Yambiro Yakakosha: Ichi chinyorwa chenhoroondo, kwete dhizaini yemazuva ano, kuvaka kana kuchengetedzwa. Tsananguro dzezviyero, maki, kugadzira maturusi, masimba uye mitoro haitsivi zviyero, kuverenga, zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi kana basa renyanzvi.
Ichi chinyorwa hachisi chechikamu chezvino cheSavo Kusić, icho chakatarisana nemahwindo, magonhi nemhinduro dzine hukama.
Kosi yekutanga yehunyanzvi
Bhurogu rino rakanyanya kuitirwa vasiri nyanzvi, saka tichaedza kunzvenga pfungwa dzakadzama, uye tichapa mazano anoshanda nemhinduro dzinoshanda. Zvakadaro, pane ruzivo rwekuti, kunyangwe rwuri rweteoretical technical sainzi, harugone kudziviswa. Kunyanya nekuti ivo vane hukama hwepedyo nekudzidzira uye vane kukosha kukuru. Zviri nyore, vari kuvaka “chikoro chepuraimari” chehunyanzvi hwesainzi. Pakati pazvo, kuyerwa ndiko kunonyanya kukosha, uye izwi rokuti “geometer« rinobva pano (zvichireva nyanzvi inoziva kuyera pamusoro penyika nemazvo).
Muverengi acharamba achisangana neyambiro:
matanho matatu,
cheka kamwe!
Basa rakarurama uye rinobudirira pasina kushandisa mutemo wakare rinogona kungoitika netsaona.
Mamiriro ekutanga ekuyera kuyera ruzivo rwakanaka rwemichina yekuyeresa, sarudzo yayo yakakodzera kwazvo uye mashandisirwo, kana iripo, kana kutsiva kwayo kwakaringana neimwe (mufananidzo 1).
SLIKA 1
Pakuyera hurefu hudiki, mita inopetana ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa (mufananidzo 1a). Inogadzirwa nematanda kana simbi. Pakuyera zvinhu zvakakura, zvirefu, kuyerwa kunofanirwa kuitwa nemazvo, nekuti kusakwana kuenzana (kuvhura) kwezvimwe zvikamu zvemita kunoguma nekuyera kupfupika.
Iyo yakagadziridzwa fomu yemamita isimbi yekuyeresa tepi (Mufananidzo 1b). Iine mukana wekuti imwe mugumo wakakotama pakona ye 90°, saka inogona kusungirirwa pamagumo echikamu chakayerwa uye nokudaro munhu mumwe chete ndiye anogona kuyera kureba kwe 1-2 metra.
Pakuyera kwakanyatsojeka, tinofanira kushandisa caliper (mufananidzo 1c). Inogona kushandiswa kuyera kunze, mukati uye kudzika zviyero kusvika kune akati wandei decimeters. Chikero chevernier (chikero chinofamba) chinomubvumira kuyera nekururama kwezvegumi zvemirimita. Iine zvikamu zvipfumbamwe zvemamilimita makuru. Pa zero division of the vernier, tinoverenga mamilimita akazara, uye panzvimbo iyo kupatsanurwa pavernier kunopindirana (kana kuti iri padyo) neimwe yemamillimeter division, inowirirana yegumi yemamilimita.
A micrometer inoshandiswa kuyera chaizvo zviyero (mufananidzo 1d). Tinoisa chinhu chatinoda kuyera pakati peshaya dzakaoma dzema measuring probes e micrometer toshandura dhiramu re micrometer kusvika maprobe ekuyeresa achidzvanya pamusoro pechinhu. Zvadaro pamutsara wemutsara pane mutsara tinoverenga (ichiri kuonekwa) maitiro emamirimita uye pane vernier zana remillimeter.
Inenge kukosha kwakafanana sekuyeresa zviridzwa zvakare zviridzwa zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa kana kutonga (mufananidzo 2). Chinonyanya kukosha pakati pavo ikona - winkle (mufananidzo 2e). Ichi chiridzwa chakaita sebhii L, kureva. chikamu chakamira chakasungirirwa pachigadziko pakona yakarurama. Nguva nenguva zvakakosha kutarisa kururamisa kwekona yakarurama. Inogadzirwa kubva kune zvose huni nesimbi. Hwaro hwayo hwakapamhama uye inoiswa semutongi kumucheto kwechinhu chakayerwa.
