Noho ʻOihana Koʻikoʻi: He kikokikona kēia a ka mea kākau waihona ma muli o nā kumu a me nā laʻana i loaʻa i ka manawa i paʻi ʻia. ʻAʻole ia he kikoʻī ʻenehana i kēia manawa, ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo palekana, ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hoʻopukapuka a i ʻole ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā mana o kēia manawa, nā wikiwiki, nā kumukūʻai a i ʻole ke kūlana o nā hui a me nā huahana i ʻōlelo ʻia. Pono kēlā me kēia noi o ka hana hoʻohui i kēia manawa e nānā i nā palapala a ka mea hana i kēia manawa, nā waiwai waiwai, ka palekana o ka hana, nā kuleana waiwai naʻauao a me nā lula pili.
ʻO nā lawelawe hana hou a me nā lawelawe paʻi ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi lehulehu o Savo Kusić. ʻO ka manaʻo hana o kēia lā, ʻo ia ʻo nā puka makani lāʻau, nā pukaaniani lāʻau-aluminika a me nā puka maʻamau.
Pono, ʻenehana a me ka hana ʻana
ʻO ka ʻenehana hou o ka hana ʻana i nā mea me ka 3D paʻi, pono pū mākou i kā mākou loiloi i kēia ʻenehana, kona hopena i ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻano hou a me nā ala e hoʻonohonoho ai i ka hana.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kikokikona e pili ana i ka ʻoihana (a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he nui) e hoʻomaka maoli me ka hopena “ʻo ka ʻenehana i kēia lā (lāʻau lapaʻau, kemika, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
ʻO kēia hopunaʻōlelo, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia i ka wā ma mua, ʻoiaʻiʻo e noho mau no nā makahiki he nui e hiki mai ana a e ola paha ia iā mākou, no ka mea, i ka lā a mākou e heluhelu nei i kēia kikokikona, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ka hui kanaka, akā ʻaʻole ia, e like me ka lā ʻapōpō.
A he ʻokoʻa nā pono i hana ʻia e ke kanaka i kēlā me kēia lā a pono kēlā me kēia mea i kahi mea hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mua. Inā ʻoe e kau i kēlā mau pono i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o eg. ʻO ka ʻoihana hana lolouila, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole lawa ka lolouila hiki iā mākou, ʻelima mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ʻoi aku ka nui o kā mākou mau hana a pau (ʻo nā pono hou e koi aku i nā lako polokalamu piha, e koi hou ana i nā lako, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano e Gordon Moore, kekahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i Intel, nāna i ʻōlelo e pāpālua ka mana o ke kamepiula i kēlā me kēia 18 i 20 msec, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai kēia kānāwai ʻo Moore’s Law. No laila, i kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka mana o kā mākou kelepona paʻalima ma mua o ka hui NASA holoʻokoʻa ʻo 1969. hoouna elua kanaka i ka mahina a e.g. ʻO nā pāʻani wikiō e hoʻopau ana i nā kumuwaiwai hou aʻe no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kūlana ʻekolu-dimensional ma mua o kahi kamepiula nui hoʻokahi o nā makahiki i hala aku nei (Kaku, 2011).
Ma ʻaneʻi e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia nā mea ʻelua. ʻO nā pono o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole hiki i kēlā kamepiula ke hoʻokō, akā ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka moʻolelo, ke nānā ʻia ma ke ʻano nui, ua lawa kēlā kamepiula, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, e hoʻomaka i ke kanaka i ka mahina. No laila, ua kaʻawale ka holomua o ka ʻepekema mai ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka wikiwiki o eg. nā mea hana a he nui ka manaʻo nui i nā lālā ʻē aʻe, kahi e keʻakeʻa ai i ka holomua. I ka pōkole, kamaʻilio ʻepekema ʻelua ala me ke kamepiula a hoʻololi iā ia iā ia iho.
