Muhimmin bayanin ilimi: Wannan rubutun marubucin tarihin tarihi ne bisa tushe da misalan da ake samu a lokacin bugawa. Ba ƙayyadaddun fasaha ba na yanzu, koyarwar aminci, shawarar saka hannun jari ko tabbatar da iyawar, gudu, farashi ko matsayi na kamfanoni da samfuran da aka ambata. Duk wani aikace-aikacen masana’anta ƙari a yau yana buƙatar duba takaddun masu ƙira na yanzu, kaddarorin kayan aiki, amincin aiki, haƙƙin mallakar fasaha da ƙa’idodi masu dacewa.
Ƙarin ayyukan masana’antu da bugu ba sa cikin tayin jama’a na Savo Kusić na yanzu. Abubuwan da aka fi mayar da hankali kan samarwa a yau sun ƙunshi tagayen katako, itace-aluminum Taga da kofofin al’ada.
Bukatun, fasaha da samarwa
Sabuwar fasahar yin abubuwa ta amfani da su3D printers, shi ma ya buƙaci mu sake nazarin wannan fasaha, tasirinsa akan samarwa da yiwuwar sabbin abubuwa da hanyoyin tsara samarwa.
Yawancin rubutun da ke magana da fannin masana’antu (da sauran fagage da yawa) a zahiri suna farawa da ƙarshe da cewa “a yau fasaha (magunguna, sunadarai, da sauransu) sun ci gaba har …”
Wannan lafazin kamar yadda ya faru a baya, ba shakka za ta dawwama shekaru masu yawa masu zuwa, kuma mai yiwuwa za ta rayu, domin kamar yadda yake, a wannan ranar da muke karanta wannan nassin, al’ummar ’yan Adam ba ta taɓa samun ci gaba ba, amma ba za ta kasance ba, kamar yadda za ta kasance gobe.
Kuma lallai bukatu da dan Adam ke yi ya bambanta daga rana zuwa rana kuma kowanne yana bukatar sharadi sabo, wanda dole ne ya zama mafi kamala kuma ya fi na baya. Idan za ku sanya waɗannan buƙatun a cikin mahallin misali. na masana’antar kera kwamfuta, za mu ga cewa kwamfutar da za ta iya, shekaru biyar da suka wuce, da sauransu, ta yi duk ayyukanmu ba su isa gare mu ba (sabbin buƙatu na buƙatar ƙarin cikakkiyar software, wanda ke buƙatar hardware, da sauransu). Musamman, Gordon Moore, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Intel ya bayyana wannan al’amari, wanda ya ce karfin kwamfutar yana ninka kowane mutum.18ku20 meseci, bayan haka an sanya wa wannan doka suna dokar Moore. Don haka a yau wayar salularmu ta ƙunshi mafi ƙarfin kwamfuta fiye da duk ƙungiyar NASA1969. aika maza biyu zuwa wata ko misali. wasannin bidiyo da ke cinye albarkatu masu yawa don kwaikwayi yanayi mai girma uku fiye da babban kwamfuta guda ɗaya na shekaru goma da suka gabata (Kaku,2011).
A nan ya kamata a raba abubuwa biyu nan da nan. Bukatun da ake da su a yau da kullum, waccan kwamfuta ta kasa cikawa, amma daya bangaren labarin, idan aka duba gaba daya, waccan kwamfutar, kamar yadda aka ambata, ta isa ta harba mutum zuwa duniyar wata. Don haka, ci gaban kimiyya ya zama ’yanci daga dogaro da saurin misali. na’urori masu sarrafawa kuma ana ba da fifiko sosai ga sauran rassan, wanda zai iya hana ci gaba. A takaice, kimiyya tana sadarwa ta hanyoyi biyu da kwamfuta kuma tana daidaita ta da kanta.
