Chenjezo Lofunika: Ili ndi zolemba zakale zakale, osati malangizo amakono, zomangamanga kapena chitetezo. Kufotokozera muyeso, zizindikiro, kupanga zida, mphamvu ndi katundu sizilowa m’malo mwa miyezo yoyenera, kuwerengera, zolemba zaukadaulo kapena ntchito ya katswiri wodziwa ntchito.
Mawu awa si gawo la zomwe Savo Kusić akutsatsa pano, zomwe zimayang’ana kwambiri mazenera, zitseko ndi njira zina.
Kosi yoyamba yaukadaulo
Bulogu iyi imapangidwira anthu omwe si akatswiri, choncho tidzayesetsa kupewa malingaliro ozama, ndipo tidzapereka malangizo othandiza ndi mayankho omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, pali zidziwitso zina zomwe, ngakhale zili za sayansi yaukadaulo, sizingapewedwe. Makamaka chifukwa zimagwirizana kwambiri ndikuchita komanso ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mwachidule, akumanga “sukulu ya pulayimale” ya sayansi yaukadaulo. Pakati pawo, kuyeza ndiko kofunika kwambiri, ndipo mawu akuti “geometer« amachokera apa (kutanthauza katswiri wodziwa kuyeza bwino kwambiri pamtunda).
Wowerenga amakumana ndi chenjezo mobwerezabwereza:
miyezo katatu,
dula kamodzi!
Ntchito yolondola komanso yopambana popanda kutsatira lamulo lakale zingangochitika mwangozi.
Mkhalidwe wofunikira pakuyezera kolondola ndikudziwa bwino zida zoyezera, kusankha kwake koyenera ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito, ngati kulipo, kapena kusinthidwa kokwanira ndi china (chithunzi 1).
SLIKA 1
Poyeza utali wocheperako, mita yomwe imatha kupindika imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (chithunzi 1a). Zimapangidwa ndi matabwa kapena zitsulo. Poyezera zinthu zazikulu, zazitali, kuyezako kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamala, chifukwa kusakwanira (kutsegula) kwa mbali zina za mita kumapangitsa kuti muyezo ukhale waufupi.
Mawonekedwe osinthidwa a mita ndi tepi yoyezera yachitsulo (Chithunzi 1b). Zili ndi ubwino wake kuti mapeto amodzi amapindika pa ngodya ya 90°, kotero kuti akhoza kukokedwa kumapeto kwa gawo loyezedwa ndipo motero munthu m’modzi yekha angathe kuyeza utali wa 1-2 metra.
Pa miyezo yolondola, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito caliper (chithunzi 1c). Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza miyeso yakunja, mkati ndi kuya mpaka ma decimeter angapo. vernier (kusuntha sikelo) amalola kuyeza ndi kulondola kwa magawo khumi a millimeter. Ili ndi magawo asanu ndi anayi akuluakulu a millimeter. Pa magawo a zero a vernier, timawerenga mamilimita athunthu, ndipo pamalo omwe magawano pa vernier amagwirizana (kapena ali pafupi kwambiri) ndi gawo limodzi la millimeter, gawo lakhumi lolingana la millimeter.
A micrometer imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera molondola kwambiri (chithunzi 1d). Timayika chinthu chomwe tikufuna kuyeza pakati pa nsagwada zolimba za ma probe oyezera a micrometer ndikutembenuza ng’oma ya micrometer mpaka ma probes oyezera mopepuka kukanikizira pamwamba pa chinthucho. Ndiye pa mzere wa mzere pa spindle timawerenga (zowonekerabe) za millimeters ndi pa vernier zana la millimeter.
Pafupifupi kufunikira kofanana ndi zida zoyezera ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukonza kapena kuwongolera (chithunzi 2). Chofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi ngodya - winkle (chithunzi 2e). Chida ichi ndi chopangidwa ngati chilembo L, mwachitsanzo. gawo loyimirira limamangiriridwa kumunsi pa ngodya yolondola. Nthawi ndi nthawi ndikofunikira kuyang’ana kulondola kwa ngodya yoyenera. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa ndi zitsulo. Maziko ake ndi okulirapo ndipo amaikidwa ngati wolamulira m’mphepete mwa chinthu choyezedwa.