SLIKA 2
Adjustable protractor, chiridzwa chinoshandiswa pakuyera kutsetseka uye kutonga kwekona (mufananidzo 2f) chinhu chakakoshawo. Nayo, “makona” anogona kutapurirana, uye neprotractor yakaiswa padivi pechiridzwa ichi, makona emakona anogona kuyerwa. Iyo muromo werurimi rwechiridzwa ichi chakanyatsogadzirwa pamakona e 45 madhigirii, saka inogona kugadzirisa zviri nyore iyo inonyanya kushandiswa hafu yekona yekurudyi. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuyera hudzamu nehupamhi.
Simbi “nhanhatu” (pikicha 1g) scaler inoshandiswa pakuyera kwakarurama kwehurefu, iyo ine mukana wekuti kureba kwakagadziriswa kunogona kushandiswa kakawanda. Ndosaka ichinziwo kambasi yechikero. Kana chiyero chakareba chichida kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvidiki zvinoverengeka, ndicho chiridzwa chakanakisa.
Zvakafanana nekambasi yekufambisa yekugadzirisa zviyero zvekunze (mufananidzo 1h). Pakuyera nekugadzirisa zviyero zvemukati, i.e. kuvhura kunoitwa nekambasi imwe chete, yakazaruka chete (mufananidzo 1i). A parallel rule (mufananidzo 2j) inoshandiswa kuyera, kuisa nekumaka kureba. Kufanana nekona, inogona kusungirirwa kune workpiece. Nekuburitsa nekugadzirisa tebhu pachiyero chaunoda nepini yekumaka, mutsetse unofambirana unogona kudhirowa.
Pakupedzisira, zvakakosha zvikuru kuva nemutongi wesimbi kuwedzera kune mutongi wehuni kana epurasitiki (haikwanisi, somuenzaniso, kutemwa nebanga, nokuti kune ngozi yekucheka mutongi), tsono yekumaka uye punch kana uchishanda nesimbi, i.e. naKirner.
Kugadzira kuyerera kwechimwe chekuyeresa chishandiso chine akawanda maapplication
Izvi ndizvo chete zvakakosha zvekuyeresa zviridzwa, asi kana tiinazvo, hatizove nebhizinesi risina kupera nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekuyeresa. Kana isu tisina mukana wekuwana midziyo yekuyeresa yakawanda kudaro, tichaita chiyereso chiri nyore uye chisingadhure pasi rose, chinogona kushandiswa kuita mashandiro manomwe ekuyeresa (mufananidzo 3).
SLIKA 3
Tinoda kuwana protractor imwe yakakora kusvika 360° yakagadzirwa neplexiglass (celluloid) uye mutongi mumwe chete wakagadzirwa nechinhu chimwe chete. Kutanga kubva kukona yepasi -90° (270°) kuyera 45° kumativi ose, mushure mezvo chikamu chinofanira kutemwa kubva kumativi akayerwa kusvika pakati peprotractor. Pakati pekucheka kunowanikwa nenzira iyi, tinonamatira mutongi uyo zvino anoparadzanisa angle ye 90° muzvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana uye inoita kuti ive yakakodzera kuyera kona ye 45°. Kare, kurutivi rwerudyi rwe protractor, ita chidimbu chidiki nekona ye 140°.
Chirongwa chekugadzira mabasa ndeichi: 1. Isu tinocheka chikamu che 2x45° kubva pachikwere. 2. Isu tinoisa mupendero wemutongi parutivi rwe zero division kuitira kuti ienderane nechepakati peprotractor. 3. Tinocheka chikwere kusvika pahurefu hwakazara pamutongi. 4. Isu tinonamatira mutongi kune protractor. 5. Isu tinocheka chikamu che 140°. 6. Ngatiboora maburi. 7. Rodza magumo emutongi kuti 15°.