Duk da haka, ba buƙatu ba ne kawai ke “tura” ɗan adam gaba. Sha’awar da dan’adam ke haifarwa, ba tare da la’akari da ko yana bukata ko a’a ba, yana buɗe sabon wuri don masana’antu don yin tsere don ba shi ainihin abin da yake so ko abin da yake so, ba tare da saninsa ba tukuna. Kada mu manta da tallace-tallace, wanda ke tallafawa dukan labarin tare da gaskiyar cewa shi ne ainihin bukatunmu da abin da ba za mu iya yi ba, ba kawai sha’awar da ba su da mahimmanci a gare mu. Lokacin da muka kuma haɗa da mutum a matsayin zamantakewa da al’ada, wanda yake so ya bambanta da sauran kuma ya samar da nasa ainihin abin da zai nuna halinsa na ruhaniya (wanda yake da bukata da sha’awar wani lokaci), muna samun hoto mai rikitarwa na abokin ciniki na yau, daga ma’anar misali. na kamfanin da ke son sayar da motarsa, inda kamfanin ya kashe makudan kudade, don yin bincike da kuma tsara abin da ya bayar, ba tare da ya shiga kera waccan motar ba.
To ta yaya kuke samar da wannan samfurin kuma ku sanya shi abin da wani yake so? Wane irin bincike ne kuma wace hanya ce mafi dacewa don gudanar da shi, ta yadda zai kasance mai nuna ainihin sha’awar abokin ciniki da wani abu da wani zai saya, ba tare da ya zauna a hannun jari ba kuma ya rasa darajar? Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin yin samfur shine abokin ciniki ya faɗi abin da yake tsammani daga samfurin, sannan za mu iya tabbatar da cewa za mu sayar masa da shi. Tabbas, ɗayan matsalar ita ce yadda za a cimma duk wannan tare da ƙarancin albarkatu kamar yadda zai yiwu, tare da mutunta kowane abokin ciniki daban-daban.
Mass customization
Waɗanda suka fara ba da amsa ga wannan tambayar sune masu ba da shawarar sabuwar hanyar samarwa. Hanyar da ta bayyana kimanin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata tana ba da hanyar tunani da falsafar tsara samarwa don mutunta duk waɗannan buƙatun, tare da neman mafita don gamsar da su don amfanar juna. Don haka, samar da abin da kowane abokin ciniki ke so kuma zai iya biya kuma ya sami riba. Ana kiran wannan hanyar ** mass customization**. An ƙirƙiri tsabar kuɗin daga kalmomin Ingilishi ** taro ** (mass, m, multitude) da ** customization ** (daidaitacce), wanda a cikin fassarar yana nufin ** gyare-gyaren taro ** a cikin ma’anar yuwuwar keɓance samfuran keɓaɓɓu a cikin samar da taro (bisa ga Suzić, 2014)).
Production a yau
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don samarwa, amma wanda ya sami ƙarfin gaske kuma aka fi amfani dashi a yau shine gyare-gyare. Lokacin magana game da keɓancewa, koyaushe yana da alaƙa da lokacin da muke rayuwa a ciki kuma zato da ke da alaƙa da gyare-gyare galibi shine ya tsara mafi kyawun nau’in samarwa da yadda ake kusanci ƙirar samfura da samarwa. Keɓancewa baya tsara irin nau’in samarwa ya fi dacewa da yadda ake ƙirƙirar samfuri. Keɓance hanya ce da hanyar tunani, kuma mafi kyawun hanyoyin da mafi kyawun hanyoyin samarwa sune kawai sakamakon wannan hanyar kuma gabaɗaya yanke shawarar aiwatar da irin wannan tunanin a cikin samarwa (ƙirƙira).
Duk kamfanonin da suka yi nasara sun bi wannan tsarin kuma sun gina tsarin da suka dace da su don tsara abubuwan da suke samarwa ta yadda za su fi dacewa da kasuwa. An ambaci gyare-gyare don nuna buƙatar tsara tsarin ta hanyar rage yawan abubuwan shigar da kayayyaki a cikin samarwa, dangane da girman kayan aiki, don haka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin hanya.
Wannan ya gabatar da manyan canje-canje a cikin yadda ake ƙirƙirar samfuran, amma har yanzu, a cikin ainihin hanyar samarwa ba ta canza ba. Ƙungiya mafi kyau kawai ake bayarwa.
Ƙara da ragi
Tsarin da aka yi a baya yana dogara ne akan ka’idar cire kayan abu. A aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa an ɗauki wani yanki mai girma fiye da girman samfurin ƙarshe kuma an cire kayan daga cikin yanki, har sai an kawo yanki zuwa ƙimar ƙarshe. Irin wannan nau’in samarwa yana da rinjaye a masana’antar masana’antu a yau. Tabbas, akwai keɓancewa, irin su samfuran da aka samu ta hanyar aiwatar da simintin gyare-gyare, busa, embossing da makamantansu, amma waɗannan hanyoyin ba su ba da isasshen ‘yanci na “gaba” wajen tsara samfurin ba, amma an iyakance su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da suka gabata (samfuri, tsarin kayan abu, da sauransu).
