Isilumkiso esiBalulekileyo: Lo ngumbhalo wovimba wembali, hayi uyilo lwangoku, ulwakhiwo okanye umyalelo wokhuseleko. Iinkcazo zemilinganiselo, ukuphawula, izixhobo, imikhosi kunye nemithwalo ayithathi indawo yemigangatho esebenzayo, ukubala, amaxwebhu obugcisa okanye umsebenzi wengcali efanelekileyo.
Lo mbhalo awuyona inxalenye yokunikezelwa kwangoku kwe-Savo Kusić, egxile kwiifestile, iingcango kunye nezisombululo ezinxulumene nazo.
Ikhosi yobugcisa yokuqala
Le bhlog yenzelwe abantu abangezongcali, ngoko siza kuzama ukunqanda ukucinga okunzulu, kwaye siya kunika iingcebiso ezisebenzayo nezisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ulwazi oluthi, nangona lukwithiyori yobugcisa benzululwazi, alunakuphetshwa. Ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuziqhelanisa kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokulula, bakha “isikolo samabanga aphantsi” senzululwazi yezobugcisa. Phakathi kwazo, umlinganiselo ngowona ubalulekileyo, kwaye igama elithi »geometer« lisuka apha (libhekisa kwingcali ekwaziyo ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umphezulu womhlaba).
Umfundi uya kuphinda adibane nesilumkiso:
imilinganiselo emithathu,
sika kube kanye!
Umsebenzi ochanekileyo nonempumelelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umthetho wangaphambili ungenzeka ngamabona-ndenzile.
Imeko esisiseko yokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo lulwazi olulungileyo lwezixhobo zokulinganisa, ukhetho lwalo olufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa, ukuba kukho, okanye ukutshintshwa kwayo okwaneleyo ngenye (umfanekiso 1).
SLIKA 1
Ukulinganisa ubude obuncinci, umlinganiselo wetape wokugoqa usetyenziswa kakhulu (umfanekiso 1a). Yenziwe ngomthi okanye isinyithi. Xa ulinganisa izinto ezinkulu, ezinde, ukulinganisa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokucophelela, kuba ukulinganisa okunganeleyo (ukuvulwa) kweendawo ezithile zemitha kubangela ukulinganisa okufutshane.
Ifomu elungisiweyo yemitha yitape yokulinganisa intsimbi (Umfanekiso 1b). Inenzuzo yokuba enye isiphelo sigobe kwi-angle ye-90 °, ngoko ke inokuxhonywa ekupheleni kwecandelo elilinganisiweyo kwaye ngoko ke umntu omnye unokulinganisa ubude ukusuka 1-2 meter.
Ukufumana imilinganiselo echanekileyo, kufuneka sisebenzise i-caliper (umfanekiso 1c). Ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa imilinganiselo yangaphandle, yangaphakathi kunye nobunzulu ukuya kwiidecimeters ezininzi. I-vernier (isikali esihambayo) simvumela ukuba alinganise ngokuchaneka kweshumi le-millimeter. Inamacandelo amakhulu alithoba eemilimitha. Kwicandelo le-zero le-vernier, sifunda i-millimeters epheleleyo, kwaye kwindawo apho ulwahlulo kwi-vernier luhambelana (okanye lusondele kakhulu) kwelinye lezahlulo ze-millimeter, ishumi elihambelanayo le-millimeter.
I-micrometer isetyenziselwa imilinganiselo echanekileyo (umfanekiso 1d). Sibeka into esifuna ukuyilinganisa phakathi kwemihlathi enzima yokulinganisa iprobes ye-micrometer kwaye siguqule idramu ye-micrometer de i-probes yokulinganisa icinezele ngokukhawuleza kumphezulu wento. Emva koko kwi-linear division kwi-spindle sifunda (isabonakala) ixabiso le-millimeters kunye ne-vernier yekhulu le-millimeter.
Phantse ukubaluleka okufanayo njengezixhobo zokulinganisa nazo zizixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukulungisa okanye ukulawula (umfanekiso 2). Eyona nto ibalulekileyo phakathi kwabo i-angle - winkle (umfanekiso 2e). Esi sixhobo simile njengonobumba u-L, okt. inxalenye ethe nkqo ifakwe kwisiseko kwi-angle echanekileyo. Ukususela ngamaxesha kuyimfuneko ukujonga ukuchaneka kwe-angle echanekileyo. Yenziwe ngamaplanga kunye nentsimbi. Isiseko sayo sibanzi kwaye sibekwe njengerula kumda wento elinganisiweyo.
