Inothi Lobungcweti Elibalulekile: Lona umbhalo wombhali wengobo yomlando osuselwe emithonjeni nasezibonelweni ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokushicilela. Akukona ukucaciswa kwamanje kobuchwepheshe, imiyalelo yokuphepha, iseluleko sokutshalwa kwezimali noma ukuqinisekiswa kwamakhono amanje, isivinini, izindleko noma isimo sezinkampani ezishiwo kanye nemikhiqizo. Konke ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kokukhiqiza okungeziwe kudinga isheke lamadokhumenti amanje womkhiqizi, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo, ukuphepha emsebenzini, amalungelo empahla yengqondo nemithetho esebenzayo.
Izinsiza zokukhiqiza nokuphrinta ezengeziwe aziyona ingxenye yokunikezwayo komphakathi kwamanje kwe-Savo Kusić. Ukukhiqiza kwanamuhla kugxile amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso.
Izidingo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokukhiqiza
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokwenza izinto kusetshenziswa iphrinta 3D, buphinde budinga ukuthi sibuyekeze lobu buchwepheshe, imiphumela yabo ekukhiqizeni kanye namathrendi amasha okungenzeka nezindlela zokuhlela ukukhiqiza.
Imibhalo eminingi ephathelene nomkhakha wezimboni (kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi) empeleni iqala ngesiphetho sokuthi “namuhla ubuchwepheshe (imithi, ikhemistri, njll.) buthuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi …”
Lesi sisho, njengoba senzeka esikhathini esidlule, ngokuqinisekile sizohlala iminyaka eminingi ezayo futhi cishe siyosidlula, ngoba njengoba sinjalo, ngalo kanye usuku sifunda lo mbhalo, umphakathi wesintu awukaze uthuthuke kakhulu, kodwa ngeke ube njalo, njengoba kuzoba njalo kusasa.
Futhi ngempela, izidingo ezidalwe umuntu ziyehluka usuku nosuku futhi isidingo ngasinye sibeka entsha, okumele iphelele futhi ibe ngcono kuneyangaphambili. Uma ungabeka lezo zidingo kumongo wesib. wemboni yokukhiqiza amakhompiyutha, sizobona ukuthi ikhompuyutha engakwazi, eminyakeni emihlanu edlule nangaphezulu, ukwenza yonke imisebenzi yethu ayisanele kithi (izidingo ezintsha zidinga isoftware ephelele, edinga ngokwengeziwe ihadiwe, njll.). Ngokucacile, lesi sigameko sachazwa u-Gordon Moore, omunye wabasunguli be-Intel, othi amandla ekhompyutha aphinda kabili njalo 18 ukuya ku-20 msec, yingakho lo mthetho uqanjwe ngokuthi uMthetho kaMoore. Ngakho-ke namuhla umakhalekhukhwini wethu uqukethe amandla ekhompuyutha amaningi ukwedlula yonke inhlangano ye-NASA ethi 1969. wathuma amadoda amabili enyangeni noma isib. amageyimu evidiyo asebenzisa izinsiza zekhompuyutha eziningi ukuze alingise izimo ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu kunekhompuyutha yozimele oyedwa weshumi leminyaka eledlule (Kaku, 2011).
Lapha izinto ezimbili kufanele zihlukaniswe ngokushesha. Izidingo ezikhona nsuku zonke namuhla, leyo khompyutha ayikwazanga ukufeza, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lwendaba, lapho ibhekwa ngokujwayelekile, leyo khompyutha, njengoba kushiwo, yayanele ukwethula umuntu enyangeni. Ngakho-ke, inqubekelaphambili yesayensi yaba mahhala ekuncikeni kwejubane lesib. processors futhi kunokugcizelelwa okukhulu kwamanye amagatsha, okungenzeka kuthikameze inqubekelaphambili. Ngamafuphi, isayensi ixhumana nekhompuyutha ngezindlela ezimbili futhi izivumelanise nayo ngokwayo.
Nokho, izidingo akuzona kuphela “eziphusha” isintu phambili. Izifiso umuntu azidalayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyakudinga noma cha, zivulela izimboni indawo entsha ukuze zikwazi ukumnika lokho akufunayo noma lokho angathanda ukukwenza, ngaphandle kokuqaphela okwamanje. Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukumaketha, okusekela indaba yonke ngokuthi empeleni kuyizidingo zethu nalokho esingakwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kwazo, hhayi nje izifiso ezingadingeki kangako kithi. Lapho futhi sihlanganisa umuntu njengomuntu ongokwenhlalo namasiko, ofuna ukuhluka kwabanye futhi azakhele ubuyena obuzobonisa isimo sakhe sangaphakathi esingokomoya (okuyikho kokubili isidingo nesifiso ngokwezinga elithile), sithola isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sekhasimende lanamuhla, ngokombono wesibonelo, isib. wenkampani efuna ukuthengisa imoto yayo, lapho leyo nkampani kufanele ichithe izinsiza eziningi, ukuze icwaninge futhi ilolonge lokho ekunikezwayo, ngaphandle kokungena ngisho nasekukhiqizeni leyo moto.