Hanyar samarwa da aka bayar ta 3D bugu daidai yake da akasin hanyar da aka ambata kuma yana ba da samarwa ta hanyar ƙara kayan aiki. Wannan hanyar samarwa ta dogara ne akan ka’idar ƙara kayan aiki har sai an sami ƙimar ƙarshe.
3D buga
Ya zuwa ’yan shekarun da suka gabata, wannan tsarin ya zama kamar almara na kimiyya, amma injiniya ne ya taimaka wajen fara irin wannan nau’in. A cikin bugu mai girma uku, ana ƙirƙira wani abu ta hanyar yin amfani da yadudduka na abu a jere. Yana ba da damar samar da sassa da majalisai daga abubuwa daban-daban, tare da kayan aikin injiniya daban-daban da na zahiri (Wikipedia, 2015).
Idan muka zurfafa cikin ainihin bugu na 3D, zai iya kasancewa tun zamanin “kayan ruwa”, amma aikin injiniya ya ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa haɗuwa da injin CNC [1] da na’urar extruder na yau da kullun (wanda zai iya turawa wani abu), hoto yana nuna yiwuwar haɓaka abubuwa uku. 1.
Hoto 1 - Haɗin injin CNC da filastik filastik (yanke kwali akan cnc,2015) (Mene ne Sabo a Duniya na3D Buga? ,2015) (3D bugu,2015)
Tabbas, a tsawon lokaci, an haɓaka ƙarin ingantattun hanyoyin irin wannan nau’in da dabarun shiga cikin yadudduka da aka yi amfani da su, inda ake samun kyakkyawan gamawa koyaushe, ana gabatar da sabbin kayan aiki kuma ana haɓaka ginin na’urorin da kansu. Ya kamata kuma mu ambaci firinta na kamfanin Carbon3D wanda aka gabatar a lokacin, wanda masu gininsa suka sami wahayi ta hanyar fim ɗin “Terminator 2”, inda wani abu da aka ciro daga resin ruwa yana siffata (hoto 2). A matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiri wannan printer, Joseph DeSimone, ya ce, 3D printers ne a zahiri 2D printers ne da suke maimaita aiki akai-akai, kuma wannan tsari ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo a baya. Wannan printer “kawai” yana jan dukkan abu daga cikin ruwan, wanda aka yi shi da taimakon haske, kuma bisa ga tushen a lokacin yana samar da daga 25 zuwa 100 saurin bugu (Carbon3D, 2015).
Hoto 2 - Ka’idar aiki 3D na Carbon 3D printer. (Carbon 3D, 2015)
3D bugu da samarwa
An riga an ga yadda ake amfani da shi3D printers sun bazu zuwa duk sassan masana’antu, don haka yanzu an riga an buga sassan jiki, harsashi na mota, kayan yanka, tufafi, har ma da gidaje da gine-gine, da dai sauransu. Misali Boeing a yau yana buga fiye da haka.20 000sassa na jirgin ku (DICKEY,2015).
Yayin da wannan fasaha ta zama mai rahusa kuma ta zama mai sauƙi, masana a fannin sun yi hasashen cewa irin wannan nau’in samarwa zai tashi daga masana’antu zuwa abokan ciniki. Tare da3D masu bugawa za su iya ƙirƙirar samfuran nasu, gyara waɗanda suke da kuma daidaita samfuran da bukatunsu. Kuna iya samun samfuran kyauta da yawa akan Intanet, waɗanda za’a iya saukewa da buga su kai tsaye.
Duk da haka, idan muka kalli misali na banal, mutane da yawa a yau suna da “na al’ada” a cikin gidajensu2D printers, amma har yanzu akwai kwafi, don haka ko da waɗanda suke da printer buga a copier. Haka zai kasance da3D masu bugawa. Akwai dalilai da yawa akan hakan, wasu daga cikinsu sune:
- dalilai na tattalin arziki, saboda yawan samarwa har yanzu yana da rahusa fiye da samar da mutum;
- mafi kyawun ƙarewa, wanda yawancin mutane ba za su sami yanayi a matsayin masu sana’a ba;
- sanin halayen kayan aiki, software na gini da sarrafawa;
- m iyawa na mutum;
- gazawar jiki na firinta.