Tinorodza magumo erura pane yakakura masendimita akawanda pakona ye 15°. Isu tinocheka nepakati muchimiro cheweji uye kune rumwe rutivi tinoita millimeter division kuyera dhayamita. Kana kuti, kudzora dhayamita yechibooreso tinoboora maburi pamutongi (eg 2,3,4,5 mm etc.). Mucheto wemutongi, parutivi rwekutanga kwekuparadzaniswa kwemasentimita, inofanira kuiswa pakati peprotractor. Panzvimbo yekucheka kwe 45 ° kubva kune protractor, tinocheka chikamu kuitira kuti mutsara wekucheka uenderane nekuparadzanisa kwose pamutongi. Mushure meizvi, iwe unongoda kunamatira mutongi kune protractor uye iyo yepasirese yekuyera chishandiso yakagadzirira.
Ichi chishandiso chidiki chinogona kuita mabasa manomwe akasiyana. Mukuwedzera pakumaka pamusoro pema laths, mabhodhi, makadhibhokisi, nezvimwewo pakona ye 45°, pamagumo emutongi tinogona kumaka pakona ye 15°. Basa re 180° protractor ndere kuona makona. Nekutenderedza chishandiso, tinowana min mutongi. Iyo notch ye 140° padivi inoshanda kudzora kurerekera kwemazano ezviboorero. Ekona ye 140° ihombe kudarika avhareji yekurerekera kona yematipi ekuboorera, saka makona madiki anogona kuita kufungidzira pakuyerwa.
Chishandiso chinogona zvakare kushandiswa kutsvaga pakati pezvinhu zvakatenderedzwa. Nekutendeutsa 90-120°, uye nekukweva 2-3 mutsara, zvinokwanisika kuona pakati. Kupatsanura masendimita pamutongi wakatwasuka kunogona kushandiswa kuyera kureba kwakazvimiririra, ukuwo kupatsanurwa kwemamirimita pakati pekuchekwa (kana maburi ane dhayamita iri kuwedzera) inoshandiswa kuyera dhayamita rezvinhu zvinomonereka.
NezveKumaka
Mutsetse wakadhirowa nepenzura kana tsono unofanirwa kugara uri pachiyero, kana zvishoma kudivi rechidimbu chiri kuchekwa. Chikamu chinodonha chinoda kukweshwa. Kutara huni, tinoshandisa penzura chaiyo yakatsetseka yehuni, iyo inofanira kurodzwa asi isina kurodzwa. Chinyoreso chinogona kushandiswawo.
Kana uchimaka poindi kwete mutsetse, kutara kunoitwa nemitsetse miviri yakayambuka. Mitsetse yekuyera yakadhirowewa paworkpiece inofanirwa kureba zvishoma pane inodiwa kukosha uye apo zviyero zviviri zvinobata, zvinopindirana, mitsetse inoyambuka.
Pakupedzisira pano, zvakare, mutemo mukuru: kuyera katatu…
Ngatisvikewo pakuziva template yekucheka pakona (Fig2k) iyo inobvumira kuti matinji achekwe kana kupeperetswa pakona pasina kuyerwa15°,30°,45° i60°. Ibhokisi rakashama-semudziyo rine migodhi pamativi. Mativi acho akagadzirwa nemuti wakaoma uko, mushure mekunyatso cherechedzwa, migoro inochekwa pamakona anonyanya kushandiswa. Iyo workpiece inoiswa mune slot pakati pechishandiso, yakagadziriswa uye yakatemwa pasina kuomerwa pakona yaidiwa.
Zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha kuziva:1Chirungu inchi, sol=2,54 cm;1tsoka=30 cm;1pondo=450Mr.