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo nā pono wale nō ka mea e “hoʻoikaika” i ke kanaka i mua. ʻO nā makemake i hana ʻia e ke kanaka, me ka nānā ʻole inā pono ʻo ia a ʻaʻole paha, e wehe ana i kahi ākea hou no nā ʻoihana e heihei e hāʻawi pololei iā ia i kāna makemake a i kāna mea e makemake ai, me ka ʻike ʻole. ʻAʻole pono mākou e poina i ke kālepa, e kākoʻo ana i ka moʻolelo holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kā mākou pono a me ka mea hiki ʻole iā mākou ke hana me ka ʻole, ʻaʻole wale nā makemake i pono ʻole iā mākou. Ke hoʻokomo pū mākou i ke kanaka ma ke ʻano he kanaka a me ka moʻomeheu, ka mea makemake e ʻokoʻa mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a e hana i kona ʻano ponoʻī e hōʻike i kona kūlana ʻuhane i loko (ʻo ia ka pono a me ka makemake i kekahi ʻano), loaʻa iā mākou kahi kiʻi paʻakikī loa o ka mea kūʻai aku i kēia lā, mai ka manaʻo o eg. ʻO kahi hui e makemake ana e kūʻai aku i kāna kaʻa, kahi e hoʻolilo ai kēlā hui i nā kumu waiwai nui, e noiʻi a hoʻohālikelike i kāna hāʻawi, me ke komo ʻole i ka hana ʻana o kēlā kaʻa.
No laila pehea ʻoe e hana ai i kēlā huahana a hana i kahi mea e makemake ai kekahi? He aha ke ʻano o ka noiʻi ʻana a he aha ke ala maikaʻi loa e alakaʻi ai, i mea e hōʻike ai i ka makemake maoli o ka mea kūʻai aku a me kahi mea a kekahi e kūʻai ai, me ka ʻole o ka noho ʻana i ke kumukūʻai a nalowale ka waiwai? ʻO kekahi o nā ala maikaʻi loa e hana ai i kahi huahana no ka mea kūʻai aku e haʻi i kāna mea e manaʻo ai mai ka huahana, a laila hiki iā mākou ke maopopo e kūʻai aku iā ia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka pilikia pehea e hoʻokō ai i kēia mau mea āpau me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumuwaiwai e like me ka hiki, ʻoiai e mahalo ana i kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai aku.
Hoʻopilikino nui
ʻO ka mea mua e hāʻawi i ka pane i kēia nīnau he poʻe kākoʻo i kahi ala hou i ka hana. ʻO ke ala i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o iwakālua mau makahiki i hala aku nei e hāʻawi i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ke akeakamai o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hana e mahalo i kēia mau koi āpau, ʻoiai e ʻimi ana i nā hopena e hōʻoluʻolu iā lākou no ka pōmaikaʻi like. No laila, hana i ka mea a kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai e makemake ai a hiki ke uku a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā. Kapa ʻia kēia ala ʻo mass customization. Ua hana ʻia ke kālā mai nā huaʻōlelo Pelekania mass (mass, massive, multitude) a me customization (adjustment), ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka unuhi ʻana ʻo mass customization ma ke ʻano o ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā huahana i ka hana nui (e like me Suzić, 2014).
Hana i kēia lā
He nui nā ala i ka hana ʻana, akā ʻo ka mea i loaʻa i ka manawa nui a hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia lā ʻo ia ka hana maʻamau. Ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana maʻamau, pili mau ia i ka manawa a mākou e noho ai a ʻo nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hana maʻamau ʻo ia ka mea e kuhikuhi ai i ke ʻano hana maikaʻi loa a pehea e hoʻokokoke ai i ka hoʻolālā huahana a me ka hana ʻana. ʻAʻole kuhikuhi ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a pehea e hana ai i kahi huahana. ʻO ka hoʻopilikino he ala a **ʻano noʻonoʻo **, a ʻo nā ala maikaʻi loa a me nā hana maikaʻi loa o ka hana ʻana he hopena wale nō ia o kēia ala a ma ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hoʻohana i kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo i ka hana (hana).
Ua hahai nā hui kūleʻa a pau i kēia ala a kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana holomua i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou hana i mea e pane maikaʻi ai lākou i ka mākeke. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻopilikino ʻana i mea e hōʻike ai i ka pono e hoʻonohonoho i ka ʻōnaehana i ke kuhikuhi o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hana, e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻopuka ʻana, a no laila ua pāʻani ia i kahi hana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he ala.