Bese ukhiqizwa kanjani lowo mkhiqizo, ukuze ube yinto efunwa othile? Luhlobo luni locwaningo futhi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuluqhuba, ukuze lubonise isifiso sangempela sekhasimende kanye nento umuntu azoyithenga, ngaphandle kokuthi ihlezi esitokisini futhi ilahlekelwe inani? Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokwenza umkhiqizo ukuthi ikhasimende lisho ukuthi lilindeleni emkhiqizweni, bese singaqiniseka ukuthi sizolidayisela wona. Yiqiniso, olunye uhlangothi lwenkinga ukuthi ungakufeza kanjani konke lokhu ngezinsiza ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyilapho uhlonipha ikhasimende ngalinye.
Ukwenza ngokwezifiso Inqwaba
Abokuqala abanikeza impendulo yalo mbuzo babengabagqugquzeli bendlela entsha yokukhiqiza. Indlela eyavela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule inikeza indlela yokucabanga kanye nefilosofi yokuhlela ukukhiqiza ukuze kuhlonishwe zonke lezi zidingo, kuyilapho kutholwa izixazululo zokuzanelisa ukuze kuzuze ngokufanayo. Ngakho-ke, khiqiza lokho wonke amakhasimende akufunayo futhi angakhokhela futhi enze inzuzo. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo. Uhlamvu lwemali lwakhiwe lususelwa emagameni esiNgisi athi mass (inqwaba, enkulu, isixuku) kanye nokuthi ukwenza ngokwezifiso, okusho ukuthi ekuhumusheni kungasho ukwenza ngokwezifiso ubuningi ngomqondo wokuthi kungenzeka kube khona umkhiqizo ngamunye ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi (ngokusho kweSuzić, 2014).
Ukukhiqizwa namuhla
Ziningi izindlela zokukhiqiza, kodwa leyo ethole umfutho futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla wukwenza ngokwezifiso. Uma ukhuluma ngokwenza ngokwezifiso, kuhlale kuhlobene nesikhathi esiphila kuso futhi imibono ehlobene nokwenza ngokwezifiso ikakhulukazi ukuthi ibeka uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lokukhiqiza kanye nendlela yokubhekana nokwakhiwa nokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo. Ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo akuchazi ukuthi hlobo luni lokukhiqiza olungcono kakhulu nokuthi ungawakha kanjani umkhiqizo. Ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo kuyindlela kanye nendlela yokucabanga, futhi izindlela ezingcono kakhulu nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokukhiqiza ziwumphumela wale ndlela futhi ngokuvamile isinqumo sokusebenzisa le ndlela yokucabanga ekukhiqizeni (ekudaleni).
Zonke izinkampani eziphumelele zalandela le ndlela futhi zakha izinhlelo eziphumelelayo ezikwazi ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwazo ukuze ziphendule kangcono emakethe. Ukwenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo kwashiwo ukuze kuboniswe isidingo sokuhlela uhlelo ngendlela yokunciphisa osayizi bokufakwayo ekukhiqizeni, maqondana namasayizi okukhiphayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kudlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu njengendlela yokwenza.
Lokhu kwethule izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni imikhiqizo edalwa ngayo, kodwa noma kunjalo, emnyombweni, indlela yokukhiqiza ayikashintshi. Ukuhlelwa okungcono kuphela okunikezwayo.
Ukwengeza nokukhipha impahla
Ukukhiqizwa kwangaphambilini kusekelwe kumgomo wokukhipha impahla. Ngokwenza, lokhu kusho ukuthi ucezu olunobukhulu obukhulu kunobukhulu bomkhiqizo wokugcina kuthathwa futhi impahla ikhishwe esiqeshini, kuze kube yilapho ucezu silethwa ebukhulu bokugcina. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lusahamba phambili embonini yokukhiqiza nanamuhla. Yiqiniso, kukhona okuhlukile, njengemikhiqizo etholwe izinqubo zokuphonsa, ukufutha, ukugqamisa nokunye okunjalo, kodwa lezi zindlela azinikezi inkululeko eyanele “elandelayo” ekubumbeni umkhiqizo, kodwa zinqunyelwe ukulungiswa kwangaphambilini (izifanekiso, izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, njll.).