Nezve mutoro
Kana tatoziva zvatiri kuda kugadzira, uye tichiziva nzira yekuziva zviyero, tinofanirawo kufunga nezverudzi rwemutoro chinhu chatiri kugadzira chichafanira kumira. Ndosaka zvakakosha kuti tijairane nemazita emakesi ezvikesi zvekutanga. Kunyanya zvakadaro, semunguva zhinji kusarudzwa kwezvinhu kunoenderana nemutoro (Fig4)
SLIKA 4
Pressure (Fig4a) inogona kunge yakamira, i.e. inogara (senge, semuenzaniso, kuita pamakoramu anotsigira anobata denga reimba) kana simba, rinobva pakuita kwemasimba panguva yekufamba (semuenzaniso, kuita kwesando pane rivet, kana kuita kwemota mbiri pane imwe neimwe panguva yekudhumhana).
Kudhonza, kubvarura (fig4b) ndiwo mhedzisiro inopesana yekumanikidza. Muenzaniso wekare weizvi kutaridzika kwesimba mutambo kana yakadzvinyirirwa. Zvakafanana ndizvo zvakaita screw inobata gedhi Hardware, iyo nati yatinosimbisa zvakanyanya neyakavhurika-kuguma wrench.
Kumonyorora (Fig4c) inoshanda pakiyi yegedhi patinoiisa mukiyi, kana screwdriver patinotyaira siruu yehuni muhuni yakaoma. Kumonyoroka kwescrew kunowanzo kucherechedzwa pasi pemutoro wakawandisa.
Buckling (Fig4d). Muenzaniso uripachena wekusunga munondo unomonereka wefenzi apo muromo webakatwa unorova nhumbi dzokurwa dzemupikisi. Buckling inowanzoitika kana bhari refu rakatetepa rakatakurwa kumagumo, semuenzaniso. nyaya yekutsigira matanda emadziro edenga, kana ari matanda matete (simba rimwechete rinoshanda padivi rezasi redanda sepamusoro pepamusoro). Zvakakosha, shure kwezvose, kucherechedza izvi: mumwe anowanzova nemafungiro ekuti masimba anoita chete kubva kune imwe nzira, asi nekuda kwekupikisa kwekutsigirwa, ivo vanonyatsoita kubva kune rumwe rutivi zvakare. Kana, somuenzaniso, tikasungirira rutivi rumwe rwetambo pamuti, uye rumwe rutivi rwokweva neboka rimwe, simba rakadaro rinoshanda patambo sokunge, panzvimbo pomuti, pane rimwe boka rinodhonza tambo.
Kupeta (Fig5e). Kana simba rikashanda kune rimwe divi redanda rakachinjika rine rimwe divi rakasungirirwa, rinokonzera kukombama. Kupeta kwedanda kunogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya nekusarudza yakakodzera muchinjiko-chikamu chimiro. Isu tinogona kuona kazhinji kuti simbi yekupeta inogona kuitwa chete kana imwe magumo yakasungwa zvakasimba uye imwe magumo ichiiswa nesimba rekukotama. Mufananidzo6inoratidza kushorwa kweakasiyana matanda uye simbi profiles kune buckling uye kukotama. Kupikisa kwakaderera kunoratidzwa nepamusoro, flat batten, uye yakakwirira nesimbi pombi uye danda rehuni, rakagadzirwa maererano nemufananidzo uri pasi apa.
SLIKA 6
Kuveura (Mufananidzo 5f). Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa wekugera ndewekucheka pepa resimbi nechigero. Uye ma rivets anooneswa kuveura anogona kuacheka kana mahwendefa akatsemuka achifamba achipesana pasi pesimba rekumanikidza kana kumanikidza. Zvakakosha kucherechedza static uye dynamic loading. Imwe ndeyomutoro kana tikanyatsomira pabadza kubva pa70 kg yedu, uye imwe ndipo patinosvetukira pairi kubva kureba 2 meter. Zvinhu zvinoratidzwa kune zvine simba zvinofanirwa kuyera zvakanyanya.
SLIKA 5
Kune yega yega yemazuva ano application zviyero, chaiyo data data, kuverengera mutoro uye kusimbiswa nenyanzvi inokwanisa. Mienzaniso yenhoroondo kubva murugwaro urwu haisi humbowo hwekutakura mutoro kana mirairo yekuvaka.