SLIKA 2
Protractor yosinthika, chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza malo otsetsereka ndi kuwongolera ngodya (chithunzi 2f) ndichonso chida chofunikira. Ndi izo, “angles” akhoza kufalitsidwa, ndipo ndi protractor woikidwa pafupi ndi chida ichi, mfundo ngodya akhoza kuyesedwa. Nsonga ya lilime la chidachi imapangidwa ndendende pamakona a 45degree, kotero imatha kusintha theka logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri la ngodya yoyenera. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuyeza kuya ndi m’lifupi.
Chitsulo “chisanu ndi chimodzi” (chithunzi 1g) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kutalika kwautali, zomwe zimakhala ndi ubwino woti kutalika kokhazikika kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kangapo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amatchedwanso kampasi ya sikelo. Pamene muyeso wautali uyenera kugawidwa m’magawo angapo ang’onoang’ono, ndiye chida chabwino kwambiri.
Mofananamo ndi kampasi yosinthira kukonza miyeso yakunja (chithunzi 1h). Poyezera ndi kukonza zoyezera zamkati, i.e. kutsegula kumaperekedwa ndi kampasi yomweyi, yotsegula basi (chithunzi 1i). Wolamulira wofananira (chithunzi 2j) amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera, kuyika ndi kuyika chizindikiro utali. Monga ngodya, imatha kumangirizidwa ku workpiece. Potulutsa ndi kukonza tabu ku muyeso womwe mukufuna ndi pini yolembera, mzere wofananira ukhoza kujambulidwa.
Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi wolamulira wachitsulo kuwonjezera pa matabwa kapena pulasitiki wolamulira (sangathe kudulidwa ndi mpeni, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa pali chiopsezo chodula wolamulira), singano yolemba chizindikiro ndi nkhonya pogwira ntchito ndi zitsulo, i.e. Kirner.
Njira yopangira chida chimodzi choyezera ndi ntchito zingapo
Izi ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zoyezera, koma ngati tili nazo, sitidzakhala ndi bizinesi yosamalizidwa chifukwa chosowa zida zoyezera. Ngati tilibe mwayi wopeza zida zambiri zoyezera, tipanga chida choyezera chapadziko lonse chosavuta komanso chotsika mtengo patokha, chomwe kuyeza kasanu ndi kawiri kutha kuchitidwa (chithunzi 3).
SLIKA 3
Tiyenera kupeza protractor imodzi yokulirapo mpaka 360° yopangidwa ndi plexiglass (celluloid) ndi chowongolera chimodzi chopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwezo. Kuyambira pa ngodya ya pansi -90° (270°) yesani 45° mbali zonse ziwiri, kenako gawo lidulidwe kuchokera kumbali zoyezedwa mpaka pakati pa protractor. Pakati pa kudula komwe kumapezeka motere, timamatira wolamulira omwe tsopano amagawaniza mbali ya 90° m’magawo awiri ofanana ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kuyeza ngodya ya 45°. M’mbuyomu, kumanja kwa protractor, tidapanga chodula chaching’ono chokhala ndi ngodya ya 140°.
Ndandanda ya ntchito zopanga ili motere: 1. Tinadula gawo la 2x45° kuchokera pamzerewu. 2. Timayika m’mphepete mwa wolamulira kumbali ya magawo a zero kuti agwirizane ndi pakati pa protractor. 3. Timadula lalikululo mpaka kutalika konse pa wolamulira. 4. Timamatira wolamulira ku protractor. 5. Timadula gawo la 140°. 6. Tiyeni tibowole mabowo. 7. Nola kumapeto kwa rula kuti 15°.