SLIKA 2
Iprotractor ehlengahlengiswayo, isixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-slope kunye nokulawula i-angle (umfanekiso 2f) kwakhona sisixhobo esibalulekileyo. Ngayo, “ii-angles” zinokudluliselwa, kwaye kunye neprotractor ebekwe ecaleni kwesi sixhobo, amaxabiso e-angle angalinganiswa. Incam yolwimi lwesi sixhobo yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo kwi-engile ye-45degrees, ngoko inokulungelelanisa ngokulula isiqingatha se-engile elungileyo. Isenokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa ubunzulu nobubanzi.
Insimbi “ezintandathu” (umfanekiso 1g) i-scaler isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ubude, enenzuzo yokuba ubude obumiselweyo bunokusetyenziswa ngamaxesha amaninzi. Yiyo loo nto ikwabizwa ngokuba yikhampasi yesikali. Xa umlinganiselo omde ufuna ukwahlulwa ube ngamacandelo amancinci aliqela, sesona sixhobo silungileyo.
Efanayo sisidluliseli sekhampasi yokulungisa imilinganiselo yangaphandle (umfanekiso 1h). Ukulinganisa kunye nokulungisa imilinganiselo yangaphakathi, o.k.t. ukuvulwa kunikezelwa ngekhampasi enye, evulwe kuphela (umfanekiso 1i). Irula ehambelanayo (umfanekiso 2j) isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa, ukufaka kunye nokumakisha ubude. Njenge-angle, inokunyanzeliswa kwi-workpiece. Ngokutsala ngaphandle kunye nokulungisa ithebhu kumlinganiselo ofunekayo ngephini lokumakisha, umgca ohambelanayo unokuzotywa.
Ekugqibeleni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nerula yensimbi ngaphezu kwerula yokhuni okanye yeplastiki (ayikwazi, umzekelo, ukunqunyulwa ngommese, kuba kukho umngcipheko wokusika irula), inaliti yokumakisha kunye ne-punch xa usebenza ngesinyithi, oko kukuthi nguKirner.
Ukuhanjiswa kwemveliso yesixhobo esinye sokulinganisa esinezicelo ezininzi
Ezi kuphela zezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo zokulinganisa, kodwa ukuba sinazo, asiyi kuba neshishini elingagqitywanga ngenxa yokungabikho kwezixhobo zokulinganisa. Ukuba asinalo ithuba lokufumana izixhobo ezininzi zokulinganisa, siya kwenza isixhobo sokulinganisa esilula nesingabizi kakhulu, esinokusetyenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi yokulinganisa esixhenxe (umfanekiso 3).
SLIKA 3
Kufuneka sifumane iprotractor enye etyebileyo ukuya kuthi ga 360° eyenziwe ngeplexiglass (celluloid) kunye nerula enye eyenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo. Ukuqala kwikona esezantsi -90° (270°) umlinganiselo 45° kumacala omabini, emva koko isahlulo kufuneka sinqunywe ukusuka kumacala alinganisiweyo ukuya kumbindi weprotractor. Embindini we-cutout efunyenwe ngale ndlela, sinamathele irula ngoku ihlula i-angle ye-90° ibe ngamacandelo amabini alinganayo kwaye yenza ukuba ifaneleke ukulinganisa i-angle ye-45°. Ngaphambili, kwicala lasekunene le-protractor, yenza ukusika okuncinci nge-angle ye-140°.
Ishedyuli yemisebenzi yokwenziwa kokwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. Sisika icandelo le-2x45° kwisikwere. 2. Sibeka umda werula kwicala lecandelo le-zero ukwenzela ukuba lihambelane neziko le-protractor. 3. Sinqumla isikwere ukuya kubude obupheleleyo kwirula. 4. Sincamathelisa irula kwiprotractor. 5. Sika icandelo le-140°. 6. Masigrumbe imingxuma. 7. Lola isiphelo serula ukuya ku-15°.
