Isexwayiso Esibalulekile: Lona umbhalo wengobo yomlando, hhayi idizayini yesimanje, ukwakhiwa noma imiyalelo yokuphepha. Izincazelo zezilinganiso, izimpawu, ukwenziwa kwamathuluzi, amandla kanye nemithwalo ayithathi indawo yamazinga avumelekile, ukubala, imibhalo yobuchwepheshe noma umsebenzi wochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.
Lo mbhalo awuyona ingxenye yomnikelo wamanje we-Savo Kusić, ogxile kumawindi, iminyango nezisombululo ezihlobene.
Isifundo sokuqala sobuchwepheshe
Le bhulogi ngokuyinhloko ihloselwe abangebona ochwepheshe, ngakho sizozama ukugwema ukucabangela okujulile, futhi sizonikeza iseluleko esisebenzayo nezisombululo ezisebenzayo. Nokho, kukhona ulwazi okuthi, nakuba lungokwesayensi yobuchwepheshe, olungenakugwenywa. Ikakhulukazi ngoba zihlobene eduze nokuzijwayeza futhi zinokubaluleka okukhulu. Kalula nje, bakha “isikole samabanga aphansi” sesayensi yezobuchwepheshe. Phakathi kwazo, ukulinganisa yikona okubaluleke kakhulu, futhi igama elithi “geometer« lisuka lapha (libhekisela kuchwepheshe owazi ukulinganisa ngokunembile ubuso bezwe).
Umfundi uzohlangabezana nesexwayiso ngokuphindaphindiwe:
izinyathelo ezintathu,
sika kanye!
Umsebenzi olungile futhi oyimpumelelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umthetho wangaphambilini ungenzeka ngenhlanhla.
Isimo esiyisisekelo sokulinganisa okunembile wulwazi oluhle lwemishini yokulinganisa, ukukhetha kwayo okufanele kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo, uma ikhona, noma ukushintshwa kwayo okwanele ngesinye (isithombe 1).
SLIKA 1
Ukuze kukale ubude obuncane, imitha egoqekayo isetshenziswa kakhulu (isithombe 1a). Yenziwe ngokhuni noma ngensimbi. Uma kulinganiswa izinto ezinkulu, ezinde, ukulinganisa kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, ngoba ukulinganisa (ukuvulwa) okunganele kwezingxenye ezithile zemitha kubangela ukulinganisa okufushane.
Ifomu elilungisiwe lemitha yiteyiphu yokulinganisa yensimbi (Umfanekiso 1b). Inenzuzo yokuthi isiphetho esisodwa sigotshwe nge-engeli engu-90°, ngakho-ke singaxhunywa ekupheleni kwesigaba esilinganisiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela umuntu oyedwa kuphela ongakala ubude be-1-2 metra.
Ukuze uthole izilinganiso ezinembe kakhudlwana, kufanele sisebenzise i-caliper (isithombe 1c). Ingasetshenziswa ukukala izilinganiso zangaphandle, zangaphakathi nokujula kuze kufike kumadesimitha amaningana. I-vernier (isikali esinyakazayo) simvumela ukuba alinganise ngokunemba kwengxenye yeshumi yemilimitha. Inezingxenye ezinkulu eziyisishiyagalolunye zamamilimitha. Engxenyeni enguziro ye-vernier, sifunda amamilimitha aphelele, futhi endaweni lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwe-vernier kuhambisana khona (noma kuseduze kakhulu) nokuhlukaniswa kwe-millimeter, okweshumi okuhambisanayo kwe-millimeter.
I-micrometer isetshenziselwa izilinganiso ezinembe kakhulu (isithombe 1d). Sibeka into esifuna ukuyikala phakathi kwemihlathi eqinile yemishini yokulinganisa ye-micrometer bese siphendula isigubhu se-micrometer kuze kube yilapho ama-probe okulinganisa acindezela kancane ebusweni bento. Khona-ke ekuhlukaniseni komugqa ku-spindle sifunda amanani (asabonakala) amamilimitha futhi ku-vernier ingxenye eyikhulu yemilimitha.