Timanola kumapeto kwa rula pamiyendo yayikulu yamasentimita angapo pamakona a 15°. Timadula pakati ngati mphero ndipo mbali imodzi timagawanitsa mamilimita kuti tiyese m’mimba mwake. Kapena, kuti tiwongolere kukula kwa kubowola timabowola mabowo pa chowongolera (mwachitsanzo 2,3,4,5 mm etc.). Mphepete mwa wolamulira, kumbali ya chiyambi cha kugawanika kwa centimita, iyenera kuikidwa pakati pa protractor. Pamalo odulidwa a 45° kuchokera ku protractor, timadula gawo kuti mzere wodula ugwirizane ndi kugawanika konse kwa wolamulira. Pambuyo pa izi, mumangofunika kumangirira wolamulira kwa protractor ndipo chida choyezera chonse chiri chokonzeka.
Chida chaching’ono ichi chitha kugwira ntchito zisanu ndi ziwiri zosiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera pa kulemba pamwamba pa laths, matabwa, makatoni, ndi zina zotero pa ngodya ya 45°, kumapeto kwa rula tikhoza kulemba pa ngodya ya 15°. Ntchito ya 180° protractor ndikuzindikira makona. Pozungulira chidacho, timapeza min wolamulira. Notch ya 140° kumbali imathandizira kuwongolera kupendekera kwa nsonga za zobowola. Makona a 140° ndi aakulu kuposa avereji yopendekera ya nsonga za kubowola, kotero kuti tingoyerekeza tating’ono ting’ono tikamayeza.
Chidachi chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupeza pakati pa zinthu zozungulira. Potembenuza 90-120°, ndi kukokera mzere wa 2-3, ndizotheka kudziwa pakati. Kugawikana kwa centimita pa chowongolera chowongoka kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kutalika kwake, pomwe gawo la mamilimita pakati pa cutout (kapena mabowo okhala ndi m’mimba mwake) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kukula kwa zinthu zogudubuza.
Za Kuyika Chidziwitso
Mzere wojambula ndi pensulo kapena singano uyenera kukhala pa muyeso, kapena pang’ono kumbali ya chidutswa chomwe chikudulidwa. Gawo lomwe likugwa liyenera kukanda. Kulemba matabwa, timagwiritsa ntchito pensulo yapadera yosalala yopangira matabwa, yomwe iyenera kukhala yakuthwa koma yosanoledwa. Cholembera chikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Poyika chizindikiro m’malo mopanda mzere, cholembacho chimapangidwa ndi mizere iwiri yopingasa. Mizere yoyezera yomwe imakokedwa pa chogwiriracho iyenera kukhala yayitali pang’ono kuposa mtengo wofunikira ndipo pomwe miyeso iwiriyo imakhudza, imadutsana, mizereyo imadutsana.
Potsiriza apa pali, kachiwiri, lamulo lalikulu: yesani katatu…
Tidziwenso template yodula pamakona (Mkuyu2k) zomwe zimalola kuti ma laths adulidwe kapena kupendekedwa pakona popanda muyeso uliwonse15°,30°,45° ndi60°. Ndi chida chotseguka ngati bokosi chomwe chili ndi ma grooves m’mbali. M’mbali mwake amapangidwa ndi matabwa olimba kumene, pambuyo polemba zolondola kwambiri, ma grooves amadulidwa pamakona omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chogwirira ntchito chimayikidwa mu kagawo pakati pa chida, chokhazikika ndi kudula popanda zovuta pa ngodya yomwe mukufuna.
Mfundo zitatu zofunika kuziganizira:1English inchi, sol=2,54 cm;1phazi=30 cm;1pound =450Bambo.
Za katundu
Pamene tidziwa kale zomwe tikufuna kupanga, komanso kudziwa momwe tingadziwire miyeso, tiyenera kuganiziranso za mtundu wa katundu umene tikupanga uyenera kupirira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti tidziwe bwino mayina azinthu zonyamula katundu. Koposa zonse, monga nthawi zambiri kusankha kwa zinthu kumadalira katundu (mkuyu4).
