kutulutsa waya (mkuyu 5, gawo lapansi).
Chenjezo lapadera la mapaipi akale: “mapaipi osatha” m’mawu akale atha kukhala simenti yaasibesitosi. Osadula, kupera, kubowola, kuswa kapena kuyeretsa ndi njira yopangira fumbi. Kuzindikiritsa, kuchotsa ndi kutaya kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi ntchito yovomerezeka yovomerezeka malinga ndi malamulo omwe alipo. Zonena za phula, lead, PVC, kutentha kwa kuumba, nthawi yokhazikitsira 14 maola ndi ma diameter 50-150 mm sizikuyimira zomwe zachitika; adawunikidwa ngati ali ndi malonda olondola, omwe akufuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso malamulo akumaloko.
Kukamitsidwa Motetezedwa: Waya kapena mbeza yokhazikika imatha kuboola chitoliro, kuvulaza wogwiritsa ntchito kapena kukakamira pakuyika. Njira yosadziwika, kutsekeka kobwerezabwereza, kubweza kwa sewero, kutayikira pakhoma kapena pansi, fungo losasangalatsa lomwe silimatha kapena kukayikira chitoliro chowonongeka kumafuna kuyang’anira akatswiri ndi zida zoyenera. Osasakaniza zidulo, mabasi, variquin kapena zinthu zina ndipo musapitilize kugwira ntchito ngati pali chiopsezo cha splash, mpweya kapena kutayikira.