Cishe ukubaluleka okufanayo njengamathuluzi okulinganisa nawo angamathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukulungisa noma ukulawula (isithombe 2). Okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwazo i-engeli - winkle (isithombe 2e). Lesi sisetshenziswa simise njengohlamvu L, isb. ingxenye eqondile ixhunywe esisekelweni nge-engeli elungile. Ngezikhathi ezithile kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukunemba kwe-angle efanele. Yenziwe kokubili ngokhuni nensimbi. Isisekelo sayo sibanzi futhi sibekwe njengerula emaphethelweni ento elinganisiwe.
SLIKA 2
I-protractor elungisekayo, ithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuthambeka nokulawula i-engeli (isithombe 2f) nayo iyithuluzi elibalulekile. Ngayo, “ama-engeli” angadluliselwa, futhi nge-protractor ebekwe eduze kwaleli thuluzi, amanani e-engeli angalinganiswa. Ithiphu yolimi lwaleli thuluzi ifakwe kahle ngomshini nge-engeli engu-45degrees, ngakho-ke ingakwazi ukulungisa kalula uhhafu osetshenziswa kakhulu we-engeli elungile. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ukukala ukujula nobubanzi.
Isikali sensimbi “isithupha” (isithombe 1g) sisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa okunembile kobude, okunenzuzo yokuthi ubude obulungisiwe bungasetshenziswa izikhathi ezimbalwa. Yingakho ibizwa nangokuthi ikhampasi yesikali. Uma isilinganiso eside sidinga ukuhlukaniswa sibe izingxenye ezimbalwa ezincane, iyithuluzi elingcono kakhulu.
Okufanayo isidlulisi sekhampasi sokulungisa izilinganiso zangaphandle (isithombe 1h). Ukulinganisa nokulungisa izilinganiso zangaphakathi, i.e. ukuvula kunikezwa ikhampasi efanayo, evuleke kuphela (isithombe 1i). Irula elihambisanayo (isithombe 2j) lisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa, ukufaka nokumaka ubude. Njenge-engeli, ingafakwa ku-workpiece. Ngokukhipha futhi ulungise ithebhu esilinganisweni osifunayo ngephini lokumaka, umugqa ohambisanayo ungadwetshwa.
Ekugcineni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nerula yensimbi ngaphezu kwerula yokhuni noma yepulasitiki (ayikwazi, ngokwesibonelo, ukusikwa ngommese, ngoba kunengozi yokusika irula), inaliti yokumaka kanye ne-punch lapho usebenza ngensimbi, okungukuthi nguKirner.
Ukugeleza kokukhiqiza kwethuluzi elilodwa lokulinganisa elinezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi
Lawa amathuluzi okulinganisa abaluleke kakhulu kuphela, kodwa uma sinawo, ngeke sibe nebhizinisi elingaqediwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsimbi zokulinganisa. Uma singenalo ithuba lokuthola amathuluzi okulinganisa amaningi kangaka, sizokwenza ithuluzi lokulinganisa elilula nelingabizi, elingasetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi yokukala eyisikhombisa (isithombe 3).
SLIKA 3
Sidinga ukuthola i-protractor eyodwa ewugqinsi efika ku-360° eyenziwe nge-plexiglass (celluloid) kanye nerula eyodwa eyenziwe ngento efanayo. Kusuka ekhoneni elingezansi -90° (270°) kukala 45° nhlangothi zombili, ngemva kwalokho isegimenti kufanele isikwe kusukela ezinhlangothini ezilinganisiwe kuya maphakathi ne-protractor. Maphakathi nokusikwa okutholwe ngale ndlela, sinamathisela irula manje ehlukanisa i-engeli ethi 90° ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo futhi iyenze ifanelekele ukulinganisa i-engeli engu-45°. Ngaphambilini, ngakwesokudla se-protractor, yenza ukusika okuncane nge-engeli engu-140°.
Ishejuli yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza imi kanje: 1. Sinqamula ingxenye ethi 2x45° esikweleni. 2. Sibeka unqenqema lombusi ohlangothini lwe-zero division ukuze luhambisane nendawo ye-protractor. 3. Sika isikwele ubude obugcwele phezu kwerula. 4. Sinamathisela umbusi ku-protractor. 5. Sika ingxenye ethi 140°. 6. Masibhoboze izimbobo. 7. Lola isiphetho serula sibe ngu-15°.