SLIKA 4
Pressure (Chith4a) amatha kukhala osasunthika, i.e. osasunthika (monga, mwachitsanzo, kuchita pamizati yothandizira yomwe imagwira padenga la nyumbayo) kapena yamphamvu, yomwe imachokera ku zochita zamphamvu pakuyenda (mwachitsanzo, zochita za nyundo pa rivet, kapena machitidwe a magalimoto awiri wina ndi mnzake panthawi ya kugunda).
Kutulutsa, kung’amba (mkuyu4b) ndi zotsatira zosiyana za kukakamizidwa. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha izi ndi mawonekedwe a mphamvu mu chingwe ikakhala yolimba. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi screw yomwe imakhala ndi hardware ya chipata, yomwe nati yake timayimitsa kwambiri ndi wrench yotseguka.
Kupotoza (Mkuyu4c) amachitira pa kiyi pachipata tikamatembenuza mu loko, kapena screwdriver tikamayendetsa matabwa mu matabwa olimba. Kupotoza kwa screw nthawi zambiri kumatha kuwoneka pansi pa katundu wambiri.
Buckling (mku4d). Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu cha kumeta ndi lupanga lakumanga la mpanda pamene nsonga ya lupanga igunda zida za mdaniyo. Kumanga mabatani nthawi zambiri kumachitika pamene kapamwamba kakang’ono kakang’ono kamene kamakwezedwa kumapeto, mwachitsanzo. nkhani ya matabwa ochiritsira a denga, ngati ali matabwa owonda (mphamvu yomweyi imagwira ntchito pansi pa mtengo monga pamwamba). Ndikofunika, pambuyo pa zonse, kuzindikira izi: nthawi zambiri munthu amakhala ndi maganizo akuti mphamvu zimagwira ntchito kuchokera kumbali imodzi, koma chifukwa cha kukana kwa chithandizo, iwo amachitanso kuchokera kumbali inayo. Ngati, mwachitsanzo, timangirira mbali imodzi ya chingwe kumtengo, ndipo mbali ina imakokedwa ndi gulu limodzi, mphamvu yoteroyo imagwira chingwecho ngati, m’malo mwa mtengo, pali gulu lina limene likukoka chingwecho.
Kupindika (mkuyu5e). Mphamvu ikagwira ntchito kumbali ina ya mtengo wopingasa womwe mbali yake ina yatsekeredwa, imayambitsa kupindika. Kupindika kwa mtengowo kumatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri posankha mbiri yoyenera yodutsa. Nthawi zambiri timatha kuwona kuti kupindika kwachitsulo kumatha kuchitika kokha ngati mbali imodzi yatsekedwa mwamphamvu ndipo mbali inayo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yopindika. Chithunzi6ikuwonetsa kukana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamatabwa ndi zitsulo kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yopindika. Kukaniza kotsika kwambiri kumasonyezedwa ndi kumtunda, kumenyedwa kopanda phokoso, ndipamwamba kwambiri ndi chitoliro chachitsulo ndi mtengo wamatabwa, wopangidwa molingana ndi chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa.
SLIKA 6
Kumeta ubweya (Chithunzi 5f). Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri chometa ubweya ndi kudula zitsulo ndi lumo. Ndipo ma rivets amawonetsedwa ndi kukameta ubweya komwe kumatha kuwadula pomwe mbale zopindika zimayenda molimbana ndi mphamvu zolimba kapena zopingasa. Ndikofunika kuzindikira static ndi dynamic loading. Chimodzi ndi katundu ngati tiyima mosamala pa khasu kuchokera ku 70 kg yathu, ndipo china ndi pamene tidumphirapo kuchokera kutalika kwa 2 meter. Zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi katundu wosunthika ziyenera kukulitsidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri.
SLIKA 5
Pamiyezo yovomerezeka yamasiku ano iliyonse, zolondola zazinthu, kuwerengera katundu ndi kutsimikizira kochitidwa ndi katswiri wodziwa ndizofunikira. Zitsanzo zamakedzana zochokera m’malembawa siziri umboni wa mphamvu zonyamula katundu kapena malangizo omanga.