Silola isiphelo serula kumaxabiso amakhulu eesentimitha ezininzi kwi-engile ye-15°. Siyinqumle phakathi ngendlela ye-wedge kwaye kwelinye icala senza ulwahlulo lwe-millimeter ukulinganisa ububanzi. Okanye, ukulawula ububanzi be-drill senza imingxuma kwirula (umz. 2,3,4,5 mm njl.). Umphetho werula, kwicala lokuqala kwecandelo lesentimitha, kufuneka ubekwe phakathi kweprotractor. Kwindawo yokunqunyulwa kwe-45 ° ukusuka kwiprotractor, sinqumle inxalenye ukwenzela ukuba umgca wokusika uhambelane nolwahlulo lonke kwirula. Emva koko, kufuneka unamathele kuphela umbusi kwiprotractor kwaye isixhobo sokulinganisa jikelele silungile.
Esi sixhobo sincinci sinokwenza imisebenzi esixhenxe eyahlukeneyo. Ukongeza kokumakisha phezulu kweeleyile, iibhodi, amakhadibhodi, njl njl kwi-angle ye-45°, ekupheleni kwerula sinokumakisha kwi-angle ye-15 °. Umsebenzi we-180° protractor kukumisela ii-engile. Ngokujikeleza isixhobo, sifumana irula encinci. Inotshi ye-140° kwicala isebenzela ukulawula ukuthambekela kweengcebiso ze-drill bits. I-engile ye-140° inkulu kune-avareji yotyekelo lwe-engile yeengcebiso zokubhola, ngoko ke ii-engile ezincinci zinokuqikelelwa xa kusenziwa imilinganiselo.
Isixhobo sinokusetyenziselwa ukufumana iziko lezinto ezijikelezayo. Ngokujika 90-120°, kwaye ngokutsala 2-3 umgca, kunokwenzeka ukumisela iziko. Ulwahlulo lweesentimitha kwirula elithe tye lunokusetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo ukulinganisa ubude, ngelixa ulwahlulo lwemilimitha kumgama osikiweyo ophakathi (okanye imingxuma enedayamitha eyonyukayo) isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ububanzi bezinto eziqengqelekayo.
Malunga nokuMakisha
Umgca ozotywe ngepensile okanye inaliti kufuneka uhlale uhleli kumlinganiselo, okanye kancinci ukuya kwicala leqhekeza elisikiweyo. Inxalenye ewayo ifuna ukukrwelwa. Ukuze siphawule umthi, sisebenzisa ipensile ekhethekileyo esicaba ukuze senze umthi, ekufuneka ilolwe kodwa ingalolwa. Ipeni yokubhala ingasetyenziswa nayo.
Xa umakisha inqaku kunomgca, ukumakishwa kwenziwa ngemigca emibini enqamlezileyo. Imigca yokulinganisa izotywe kwi-workpiece kufuneka ibe yinde kancinane kunexabiso elifunekayo kwaye apho imilinganiselo emibini ichukumisa, idibanisana, imigca inqamleze.
Ekugqibeleni nanku, kwakhona, umgaqo ophambili: linganisa kathathu…
Masiphinde sazi itemplate yokusika kwi-engile (Fig2k) evumela iileyile ukuba zisikwe okanye zijikelezwe nge-engile ngaphandle komlinganiselo15°,30°,45° i60°. Sisixhobo esifana nebhokisi esivulekileyo esinemingxuma emacaleni. Amacala enziwe ngokhuni oluqinileyo apho, emva kokumakishwa ngokuchanekileyo, iigrooves zisikwa kwii-angles ezisetyenziswa kakhulu. I-workpiece ifakwe kwi-slot phakathi kwesixhobo, igxininiswe kwaye inqunywe ngaphandle kobunzima kwi-angle oyifunayo.
Izinto ezintathu ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa:1I-intshi yesiNgesi, sol=2,54 cm;1unyawo=30 cm;1iponti=450Mr.
Malunga nomthwalo
Xa sele siyayazi into esifuna ukuyenza, kwaye siyayazi indlela yokumisela imilinganiselo, kufuneka kwakhona sicinge ngohlobo lomthwalo into esiyenzayo eya kuthi imelane nayo. Yiyo loo nto kuyimfuneko ukuba siziqhelanise namagama eemeko zomthwalo ezisisiseko. Okungakumbi, njengoko kwiimeko ezininzi ukhetho lwempahla luxhomekeke kumthwalo (Fig4).