Silola isiphetho serula ngamavelu amakhulu amasentimitha amaningi nge-engeli engu-15°. Sinquma phakathi nendawo ngendlela ye-wedge futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi senza ukuhlukaniswa kwamamilimitha ukukala ububanzi. Noma, ukuze silawule ububanzi bokubhoboza sibhoboza izimbobo eruleni (isb. 2,3,4,5 mm njll.). Unqenqema lombusi, ohlangothini lwesiqalo sokuhlukaniswa kwamasentimitha, kufanele lubekwe phakathi nendawo ye-protractor. Endaweni yokusikwa kwe-45° kusuka ku-protractor, sinquma ingxenye ukuze umugqa wokusika uhambisane nakho konke ukuhlukaniswa kwerula. Ngemuva kwalokhu, udinga kuphela ukunamathela umbusi ku-protractor futhi ithuluzi lokulinganisa lomhlaba wonke selilungile.
Leli thuluzi elincane lingenza imisebenzi eyisikhombisa ehlukene. Ngaphezu kokumaka iziqongo zamalathi, amabhodi, amakhadibhodi, njll. nge-engeli engu-45°, ekugcineni kwerula singamaka nge-engeli engu-15°. Umsebenzi we-180° protractor ukunquma ama-engeli. Ngokuzungezisa ithuluzi, sithola irula elincane. Inothi ye-140° eseceleni isebenzela ukulawula ukuthambekela kwamathiphu wezingcezu zokubhoboza. I-engeli engu-140° inkulu kune-engeli yokuthambekela emaphakathi yamathiphu okubhoboza, ngakho-ke ama-engeli amancane angalinganiselwa uma kulinganiswa.
Ithuluzi lingasetshenziswa futhi ukuthola isikhungo sezinto eziyindilinga. Ngokuvula okuthi 90-120°, futhi ngokuhudula umugqa 2-3, kuyenzeka ukucacisa indawo ephakathi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamasentimitha erulani eliqondile kungasetshenziswa ngokuzimela ukukala ubude, kuyilapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemilimitha ku-cutout emaphakathi (noma izimbobo ezinobubanzi obukhulayo) kusetshenziselwa ukukala ububanzi bezinto ezigoqayo.
Mayelana nokumaka
Umugqa odwetshwe ngepensela noma inaliti kufanele uhlale usezingeni, noma ube eceleni kancane kwesiqephu esisikwayo. Ingxenye ewayo idinga ukuklwejwa. Ukuze siphawule ukhuni, sisebenzisa ipensela eliyisicaba elikhethekile lokwenza ukhuni, okufanele lilolwe kodwa lingaloli. Ipeni le-ballpoint nalo lingasetshenziswa.
Uma umaka iphoyinti kunomugqa, ukumaka kwenziwa ngemigqa emibili ephambanayo. Imigqa yokulinganisa edwetshwe kucezu lokusebenza kufanele ibe yinde kancane kunevelu edingekayo futhi lapho izilinganiso ezimbili zithintana, ziphambana, imigqa inqamule.
Ekugcineni nawu, futhi, umthetho oyinhloko: linganisa izikhathi ezintathu…
Masiphinde sazi isifanekiso sokusika nge-engeli (Fig2k) evumela ukuthi ama-laths asikwe noma abhavizwe nge-engeli ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isilinganiso15°,30°,45° i60°. Kuyithuluzi elivulekile elifana nebhokisi elinemifantu emaceleni. Izinhlangothi zenziwe ngokhuni oluqinile lapho, ngemva kokumaka okunembile kakhulu, ama-grooves asikwa ema-engeli asetshenziswa kakhulu. I-workpiece ifakwe ku-slot phakathi kwethuluzi, ilungiswe futhi inqunywe ngaphandle kobunzima e-engeli oyifunayo.
Amaqiniso amathathu okufanele uwaqaphele:1Intshi yesiNgisi, sol=2,54 cm;1unyawo=30 cm;1iphawundi=450UMnu.
Mayelana nomthwalo
Uma sesiyazi kakade ukuthi yini esifuna ukuyenza, futhi sazi ukuthi sinquma kanjani izilinganiso, kufanele sicabange nokuthi hlobo luni lomthwalo into esiyenzayo ezomelana nayo. Yingakho kudingekile ukuthi sizijwayeze namagama amakesi okulayisha ayisisekelo. Kakhulu, njengoba ezimweni eziningi ukukhethwa kwezinto kuncike emthwalweni (Fig4).