Ua hoʻokomo kēia i nā loli nui i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā huahana, akā naʻe, ma ke kumu, ʻaʻole i loli ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. Hāʻawi ʻia ka hui ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Hoʻohui a unuhi i nā mea
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana ma mua ma ke kumu o ka unuhi ʻana i nā mea. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻo ia ke ʻano o kahi ʻāpana me nā ʻāpana nui aʻe ma mua o nā ana o ka huahana hope e lawe ʻia a lawe ʻia ka mea mai ka ʻāpana, a hiki i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāpana i nā ana hope. ʻO kēia ʻano hana ka mea nui i ka ʻoihana hana i kēia mau lā. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā ʻokoʻa, e like me nā huahana i loaʻa i nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻolei ʻana, puhi ʻana, embossing a me nā mea like, akā ʻaʻole hāʻawi kēia mau ʻano i ke kūʻokoʻa “ma hope” i ka hana ʻana i ka huahana, akā ua kaupalena ʻia e ka hoʻomākaukau mua ʻana (nā hiʻohiʻona, nā mea hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
ʻO ke ʻano hana i hāʻawi ʻia e 3D paʻi ʻo ia ka mea kūʻē i ke ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia a hāʻawi i ka hana ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano hana ma ke kumu o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui hope.
3D paʻi
A hiki i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua like kēia ʻano me he moʻolelo ʻepekema, akā ʻo ka ʻenekinia ka mea i kōkua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kēia ʻano hana. Ma ka pa’i ’ekolu-dimensional, hana ’ia kekahi mea ma o ka ho’ohana ’ana i nā papa o nā mea. Hiki iā ia ke hana i nā ʻāpana a me nā hui mai nā mea ʻokoʻa like ʻole, me nā ʻano mīkini like ʻole a me ke kino (Wikipedia, 2015).
Inā mākou e ʻimi i ke ʻano o ka paʻi ʻana 3D, hiki ke noho ʻia mai nā lā o nā “mea wai”, akā ua kōkua ka ʻenekinia i ka hui pū ʻana o kahi mīkini CNC [1] a me kahi extruder maʻamau (hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i kekahi mau mea) e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia. 1.
Kiʻi 1 - Ka hui pū ʻana o ka mīkini CNC a me ka extruder plastic (Ke ʻoki ʻana i ka pahu ma ka cnc,2015) (He aha ka mea hou i ke ao o3D Paʻi? ,2015) (3D paʻi ʻana,2015)
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano loea o kēia ʻano a me nā ʻenehana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā papa i hoʻopili ʻia, kahi e loaʻa mau ai ka hopena maikaʻi aʻe, hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hou a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o nā mea paʻi. Pono mākou e haʻi i ka mea paʻi i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa o ka hui Carbon3D, nona nā mea hana i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni “Terminator 2”, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai kahi mea i unuhi ʻia mai ka resin wai (kiʻi 2). ʻOiai kekahi o nā mea nāna i hana i kēia paʻi, ʻo Joseph DeSimone, ua ʻōlelo ʻo 3D nā mea paʻi 2D ʻoiaʻiʻo e hana hou i ke kaʻina hana, a ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ia kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia mea paʻi “maʻalahi” huki i ka mea holoʻokoʻa mai ka wai, i hana mua ʻia me ke kōkua o ka mālamalama, a e like me ke kumu i ka manawa hāʻawi mai 25 a i 100 mau manawa wikiwiki (Carbon3D, 2015).
Kiʻi 2 - Kumu o ka hana 3D o ka mīkini paʻi Carbon 3D. (Kapona3D, 2015)
3D paʻi a hana
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana3Ua paʻi ʻia nā mea paʻi D i nā wahi a pau o ka ʻoihana, no laila ua paʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana kino, nā pūpū kaʻa, nā mea ʻokiʻoki, nā lole lole, a me nā hale a me nā hale, a pēlā aku.20 000ʻāpana no kāu mokulele (DICKEY,2015).
I ka lilo ʻana o kēia ʻenehana i mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi, wānana ka poʻe loea i kēia kahua e neʻe kēia ʻano hana mai ka ʻoihana a i nā mea kūʻai aku. Me nā mea paʻi 3D, hiki i nā kānaka ke hana i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī, hoʻololi i nā mea i loaʻa a hoʻololi i nā huahana i ko lākou pono. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona manuahi he nui ma ka Pūnaewele, hiki ke hoʻoiho a paʻi pololei ʻia.
Akā naʻe, inā mākou e nānā i kahi laʻana maʻamau, nui ka poʻe i kēia lā i nā mea paʻi “maʻamau” 2D i ko lākou mau home, akā aia nō nā mea paʻi kope, a me nā mea paʻi paʻi i nā mea paʻi kope. E like ia me nā mea paʻi 3D. Nui nā kumu o kēia, ʻo ia kekahi:
- kumu waiwai, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana nui ma mua o kēlā me kēia kanaka;
- ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopau ʻana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā poʻe nā kūlana no ka poʻe loea;
- ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona waiwai, ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka lako polokalamu hana;
- hiki ke hana i ke kanaka;
- palena kino o ka mea paʻi.
Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono o ka mea kūʻai aku,3Hāʻawi ka D-paʻi i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka huahana i ka makemake o ka mea kūʻai aku, ma mua o ka hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hana kuʻuna ma muli o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea. Akā, mai ka manaʻo o ka mea hana, hiki iā ia ke hana me ka ʻole o ka nui o nā mea, ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā mīkini, nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, e weheʻia ka hiki ke waiho i kahi huahana i hoʻopauʻoleʻia, kahi e hāʻawiʻia ai i ka mea kūʻai e like me ia, a hiki i ka mea kūʻai ke paʻi i ka huahana me kāna mea paʻi.
Aia ma lalo iho kekahi mau laʻana i loaʻa3D ma ka paʻi
Pauku1 - ʻO ka hui Kina WinSun, kūikawā i ke kūkulu hale me3ʻenehana D, “paʻi” i kona hale mua nui-papa
Kiʻi 3 – Hale Paʻi ʻia - http://svetzanimljivosti.com/zgrada-iz-stampaca-prva-visespratnica-po-3d-tehnologiji/
Kiʻi 4 - ʻO loko o ka hale paʻi -http://kiko-unico.com.hr/hocemo-li-u-skoroj-buducnosti-printati-stambene-objekte-luksuzne-vile/
Pauku2- Ua hana ka hui Local Motors i ka’a kahi i pa’i ’ia ai na mea hana a me na wahi kino3D mīkini paʻi, a laila hoʻokomo i nā mea hou aku i loko o ke kaʻa
Kiʻi 5 - He kaʻa nona nā ʻāpana i paʻi ʻia -http://www.b92.net/automobili/razno.php?yyyy=2015&mm=01&nav\_id=946245
Pauku3-3D raifela a me ka pu panapana
Kiʻi 6 -3d raifela - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2295283/3D-printing-gunsmiths-make-blueprints-available-free-download-granted-firearms-licence.html
Kiʻi 7 - http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22421185
Pauku4 - 3D lima no ka poʻe me ke kino kīnā
Kiʻi 8 -3D lima -http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/14/tech/innovation/carpenter-fingers-robohand-3-d/
Noho Noi: ʻAʻole nā hiʻohiʻona mōʻaukala, nā wanana, nā hoʻohālikelike wikiwiki a me nā ʻōlelo ʻoihana i pani no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻenehana a me nā kālepa. ʻO ka palekana o ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka mīkini, ka mea, ka ea, ka mahana, ka hana, ke kumu o ka ʻāpana a me ka loiloi loea o ka hihia kikoʻī.
Nā Puna
3D paʻi. (2015, 4 14). Ua kiʻi ʻia mai Wikipedia, ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo manuahi: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
Carbon3D. (2015, 04 5). Kiʻi ʻia mai Carbon3D | ʻenehana CLIP - ʻenehana holomua i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kaʻina kiʻi kiʻi hoʻopono no ka paʻi ʻana ʻole 3D:: http://carbon3d.com/
DICKEY, M. R. (2015, 4 15). Manaʻo e hilinaʻi ʻoe i nā mea paʻi 3D — Hoʻohana ʻo Boeing iā lākou e ‘paʻi’ i nā ʻāpana no kāna mau mokulele. Kiʻi ʻia mai Business Insider: http://www.businessinsider.com/
Kaku, D. M. (2011). Kikikino o ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ke ʻoki ʻana i ka pahu pahu ma ka cnc. (2015, 4 14). Ua kiʻi ʻia mai elitesecurity.org - nā kūkākūkā pūnaewele: http://www.elitesecurity.org/t415702-0
Suzić, N. (. (n.d.). Novi Sad.
He aha ka mea hou i ka honua o 3D Pai? . (2015, 4 14). Kiʻi ʻia mai Brit + co: http://www.brit.co/3d-june/
Wikipedia. (2015, 04 12). 3D hoailona. Kiʻi ʻia mai Wikipedia: http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/3%D0%94_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0
[1] CNC (eng. computer numerical control) he mīkini e hoʻohana ana i nā koina i hoʻokomo mua ʻia no kona neʻe ʻana, i hoʻokomo ʻia ma muli o nā kūlana i makemake ʻia ma ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho i ʻike ʻia.