Indlela yokukhiqiza enikezwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D iphambene ncamashi nendlela eshiwo futhi inikeza ukukhiqizwa ngokungeza izinto. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza isekelwe kumgomo wokwengeza izinto kuze kutholakale ubukhulu bokugcina.
3D phrinta
Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule, le ndlela yayibonakala njengenganekwane yesayensi, kodwa ubunjiniyela obubambe iqhaza ekuqaliseni lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza. Ekuphrinteni kwezinhlangothi ezintathu, into idalwa ngokusebenzisa izendlalelo zezinto ezibonakalayo ngokulandelana kwazo. Ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye kanye nama-assemblies ngezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene, ezinezakhiwo ezihlukile zemishini nezomzimba (Wikipedia, 2015).
Uma sihlola ingqikithi yokuphrinta 3D, ibingaba khona kusukela ezinsukwini “zezinto eziwuketshezi”, kodwa ubunjiniyela bube nesandla eqinisweni lokuthi inhlanganisela yomshini we-CNC [1] kanye ne-extruder evamile (engakwazi ukusunduza entweni ethile ekhonjiswayo edala into ethile) enikeza into ethile engase ibe nokwenzeka ekudaleni into ethile) enikeza into ethile engase ibe khona) 1.
Isithombe 1 - Inhlanganisela yomshini we-CNC kanye ne-plastic extruder (Ukusika amakhadibhodi ku-cnc,2015) (Yini Okusha Emhlabeni we3D Ukuphrinta? ,2015) (3D ukuphrinta,2015)
Yiqiniso, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zalolu hlobo nezindlela zokuhlanganisa izingqimba ezisetshenzisiwe ziye zathuthukiswa, lapho kutholakala khona isiphetho esingcono, izinto ezintsha ziyaziswa futhi ukwakhiwa kwamaphrinta ngokwawo kuyathuthukiswa. Kufanele futhi sikhulume ngephrinta eyanikezwa ngaleso sikhathi yenkampani i-Carbon3D, abakhi bayo bakhuthazwe i-movie ethi “Terminator 2”, lapho into ekhishwa kunhlaka ewuketshezi ilolongwa khona (isithombe 2). Njengomunye wabadali bale phrinta, u-Joseph DeSimone, uthe, 3D amaphrinta empeleni angamaphrinta 2D aphinda inqubo kaninginingi, futhi leyo nqubo ithathe isikhathi eside emuva kwalokho. Le phrinta “ngokulula” idonsa yonke into oketshezini, olwakhiwe kusengaphambili ngosizo lokukhanya, futhi ngokuya ngomthombo ngaleso sikhathi uhlinzeka ukusuka 25 ukuya ku-100 izikhathi zokuphrinta ngokushesha (Carbon3D, 2015).
Isithombe 2 - Isimiso sokusebenza 3D sephrinta ye-Carbon 3D. (I-Carbon3D, 2015)
3D ukuphrinta nokukhiqiza
Sekuvele kubonakale ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani3Amaphrinta ka-D asabalale kuzo zonke izindawo zomkhakha, ngakho-ke manje sekukhona izingxenye zomzimba eziphrintiwe, amagobolondo emoto, izinto zokusika, amawodilophu, ngisho nezindlu nezakhiwo, njll. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Boeing namuhla iphrinta ngaphezu kwalokho.20 000izingxenye zendiza yakho (DICKEY,2015).
Njengoba lobu buchwepheshe bushibhile futhi bufinyeleleka kakhudlwana, ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha babikezela ukuthi lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza luzosuka embonini luye kumakhasimende. Ngamaphrinta we-3D, abantu bazokwazi ukudala amamodeli abo, balungise akhona futhi bavumelanise imikhiqizo nezidingo zabo. Usuvele uthole amamodeli amaningi wamahhala ku-inthanethi, angadawunilodeka futhi aphrintwe ngqo.
Noma kunjalo, uma sibheka isibonelo esingavumelekile, abantu abaningi namuhla banamaphrinta “avamile” 2D emakhaya abo, kodwa asekhona amakhophi, futhi nalabo abanamaphrinta baphrinta ngamakhophi. Kuzofana namaphrinta we-3D. Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zalokhu, ezinye zazo yilezi:
- izizathu zezomnotho, ngoba ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kusashibhile kunoyedwana;
- isiphetho esingcono, abantu abaningi abangeke babe nemibandela yabo njengabachwepheshe;
- ulwazi lwezimpawu ezibonakalayo, isofthiwe yokwakha neyokucubungula;
- amakhono okudala omuntu ngamunye;
- ukulinganiselwa ngokomzimba kwephrinta.