SLIKA 4
Uxinzelelo (Fig4a) inokuba ne-static, i.e. engaguqukiyo (njengoko, umzekelo, ukusebenza kwiikholamu ezixhasayo ezibambe isakhiwo sophahla lwendlu) okanye i-dynamic, ephuma kwisenzo samandla ngexesha lokunyakaza (umzekelo, isenzo sesando kwi-rivet, okanye isenzo seemoto ezimbini enye kwenye ngexesha lokungqubana).
Ukukhupha, ukukrazula (umkhiwane4b) sisiphumo esichasayo soxinzelelo. Umzekelo obalaseleyo woku yinkangeleko yamandla entambo xa icinezelwe. Kukwanjalo nakwi-screw ebambe i-hardware yesango, i-nut yayo siqinisa ngakumbi nangakumbi nge-wrench-end wrench.
Ukujija (Amakhiwane4c) usebenza kwisitshixo sesango xa sisijika kwisitshixo, okanye iscrewdriver xa siqhuba isikrufu somthi sibe ngumthi oqinileyo. Ukujija isikrufu kunokubonwa rhoqo phantsi komthwalo ogqithisileyo.
Ukudibanisa (Fig4d). Umzekelo ocacileyo wokubopha ikrele kukubiyela kwekrele xa incam yekrele ibetha isikrweqe somchasi. I-buckling ngokuqhelekileyo iyenzeka xa ibha ende ebhityileyo ilayishwe ekupheleni, umz. imeko yokuxhasa imiqadi yesakhiwo sophahla, ukuba ziyimiqadi emincinci (amandla afanayo asebenza kwicala elingezantsi lomqadi njengakwicala eliphezulu). Kubalulekile, emva koko, ukuba uqaphele oku: umntu uhlala ecinga ukuba imikhosi yenza kuphela ukusuka kwelinye icala, kodwa ngenxa yokuchasana kwenkxaso, ngokwenene benza ukusuka kwelinye icala ngokunjalo. Ukuba, ngokomzekelo, sibophelela elinye icala lentambo emthini, lize elinye litsalwe liqela elinye, amandla anjalo asebenza entanjeni ngokungathi, endaweni yomthi, kukho elinye iqela elitsala intambo.
Ukugoba (Fig5e). Xa amandla asebenza kwelinye icala lomqadi othe tye onesiphelo esibambeneyo, ibangela ukugoba. Ukugoba umqadi kunokuncitshiswa kakhulu ngokukhetha iprofayili efanelekileyo yecandelo. Sihlala sibona ukuba ukugoba kwe-sheet metal kunokwenziwa kuphela ukuba isiphelo esinye sinyanzeliswe ngokuqinileyo kwaye esinye isiphelo sisetyenziswa ngamandla okugoba. Umfanekiso6ibonisa ukuxhathisa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokhuni kunye neeprofayili zetsimbi kwi-buckling kunye nokugoba. Ukuchasana okuphantsi kakhulu kuboniswa ngumgangatho ophezulu, u-flat batten, kwaye uphezulu kakhulu ngumbhobho wensimbi kunye nentsimbi yokhuni, eyenziwe ngokuhambelana nomfanekiso ongezantsi.
SLIKA 6
Ukucheba (Umfanekiso 5f). Owona mzekelo udumileyo wokucheba kukusika ishidi lentsimbi ngesikere. Kwaye i-rivets ibonakaliswe kwi-chear enokuthi inqumle xa iipleyiti ezijikelezayo zihamba ngokuchasene nomnye phantsi kweempembelelo ze-tensile okanye i-compressive forces. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukulayisha okumileyo kunye nokuguquguqukayo. Omnye ngumthwalo ukuba sima ngononophelo kwigaba ukusuka 70 kg yethu, kwaye enye kuxa sitsibela kuyo ukusuka kumphakamo we-2 meter. Izinto ezivezwe kumthwalo oguqukayo kufuneka zibe nomlinganiselo ngamandla ngakumbi.
SLIKA 5
Kuyo yonke imigangatho esebenzayo yesicelo samanje, idatha echanekileyo yezinto eziphathekayo, ukubalwa komthwalo kunye nokuqinisekiswa yingcali eqeqeshiweyo ifanelekile. Imizekelo yembali evela kulo mbhalo ayibobungqina bokuthwala umthwalo okanye imiyalelo yokwakha.