SLIKA 4
Ingcindezi (Fig4a) ingaba ne-static, i.e. engaguquki (njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza kumakholomu asekelayo abamba uphahla lwendlu) noma aguquguqukayo, asuka esenzweni samandla ngesikhathi sokunyakaza (isb, isenzo sesando ku-rivet, noma isenzo sezimoto ezimbili komunye nomunye ngesikhathi sokushayisana).
Ukudonsa, ukudabula (isib4b) umphumela ophambene wengcindezi. Isibonelo sakudala salokhu ukubonakala kwamandla entanjeni uma iqinile. Kungokufanayo nangesikulufu esibambe i-hardware yesango, i-nut yaso esiyiqinisa kakhulu nge-wrench evulekile.
Ukusonta (Fig4c) isebenza ngokhiye wesango lapho sisivala ekhiyweni, noma i-screwdriver lapho sishayela isikulufu sokhuni sibe wukhuni oluqinile. Ukusonteka kwesikulufu kuvame ukubonwa ngaphansi komthwalo oweqile.
Ukubopha (isib4d). Isibonelo esisobala sokubopha inkemba ukugoqa kombiyeli lapho isihloko senkemba sishaya izikhali zombangi. Ukubopha ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho ibha ende ezacile ilayishwa ekugcineni, isb. icala lokusekela imishayo yesakhiwo sophahla, uma kuyimishayo emincane (amandla afanayo asebenza ohlangothini olungezansi lwesigxobo njengasohlangothini olungaphezulu). Kubalulekile, emva kwakho konke, ukuqaphela lokhu: umuntu uvame ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi amandla asebenza kuphela ohlangothini olulodwa, kodwa ngenxa yokumelana nokusekelwa, empeleni enza ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, sibophela ingxenye eyodwa yentambo esihlahleni, kanti enye idonswa iqembu elilodwa, amandla anjalo asebenza entanjeni njengokungathi, esikhundleni sesihlahla, kunelinye iqembu elidonsa intambo.
Ukugoba (Fig5e). Uma amandla asebenza engxenyeni eyodwa ye-beam evundlile enye ingxenye yayo iboshiwe, ibangela ukugoba. Ukugoba ugongolo kungancishiswa kakhulu ngokukhetha iphrofayili efanelekile ye-cross-sectional. Ngokuvamile singabona ukuthi ukugoba kweshidi lensimbi kungenziwa kuphela uma umkhawulo owodwa uboshwe ngokuqinile futhi omunye umkhawulo usetshenziswa ngamandla okugoba. Isithombe6ikhombisa ukumelana kwamaphrofayili ahlukahlukene wokhuni kanye nensimbi ukuze kuhlanganiswe nokugoba. Ukumelana okuphansi kakhulu kuboniswa yi-batten engenhla, eyisicaba, futhi ephakeme kakhulu ngepayipi lensimbi kanye nenduku yokhuni, eyenziwe ngokusho kwesithombe esingezansi.
SLIKA 6
Ukugunda (Umdwebo 5f). Isibonelo esidume kakhulu sokugunda ukusika insimbi yeshidi ngesikelo. Futhi ama-rivets avezwa ku-shear engakwazi ukuwasika lapho amapuleti aphikisiwe ehamba ngokumelene nomunye ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla aqinile noma acindezelayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukulayisha okumile nokuguquguqukayo. Enye iwumthwalo uma sima ngokucophelela egebeni ukusuka 70 kg yethu, kanti enye yilapho sigxumela kuyo sisuka endaweni ephakeme engu-2 meter. Izinto ezivezwe ekulayisheni okuguquguqukayo kufanele zibe nobukhulu obuqine kakhulu.
SLIKA 5
Kuzo zonke izilinganiso ezivumelekile zohlelo lokusebenza lwesimanje, idatha yento ephathekayo enembile, ukubalwa komthwalo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kubalulekile. Izibonelo zomlando ezivela kulo mbhalo akubona ubufakazi bomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo noma imiyalelo yokwakha.