Mayelana nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende,3Ukuphrinta kwe-D kunikeza amathuba amakhulu ngokungenamkhawulo okushintsha umkhiqizo ngokuvumelana nezifiso zekhasimende, kunalokho okukwazile ukunikeza ukukhiqizwa kwendabuko okusekelwe ekususweni kwempahla. Kodwa ngokombono womkhiqizi, inika amandla ukukhiqizwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo (imfucuza), ukunciphisa inani lemishini, izindleko eziphansi zokugcina, njll Futhi, kusekhona indawo yokwenza ngokwezifiso okukhulunywe ngenhla, lapho amapulatifomu omkhiqizo angakhiqizwa kusengaphambili, lapho izimo ezifunwayo zinganyatheliswa futhi ngaphezu kwalokho zihlangane namakhasimende, ngesivinini sokulethwa nokunye okunjalo. Futhi, amathuba okushiya umkhiqizo ongaqediwe azovulwa, lapho uzolethwa khona ekhasimendeni kanjalo, futhi ikhasimende lizokwazi futhi ukuphrinta umkhiqizo ngephrinta yalo.
Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezimbalwa ezitholiwe3D ibhaliwe
Isithasiselo1 - Inkampani yaseShayina iWinSun, ekhethekile ekwakheni izindlu nge3D ubuchwepheshe, “yaphrinta” isakhiwo sayo sokuqala esinezitezi eziningi
Isithombe 3 – Isakhiwo Esiphrintiwe - http://svetzanimljivosti.com/zgrada-iz-stampaca-prva-visespratnica-po-3d-tehnologiji/
Isithombe 4 - Ingaphakathi lesakhiwo esiphrintiwe -http://kiko-unico.com.hr/hocemo-li-u-skoroj-buducnosti-printati-stambene-objekte-luksuzne-vile/
Isithasiselo2- Inkampani ye-Local Motors ikhiqize imoto lapho izakhi zesakhiwo nezitho zomzimba ziphrintwa khona3D iphrinta, bese izingxenye ezengeziwe zifakwa emotweni
Isithombe 5 - Imoto izingxenye zayo eziphrintiwe -http://www.b92.net/automobili/razno.php?yyyy=2015&mm=01&nav\_id=946245
Isithasiselo3-3D isibhamu nesibhamu
Isithombe 6 -3d isibhamu - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2295283/3D-printing-gunsmiths-make-blueprints-available-free-download-granted-firearms-licence.html
Isithombe 7 - http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22421185
Isithasiselo4 - 3D ingalo yabantu abakhubazekile
Isithombe 8 -3D ingalo -http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/14/tech/innovation/carpenter-fingers-robohand-3-d/
Inothi Lokusebenza: Izibonelo zomlando, izibikezelo, iziqhathaniso zesivinini kanye nezitatimende zenkampani azithatheli indawo yokuqhathanisa kwangempela kobuchwepheshe nokokuhweba. Ukuphepha kwenqubo kuncike emshinini, impahla, umoya, izinga lokushisa, ukucubungula, inhloso yengxenye kanye nokuhlolwa kochwepheshe kwecala elithile.
Imithombo
3D ukuphrinta. (2015, 4 14). Kubuyiswe ku-Wikipedia, i-encyclopedia yamahhala: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
Carbon3D. (2015, 04 5). Kubuyiswe ku-Carbon3D | I-CLIP Technology - Ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bugxile kunqubo ye-photochemical eguqulekayo yokuphrinta okungenangqimba 3D:: http://carbon3d.com/
DICKEY, M. R. (2015, 4 15). Ngethemba Uyawethemba 3D Amaphrinta — I-Boeing Iwasebenzisela ‘Ukuphrinta’ Izingxenye Zezindiza Zayo. Kubuyiswe kuBusiness Insider: http://www.businessinsider.com/
Kaku, D. M. (2011). I-Physics yesikhathi esizayo.
Ukusika kwekhadibhodi ku-cnc. (2015, 4 14). Kubuyiswe ku-elitesecurity.org - izinkundla zewebhu: http://www.elitesecurity.org/t415702-0
Suzić, N. (. (n.d.). Novi Sad.
Yini Okusha Emhlabeni Wokuphrinta Kwe-3D? . (2015, 4 14). Kubuyiswe ku-Brit + co: http://www.brit.co/3d-june/
Wikipedia. (2015, 04 12). 3D isitembu. Kubuyiswe ku-Wikipedia: http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/3%D0%94_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0
[1] I-CNC (zu. isilawuli senamba sekhompuyutha) iwumshini osebenzisa izixhumanisi ezifakwe ngaphambilini ngokuhamba kwawo, ezifakwa kuye ngendawo oyifunayo kusistimu yokuhlanganisa eqashiwe.