Dangane da biyan bukatun abokan ciniki,3D-bugu yana ba da damar da ba ta da iyaka ta daidaita samfurin zuwa buri na abokin ciniki, fiye da yadda aka iya ba da samarwa na gargajiya dangane da cire kayan. Amma daga ra’ayi na mai samarwa, yana ba da damar samar da kayan aiki ba tare da wuce haddi (sharar gida) ba, rage yawan inji, ƙananan farashin ajiya, da dai sauransu Har ila yau, akwai sauran daki don gyare-gyaren da aka ambata a sama, inda za a iya samar da samfurori na samfurori a gaba, wanda za’a iya buga siffofin da ake so kuma bugu da žari saduwa da abokan ciniki, tare da saurin bayarwa da makamantansu. Har ila yau, za a bude yuwuwar barin samfurin da ba a gama ba, inda za a kai wa abokin ciniki haka, sannan kuma abokin ciniki zai iya buga samfurin da na’urar buga ta.
A ƙasa akwai misalai biyu da aka samu3D a cikin bugawa
** Shafi1** - Kamfanin kasar Sin WinSun, wanda ya kware wajen gina gidaje da3D fasaha, “bugu” na farko da Multi-storey gini
Hoto 3 - Ginin Buga - http://svetzanimljivosti.com/zgrada-iz-stampaca-prva-visespratnica-po-3d-tehnologiji/
Hoto 4 - Ciki na ginin da aka buga -http://kiko-unico.com.hr/hocemo-li-u-skoroj-buducnosti-printati-stambene-objekte-luksuzne-vile/
** Shafi2**- Kamfanin Motoci na Local Motors ya kera mota inda ake buga kayan gini da sassan jiki3D printer, sa’an nan kuma an shigar da ƙarin kayan aiki a cikin motar
Hoto 5 - Motar da ake buga sassanta -http://www.b92.net/automobili/razno.php?yyyy=2015&mm=01&nav\_id=946245
** Shafi3**-3D bindiga da bindiga
Hoto 6 -3d bindiga - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2295283/3D-printing-gunsmiths-make-blueprints-available-free-download-granted-firearms-licence.html
)
Hoto 7 - http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22421185
** Shafi4**- 3D hannu ga masu nakasa
Hoto 8 -3D hannu -http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/14/tech/innovation/carpenter-fingers-robohand-3-d/
** Bayanan kula:** Misalai na tarihi, tsinkaya, kwatancen sauri da bayanan kamfani ba su zama madadin ainihin kwatancen fasaha da kasuwanci ba. Amintaccen tsari ya dogara da na’ura, kayan aiki, samun iska, zafin jiki, sarrafawa, manufar sashi da ƙima na ƙwararru na takamaiman yanayin.
Sources
3D bugu. (2015, 4 14). An dawo da shi daga Wikipedia, kundin sani na kyauta: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
Carbon3D. (2015, 04 5). An dawo dasu daga Carbon3D | Fasahar CLIP - Fasahar ci gaba da ta ta’allaka akan tsarin photochemical mai daidaitawa don bugu mara nauyi 3D: http://carbon3d.com/
DICKEY, M. R. (2015, 4 15). Fatan Kun Aminta 3D Printers — Boeing Yana Amfani da Su Don ‘Buga’ Sassan Jirgin Sama. An dawo da shi daga Insider Kasuwanci: http://www.businessinsider.com/
Kaku, D. M. (2011). Physics na gaba.
Yanke kwali akan cnc. (2015,4 14). An dawo daga elitesecurity.org - dandalin yanar gizo: http://www.elitesecurity.org/t415702-0
Suzić, N. (n.d.) Novi Sad.
Mene Sabo A Duniya Na3D Buga? . (2015,4 14). An dawo daga Brit + co: http://www.brit.co/3d-june/
Wikipedia. (2015,04 12). 3D buga. An dawo daga Wikipedia: http://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/3%D0%94_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0
[1] CNC (eng. kwamfuta numerical control) wata na’ura ce da ke amfani da haɗin gwiwar da aka riga aka shigar don motsi, waɗanda aka shigar da su dangane da wuraren da ake so a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar da aka lura.